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Landschappelijke authenticiteit heeft te maken met ruimtelijke kwaliteit en identiteit. Hierbij spelen oriëntatie in tijd en ruimte een rol, maar ook schoonheid, (multi-)functionaliteit, ecologische variatie en samenhang. De verscheidenheid aan verbanden en interactie tussen deze aspecten maakt landschappelijke authenticiteit een complexe zaak. Deze bijdrage betoogt dat landschappelijke authenticiteit begrepen kan worden door het landschap in samenhang te bekijken als: levend systeem, geschiedenis en ruimtelijke beleving. Het landschap verandert altijd, zelfs zonder menselijke tussenkomst. Leesbaarheid van het landschap is een belangrijke factor voor de waarneming en waardering ervan. De rol van tijd is onmiskenbaar en wordt gekenmerkt door een selectief en incrementeel proces waarbij sommige structuren blijven en aangepast worden en waar andere plaats moeten maken voor nieuwe. Landschappelijke authenticiteit heeft niets te maken met het fixeren van het landschap zoals het is, een landschap kan niet onveranderd behouden blijven, daar het zelf het resultaat is van continue transformatie. Het begrijpen van de ontwikkeling van het landschap is dus evenzo belangrijk als het resultaat., Landscape Architecture

Since the 1990’s the Netherlands has changed its coastal defence system from hard to sediment-based measures, compensating coastal erosion by adding sediment to its sandy shores. In order to keep pace with sea level rise, more nourishments will be needed in the future, including the ‘Building with Nature’ (BwN) technique: large scale nourishments to feed the coastal system for a longer period of time and using natural forces to bring sediment ashore. However, these dynamic nourishments are still in development and put new demands on spatial coastal planning to support dune formation and increase the coastal buffer zone. The objective of this paper is twofold: (1) to discuss how the interactions between the land-shaping processes induced by the nourishments and other coastal functions can be improved as stepping-stones to new design principles for integrated coastal planning enhancing BWN processes, and (2) to provide an overview of initial design principles. Two Dutch cases serve to illustrate the land-shaping processes and the involved design principles. The Walcheren case shows a regional design study for the positioning of BwN (mega) nourishments. This mega-nourishment feeds the narrow dune system as an alternative to the current (more frequent) ways of local beach nourishment. By zoning and staging the nourishment and land use, not only coastal safety, but also other coastal functions, such as recreation, waterfronts and ecology can be improved. The Sand Motor is a prime BwN experiment of mega nourishments in the south of Holland. It is now seven years in progress, featuring an accreting shore, new embryonic dune formation and increased beach recreation. The study shows on a local scale how morphological processes and urban use have evolved and how these processes could be altered and integrated in order to enhance BwN fore dune formation to enlarge the coastal buffer against erosion. The case studies show that the regional de, Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture

Deltaic areas are among the most promising regions in the world. Their strategic location and superior quality of their soils are core factors supporting both human development and the rise of these regions as global economic hubs. At the same time, however, deltas are extremely vulnerable to multiple threats from both climate change and the rush to urbanization. These include an increased flood risk combined with the resulting loss of ecological and social-cultural values. The urbanization of deltas can be understood as a set of complex social-ecological systems (and subsystems), each with its own dynamics and speed of change. To ensure a more sustainable future for these areas, spatial strategies are needed to strengthen resilience, i.e. help the systems to cope with their vulnerabilities as well as enhance their capacity to overcome natural and artificial threats. In this article we elaborate a landscape based regional design approach for the adaptive urban transformation of urbanizing deltas, taking the Pearl River Delta as a case study. Based on an assessment of the dynamics of change regarding the transformational cycles of natural and urban landscape elements, eco-dynamic regional design strategies are explored to reveal greater opportunities for the exploitation of natural and social-cultural factors within the processes of urban development. Furthermore, adaptive transformational perspectives are identified to ensure reduced flood risk and inclusive socio-ecological design., Vol. 6 (2020): Inclusive Urbanism: Advances in research, education and practice. ISBN 978-94-6366-317-5, Landscape Architecture, Urban Design

