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We applied the open photoacoustic cell method operating at high frequency as an efficient and highly precise tool for the measurement of thermal properties of rubberized two-layer systems. The heat-coupling between the two layers is treated using the analogy between thermal and electrical resistances widely used in heat transfer problems. The thermal resistance between the two layers is considered effective and the problem is decoupled for each layer. Measurements are performed in two-layer samples of aluminum foil coated with layers of rubberized paint with different thicknesses. Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity are determined for the paint. The results are retrieved from the thermal resistance model assuming the effective thermal diffusivity of the composite material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Hamburger is a meat-based food that is easy to prepare and is widely consumed. It can be enriched using different ingredients, such as chia's by-product, which is rich in omega-3. Chemometrics is a very interesting tool to assess the influence of ingredients in the composition of foods. A complete factorial design 22 (two factors in two levels) with duplicate was performed to investigate the influence of the factors (1) concentration of textured soy proteins ( TSP) and (2) concentration of chia flour partially defatted ( CFPD) as a partial replacement for the bovine meat and porcine fat mix in hamburgers. RESULTS The results of proximal composition, lipid oxidation, fatty acids sums, ratios, and nutritional indexes were used to propose statistical models. The factors TSP and CFPD were significant, and the increased values contributed to improve the composition in fatty acids, crude protein, and ash. Principal components analysis distinguished the samples with a higher content of chia. In desirability analysis, the highest level of TSP and CFPD was described as the optimal region, and it was not necessary to make another experimental point. CONCLUSION The addition of chia's by-product is an alternative to increase the α-linolenic contents and to obtain nutritionally balanced food. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O sistema tributário brasileiro, estruturado nas últimas décadas sem mecanismos de planejamento do desenvolvimento econômico nacional, que contemple as peculiaridades de cada Estado, conjugado à ampliação da autonomia dos Estados, fez com que estes entes passassem a disputar a atração de investimentos para seus territórios através da concessão de incentivos fiscais. Isso gerou uma verdadeira guerra fiscal, que contribuiu para uma deterioração ainda maior das finanças dos Estados e à própria perda de atratividade desses benefícios para novos investimentos e até mesmo da capacidade de mantê-los. Diante dessa difícil realidade, este artigo apresenta uma proposta de aplicação do dever de proporcionalidade à concessão de incentivos fiscais, partindo do pressuposto de que uma rígida análise da real necessidade de conceder tais benefícios previamente à sua concessão, bem como uma avaliação sobre a possibilidade adoção de outros instrumentos de fomento à economia, pode proporcionar condições de desenvolvimento dos Estados e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a higidez das contas públicas no futuro, garantindo assim a existência de recursos mínimos para a aplicação em políticas públicas sociais para as futuras gerações.

The effects of temperature on the fast fracture behavior of aluminum nitride with 5 wt% Y2O3 ceramic were investigated. Four-point flexural strength and fracture toughness were measured in air at several temperatures (30–1,300 °C). The flexural strength gradually decreased with the increase of temperature up to 1,000 °C due to the change in the fracture mode from transgranular to intergranular, and then became almost constant up to 1,300 °C. Two main flaw types as fracture origin were identified: small surface flaw and large pores. The volume fraction of the large pores was only 0.01%; however, they limited the strength on about 50% of the specimens. The fracture toughness decreased slightly up to 800 °C controlled by the elastic modulus change, and then decreased significantly at 1,000 °C due to the decrease in the grain-boundary toughness. Above 1,000 °C, the fracture toughness increased significantly, and at 1,300 °C, its value was close to that measured at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of different levels of flaxseed oil in increasing the α-linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids contents in tilapias raised in captivity. Nile tilapia were raised in captivity for a period of five months, receiving increasing levels (0%; 1.25%; 2.50%; 3.75% and 5.00%) of flaxseed oil in substitution for sunflower oil (control). No significant differences (P>0.05) of moisture or total lipids contents were found among fillets from tilapia fed the different diets. Analyses of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were quantitatively measured by capillary gas chromatography against a C23:0 internal standard. Increases of the concentration of LNA, EPA and DHA (in mg/g of total lipids), were well established in the fillets, with a significant difference (P<0.05) among all the treatments, as the replacement of the sunflower oil by flaxseed oil was increased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Perilla frutescens seeds are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids which are important for human health. Intake of fatty acids depends on their presence in popular foods such as white bread. Current study evaluates the replacement of wheat flour by whole perilla at 1, 3 and 5% in white bread processing and its impacts on chemical and sensorial attributes, underscoring Omega-3 amounts. The use of whole perilla increases the Omega-3 content in white bread, balances the ratio n-6/n-3, decreases the specific volume, and maintains the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The formulation with 1% whole perilla has a better acceptability and supplies 5.63 and 8.19% of the American recommended daily intake of alpha-linolenic acid for adult males and females, respectively.

Functional impairments of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) are believed to contribute to hampered inflammation and host defence in alcoholics, We studied effects of i.v, ethanol administration on PMN responses in rabbits during induction of a knee-joint synovitis. The synovitis conferred systemic effects, since chemiluminescent responses of peripheral blood PMN to opsonized zymosan and phorpbol myristate acetate (PMN) increased 6.4- and 17.9-fold, respectively. Chemiluminescent responses of synovial PMN were further amplified. This up-regulation was reduced to 33% in rabbits treated with ethanol when opsonized zymosan was used as the PMN stimulus: in contrast. PMA responses were unaffected. The appearance and migration of PMN to the synovitis joint were normal despite a blood ethanol concentration of 0.5%. Thus. ethanol impaired release of oxygen metabolites from PMN, but not the delivery of cells at an inflammatory site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]