Research through design (RTD) is a frequently used concept in the day-to-day practice of education and research in the field of landscape architecture. RTD as a concept usually refers to a research method in which spatial design plays the leading role. The underlying premise is that design is a form of research and involves a culture of thought. Though there is a wealth of literature available on the relationship between research and design, there is a dearth of literature addressing the act of design as a research process in the field of landscape architecture. This paper contributes to the RTD discourse by addressing how spatial design can be applied as a research strategy. The article defines design as a form of research and identifies how design relates to other more conventional definitions of research methods. It elaborates on RTD as a concept and the types of knowledge that it generates. The paper also addresses the design process and design methods in landscape architecture. In addition, criteria for accepted, responsible research are translated into practical requirements that can guide RTD processes in academic and professional contexts. In order to continue developing landscape architecture as a design discipline, it is important that the theoretical, methodological, and technical foundations of spatial design are clarified and strengthened., Landscape Architecture

In hoofdstuk 2 is onderscheid gemaakt in drie soorten relaties tussen ontwerp en onderzoek: onderzoek voor, door en naar of over ontwerp en zijn voorbeelden daarvan gegeven. In hoofdstuk 4 wordt nader ingegaan op onderzoek voor of ten behoeve van ontwerp. In dit hoofdstuk wordt nader ingegaan op onderzoek door ontwerpen c.q. ontwerpend onderzoek (in het Engels Research Through Design/ Research by Design/ Design Inclusive Research) in een bewerking van Nijhuis et al, 2017. Daarvoor wordt eerst ingegaan op de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen ontwerp en onderzoek., Landscape Architecture, Design & Construction Management

With the growth of digital technology, the possibilities increase for landscape architects to gain a deeper understanding of landscape compositions and their spatial-visual characteristics. Despite the fact that digital methods are acknowledged to be useful for thinking about landscape space, in practice their potential is often still underutilized in the spatial design process. In order to break down the barriers of using digital methods in the practice of landscape design, it is essential to develop applications that show their potential and added value in a practical design context. This paper aims to provide an overview of some useful applications of digital mapping methods to understand spatial-visual characteristics of landscape and their transformations in a hypothetical landscape design process., Landscape Architecture

When used to comprehend how a region changes over time, landscape metrics serve as a precious tool for generating knowledge on transformation dynamics of the spatial patterns and for gain-ing insights on the heterogeneity of its composition. The paper presents the case study of the Pearl River Delta (China). The composition and configuration of the urban landscape using four landscape metrics to compare the evolution of the region’s cities over the period 1992-2015 is examined. ESA CCI land cover maps are used. We argue that when used together with mapping, landscape metrics can improve the understanding of trends and rates of land conversion and support practitioners and decision-makers in the development of landscape-based strategies for future-oriented actions., Landscape Architecture

Mapping landscape spaces by means of manual and modern technology enables landscape architects to describe, understand, and interpret spatial-visual properties of landscape. This can help to strengthen the body of knowledge of spatial design in landscape architecture through measurement and visualization of common concepts in the field, as well as through the possibility to explore spatial-visual landscape features that was not possible before. Despite the wide ranging possibilities and the methods available for mapping landscape spaces, there is evidence that its potential is often still underutilized mainly due to a lack of awareness. This paper aims to contribute to the increase of awareness by providing an overview of mapping methods and tools that can be used to study spatial-visual characteristics in the field of landscape architecture, and show the potentialities of its application by brief examples. This paper introduces six categories of mapping methods: compartment analysis, 3D landscapes, grid cell analysis, visibility analysis, landscape metrics, and eye-tracking analysis. These methods are used to explore, for spatial design in landscape architecture, crucial spatial-visual categories sequence, orientation, continuity, and complexity in an analogue and digital way. The Vondelpark, a well-known urban park in the Netherlands, is used to exemplify how the spatial features can be mapped by means of the mapping methods., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and bodies of water., History & Complexity, Water Resources, Landscape Architecture

The Netherlands has a centuries-long tradition of reclaiming land. In the last century gaining land from water peaked with the IJsselmeerpolders, made possible by technical innovations. The Noordoostpolder (1937–1942), one of the IJsselmeerpolders, is a unique example of a fully designed agricultural landscape of the twentieth century. It is the first Dutch modern polder in which the layout was planned as an integral task, involving all its agricultural, urban, and landscape elements at once, while reflecting the state of the art in design, science, and engineering. Using the Noordoostpolder as an example, this chapter discusses the preservation and development of twentieth-century polders as cultural heritage landscapes. It elaborates a preservation-through-planning approach that takes spatial development with historical landscape structures as a basis. The chapter also briefly elaborates a critical way of understanding the coherence and variation of modern landscapes such as the Noordoostpolder, providing clues for spatial planning by systematically delineating and identifying spatial design principles., Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture

Landschappelijke authenticiteit heeft te maken met ruimtelijke kwaliteit en identiteit. Hierbij spelen oriëntatie in tijd en ruimte een rol, maar ook schoonheid, (multi)functionaliteit, ecologische variatie en samenhang. De verscheidenheid aan verbanden en interactie tussen deze aspecten maakt landschappelijke authenticiteit een complexe zaak. In deze bijdrage wordt betoogd dat wij landschappelijke authenticiteit kunnen begrijpen door het landschap in samenhang te bekijken: als levend systeem, geschiedenis en ruimtelijke beleving. Het landschap verandert altijd, zelfs zonder menselijke tussenkomst. Leesbaarheid van het landschap is een belangrijke factor voor de waarneming en waardering ervan. De rol van tijd is evident en wordt gekenmerkt door een selectief en incrementeel proces waarbij sommige structuren blijven en worden aangepast en andere plaatsmaken voor nieuwe. Landschappelijke authenticiteit heeft niets te maken met het fixeren van het landschap zoals het is; een landschap kan niet onveranderd behouden blijven, daar het zelf het resultaat is van continue transformatie. Het begrijpen van de ontwikkeling van het landschap is dus evenzo belangrijk als het zichtbare resultaat. Landscape authenticity relates to spatial quality and identity. Orientation in time and space are relevant, as are beauty, (multi)functionality, ecological variation and coherence. Owing to the diversity of connections and interactions between these aspects, landscape authenticity is a complex matter. This article contends that landscape authenticity can be understood by looking at the landscape as an integrated whole: as a living system, as history and as spatial experience. The landscape changes even without human intervention. The legibility of the landscape is crucial to how it is perceived and valued. The role of time is obvious and is characterized by a selective and incremental process whereby some structures endure and are adapted, while others make way for new s, Landscape Architecture

Since the 1990’s the Netherlands has changed its coastal defence system from hard to sediment-based measures, compensating coastal erosion by adding sediment to its sandy shores. In order to keep pace with sea level rise, more nourishments will be needed in the future, including the ‘Building with Nature’ (BwN) technique: large scale nourishments to feed the coastal system for a longer period of time and using natural forces to bring sediment ashore. However, these dynamic nourishments are still in development and put new demands on spatial coastal planning to support dune formation and increase the coastal buffer zone. The objective of this paper is twofold: (1) to discuss how the interactions between the land-shaping processes induced by the nourishments and other coastal functions can be improved as stepping-stones to new design principles for integrated coastal planning enhancing BWN processes, and (2) to provide an overview of initial design principles. Two Dutch cases serve to illustrate the land-shaping processes and the involved design principles. The Walcheren case shows a regional design study for the positioning of BwN (mega) nourishments. This mega-nourishment feeds the narrow dune system as an alternative to the current (more frequent) ways of local beach nourishment. By zoning and staging the nourishment and land use, not only coastal safety, but also other coastal functions, such as recreation, waterfronts and ecology can be improved. The Sand Motor is a prime BwN experiment of mega nourishments in the south of Holland. It is now seven years in progress, featuring an accreting shore, new embryonic dune formation and increased beach recreation. The study shows on a local scale how morphological processes and urban use have evolved and how these processes could be altered and integrated in order to enhance BwN fore dune formation to enlarge the coastal buffer against erosion. The case studies show that the regional de, Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture

Research through design (RTD) is a frequently used concept in the day-to-day practice of education and research in the field of landscape architecture. RTD as a concept usually refers to a research method in which spatial design plays the leading role. The underlying premise is that design is a form of research and involves a culture of thought. Though there is a wealth of literature available on the relationship between research and design, there is a dearth of literature addressing the act of design as a research process in the field of landscape architecture. This paper contributes to the RTD discourse by addressing how spatial design can be applied as a research strategy. The article defines design as a form of research and identifies how design relates to other more conventional definitions of research methods. It elaborates on RTD as a concept and the types of knowledge that it generates. The paper also addresses the design process and design methods in landscape architecture. In addition, criteria for accepted, responsible research are translated into practical requirements that can guide RTD processes in academic and professional contexts. In order to continue developing landscape architecture as a design discipline, it is important that the theoretical, methodological, and technical foundations of spatial design are clarified and strengthened., Landscape Architecture

Deltaic areas are among the most promising regions in the world. Their strategic location and superior quality of their soils are core factors supporting both human development and the rise of these regions as global economic hubs. At the same time, however, deltas are extremely vulnerable to multiple threats from both climate change and the rush to urbanization. These include an increased flood risk combined with the resulting loss of ecological and social-cultural values. The urbanization of deltas can be understood as a set of complex social-ecological systems (and subsystems), each with its own dynamics and speed of change. To ensure a more sustainable future for these areas, spatial strategies are needed to strengthen resilience, i.e. help the systems to cope with their vulnerabilities as well as enhance their capacity to overcome natural and artificial threats. In this article we elaborate a landscape based regional design approach for the adaptive urban transformation of urbanizing deltas, taking the Pearl River Delta as a case study. Based on an assessment of the dynamics of change regarding the transformational cycles of natural and urban landscape elements, eco-dynamic regional design strategies are explored to reveal greater opportunities for the exploitation of natural and social-cultural factors within the processes of urban development. Furthermore, adaptive transformational perspectives are identified to ensure reduced flood risk and inclusive socio-ecological design., Vol. 6 (2020): Inclusive Urbanism: Advances in research, education and practice. ISBN 978-94-6366-317-5, Landscape Architecture, Urban Design

In hoofdstuk 2 is onderscheid gemaakt in drie soorten relaties tussen ontwerp en onderzoek: onderzoek voor, door en naar of over ontwerp en zijn voorbeelden daarvan gegeven. In hoofdstuk 4 wordt nader ingegaan op onderzoek voor of ten behoeve van ontwerp. In dit hoofdstuk wordt nader ingegaan op onderzoek door ontwerpen c.q. ontwerpend onderzoek (in het Engels Research Through Design/ Research by Design/ Design Inclusive Research) in een bewerking van Nijhuis et al, 2017. Daarvoor wordt eerst ingegaan op de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen ontwerp en onderzoek., Landscape Architecture, Design & Construction Management

With the growth of digital technology, the possibilities increase for landscape architects to gain a deeper understanding of landscape compositions and their spatial-visual characteristics. Despite the fact that digital methods are acknowledged to be useful for thinking about landscape space, in practice their potential is often still underutilized in the spatial design process. In order to break down the barriers of using digital methods in the practice of landscape design, it is essential to develop applications that show their potential and added value in a practical design context. This paper aims to provide an overview of some useful applications of digital mapping methods to understand spatial-visual characteristics of landscape and their transformations in a hypothetical landscape design process., Landscape Architecture

When used to comprehend how a region changes over time, landscape metrics serve as a precious tool for generating knowledge on transformation dynamics of the spatial patterns and for gain-ing insights on the heterogeneity of its composition. The paper presents the case study of the Pearl River Delta (China). The composition and configuration of the urban landscape using four landscape metrics to compare the evolution of the region’s cities over the period 1992-2015 is examined. ESA CCI land cover maps are used. We argue that when used together with mapping, landscape metrics can improve the understanding of trends and rates of land conversion and support practitioners and decision-makers in the development of landscape-based strategies for future-oriented actions., Landscape Architecture

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and bodies of water., History, Form & Aesthetics, Water Resources, Landscape Architecture

Mapping landscape spaces by means of manual and modern technology enables landscape architects to describe, understand, and interpret spatial-visual properties of landscape. This can help to strengthen the body of knowledge of spatial design in landscape architecture through measurement and visualization of common concepts in the field, as well as through the possibility to explore spatial-visual landscape features that was not possible before. Despite the wide ranging possibilities and the methods available for mapping landscape spaces, there is evidence that its potential is often still underutilized mainly due to a lack of awareness. This paper aims to contribute to the increase of awareness by providing an overview of mapping methods and tools that can be used to study spatial-visual characteristics in the field of landscape architecture, and show the potentialities of its application by brief examples. This paper introduces six categories of mapping methods: compartment analysis, 3D landscapes, grid cell analysis, visibility analysis, landscape metrics, and eye-tracking analysis. These methods are used to explore, for spatial design in landscape architecture, crucial spatial-visual categories sequence, orientation, continuity, and complexity in an analogue and digital way. The Vondelpark, a well-known urban park in the Netherlands, is used to exemplify how the spatial features can be mapped by means of the mapping methods., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture

The Netherlands has a centuries-long tradition of reclaiming land. In the last century gaining land from water peaked with the IJsselmeerpolders, made possible by technical innovations. The Noordoostpolder (1937–1942), one of the IJsselmeerpolders, is a unique example of a fully designed agricultural landscape of the twentieth century. It is the first Dutch modern polder in which the layout was planned as an integral task, involving all its agricultural, urban, and landscape elements at once, while reflecting the state of the art in design, science, and engineering. Using the Noordoostpolder as an example, this chapter discusses the preservation and development of twentieth-century polders as cultural heritage landscapes. It elaborates a preservation-through-planning approach that takes spatial development with historical landscape structures as a basis. The chapter also briefly elaborates a critical way of understanding the coherence and variation of modern landscapes such as the Noordoostpolder, providing clues for spatial planning by systematically delineating and identifying spatial design principles., Landscape Architecture

Deltaic areas are among the most promising regions in the world. Their strategic location, combined with the superior quality of their soils, constitute the main factors that have been supporting both human development and the rise of these regions as global economic hubs. At the same time, however, deltas face extreme vulnerability due to multiple threats related to both climate change and urbanization. These threats include an increasing amount of flood risk, combined with the loss of ecological and social-cultural values as a result. The urbanization of deltas can be understood as a set of complex social-ecological systems (and subsystems), each with its own dynamics and speed of change. To ensure a more sustainable future for these areas, spatial strategies that strengthen resilience are needed that can assist the systems to not only cope with their vulnerabilities, but also to strengthen their capacity to face natural and artificial threats. Therefore, this article elaborates a landscape based regional design approach for an adaptive urban transformation in urbanizing deltas, using the Pearl River Delta as a case study. Based on an assessment of the dynamics of change regarding the transformational cycles of natural and urban landscape elements, eco-dynamic regional design strategies are explored in order to provide more opportunities for natural and social-cultural aspects within the processes of urban development. Furthermore, adaptive transformational perspectives are identified to ensure water safety and inclusive socio-ecological design. 针对气候变化和城市化对富饶的三角洲地区带来的洪涝风险、生态、社会—文化价值流失等威胁，提出将三角洲城市化进程视为一系列具有独立动态特征和速率变化的复杂社会—生态系统（子系统），急需为保障该类型区域的可持续发展提供空间战略，以协助修复系统漏洞并增强应对自然和人工威胁的能力，以珠江三角洲为例，针对城市化进程中三角洲区域的适应性城市转型，提出基于景观的区域设计方法。通过对自然和城市景观要素转型性循环的各类动态变化进行评估，得到生态动力型区域设计战略，为城市化进程中的自然和社会—文化发展提供更多机遇。提出保障水安全和全纳性社会—生态设计的适应性转型视角。, Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture, Urban Design

Urban deltas belong to the most promising regions considering their population concentrations, ecosystems service and economy significance. Meanwhile these regions are facing multiple threats and are extreme vulnerable for increasing flood risk, damage of social and ecological values and substantial economic losses. These challenges are demanding a fundamental review of the planning and design of urban delta landscapes and their spatial networks, in particular in relation to environmental issues and sustainability. Systematic study of urbanized delta landscapes is essential as a basis for future-oriented action and thinking for the sustainable development of these rapidly changing landscapes. This chapter aims to introduce a multiscale approach to understand and represent urbanizing deltas as complex systems composed of subsystems, each with their own dynamics and speed of change. As a system the urbanized delta landscape is a material space that is structured as a constellation of networks and locations with multiple levels of organization at different spatial and temporal dimensions. Map-ping the peculiar form of these systems provides insight into the complexity of the built environment and the related spatial networks – and with that, understanding in important social and ecological relationships. The Pearl River Delta, one of the quickest and most densified large scale urbanizing deltas of the world, serves as a case study how mapping can be used as a powerful tool to reveal relationships be-tween landscape, networks and urbanization., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., OLD Urban Compositions, Landscape Architecture

Higher Education is incorporating project management in their curricula, but literature on project management education, higher education practice and practitioner needs show little agreement (Nijhuis, 2017a). Guidance for curriculum design in Project Management is available (Task force on PM curricula, 2015), but also stresses that the development of the curricula should take the (local) context into consideration.Several studies points at a context dependence of project manager competences like leadership styles needed to achieve success (Turner & Müller, 2006) or competences required for success based on regional requirements (Turner, Müller, & Dulewicz, 2009).Several authors have tried to categorize projects (Busser, 2010; Crawford, Hobbs, & Turner, 2006; Dias, Tereso, Braga, & Fernandes, 2014; Dvir, Sadeh, & Malach-Pines, 2006; Müller & Turner, 2007), but on a whole not agreeing on what actually characterizes a project.This paper explores the concept of context from several points of view: does the project type (ICT vs engineering vs organizational) play a role in needed competences. Is there a difference between junior and senior project managers and what consequence could this have for higher education? Several sources of data are incorporated in this paper: 10 focus groups with experienced project managers revealing information on process and personal competences. A small survey on process and personal competences for junior project managers. A workshop with mixed experience project managers discussing the same items and several dedicated workshops aimed at finding ideas and perceptions of differences between junior and senior and contexts., Landscape Architecture

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is a river dominated floodplain in southeast China. Decreasing space for water, through dike-ring construction, channelization, and urbanization, has led to increased flood risk from river, rain, and sea. To protect from flood risk, a more adaptive urbanization strategy is required; one takes into account a multiscale approach while investigating agri-aquaculture, i.e. ecological agriculture, for example, the dike-pond system which makes use of traditional water management methods. The objective of this article is to identify landscape architecture principles for multiscale water-sensitive design based on traditional agri-aquacultural practices in the region. In the Shunde district (a flood prone lowland located between the West and North rivers of the PRD) there is a centuries’ old tradition of working with water via integrated agri-aquaculture systems. By learning from traditional agri-aquacultural practices, new design principles can be developed to mitigate flood risk while allowing for increased but sustainable urbanization, not just for the Shunde district, but also for the PRD, so that these areas can be more resilient to floods in the future., Spatial Planning and Strategy, Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture

New Towns in development across Africa are overwhelmingly designed according to twentieth-century planning models ranging from functionalist Chinese grids to American gated communities. Contemporary African New Towns based on these models are often unable to adapt to stimuli and, as a result, exacerbate both spatial and ecological challenges. The objective of this paper is to argue that African New Towns require a substantial shift from current practice and that planners must imagine new, hybrid planning strategies. This paper takes an exploratory approach and identifies the spatial challenges specific to contemporary African New Towns. Building on the argument that planning benefits from linkages between critical social theory and environmental science, this paper asserts that an adaptive urban planning approach that effectively engages citizens can be a more sustainable alternative to current practice. The paper concludes with implications for future research on the translation of challenges into potentials for African New Towns., Urban Design, Landscape Architecture

Landscapes change because they are the expression of the dynamic interaction between natural and cultural forces in the environment. As such the landscape is a palimpsest that evidences many successive transformations by human interventions, changing land-use and management, natural succession of vegetation, but also caused by climatological and geological chances. Here the concept of the longue durée is crucial, understanding the landscape as a long-term and dynamic structure and process. The physical traces that time has overlaid can reinforce or contradict each other. Understanding of these layers is an important starting point for management and preservation of landscapes, but also an important basis for new transformations, or for adding a new design layer. In the field of landscape architecture the evolution of gardens and designed landscapes is therefore an important subject for design research. Through landscape design research it is possible to acquire design knowledge, design principles, or typological knowledge that can be used in the management and preservation of historical gardens and designed landscapes, but also for the creation (or refinement) of a new design. This contribution aims to identify and illustrate methods and techniques for GIS-based modelling, analysis and visualization for exploring designed landscapes and their evolution from conception to the present day. Stourhead landscape garden is used as a case study. Stourhead is a well-known historical landscape garden and for centuries a top attraction in Wiltshire, UK. This contribution will address data gathering (using field instruments such as terrestrial laser scanning), the use and processing of available analogue and digital sources, the employment of plant physiological models, as well as cartometric analysis and correction of deviations in historical cartographic material in the interest of reconstruction of important stages of the landscape’s development. GIS-based analyses, Landscape Architecture

To what extent can transformation and development processes on a university or other campus fit in with the principles of circularity? This paper builds a bridge between the more theoretical approach of the circular economy and daily practice in campus development, using semi-structured in-depth interviews with a broad range of stakeholders in university management in Dutch universities. The study aims to show possible perspectives and offers insight into which factors are important for the sustainable development of a university or other campus, taking into account the principles of the circular economy. The paper introduces a framework for understanding the various dimensions and scales of campus operations. The aim is to make a practical contribution to the implementation of circular principles in campus development. The main conclusions are that circularity is an organisational issue, complexity must be reduced, and integral policy and specialised knowledge are required. Five recommendations towards an integrated strategy for circularity in campus development are given., Landscape Architecture

Urban deltas belong to the most promising regions considering their population concentrations, ecosystems service and economy significance. Meanwhile these regions are facing multiple threats and are extreme vulnerable for increasing flood risk, damage of social and ecological values and substantial economic losses. These challenges are demanding a fundamental review of the planning and design of urban delta landscapes and their spatial networks, in particular in relation to environmental issues and sustainability. Systematic study of urbanized delta landscapes is essential as a basis for future-oriented action and thinking for the sustainable development of these rapidly changing landscapes. This chapter aims to introduce a multiscale approach to understand and represent urbanizing deltas as complex systems composed of subsystems, each with their own dynamics and speed of change. As a system the urbanized delta landscape is a material space that is structured as a constellation of networks and locations with multiple levels of organization at different spatial and temporal dimensions. Map-ping the peculiar form of these systems provides insight into the complexity of the built environment and the related spatial networks – and with that, understanding in important social and ecological relationships. The Pearl River Delta, one of the quickest and most densified large scale urbanizing deltas of the world, serves as a case study how mapping can be used as a powerful tool to reveal relationships be-tween landscape, networks and urbanization., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., OLD Urban Compositions, Landscape Architecture

Higher Education is incorporating project management in their curricula, but literature on project management education, higher education practice and practitioner needs show little agreement (Nijhuis, 2017a). Guidance for curriculum design in Project Management is available (Task force on PM curricula, 2015), but also stresses that the development of the curricula should take the (local) context into consideration.Several studies points at a context dependence of project manager competences like leadership styles needed to achieve success (Turner & Müller, 2006) or competences required for success based on regional requirements (Turner, Müller, & Dulewicz, 2009).Several authors have tried to categorize projects (Busser, 2010; Crawford, Hobbs, & Turner, 2006; Dias, Tereso, Braga, & Fernandes, 2014; Dvir, Sadeh, & Malach-Pines, 2006; Müller & Turner, 2007), but on a whole not agreeing on what actually characterizes a project.This paper explores the concept of context from several points of view: does the project type (ICT vs engineering vs organizational) play a role in needed competences. Is there a difference between junior and senior project managers and what consequence could this have for higher education? Several sources of data are incorporated in this paper: 10 focus groups with experienced project managers revealing information on process and personal competences. A small survey on process and personal competences for junior project managers. A workshop with mixed experience project managers discussing the same items and several dedicated workshops aimed at finding ideas and perceptions of differences between junior and senior and contexts., Landscape Architecture

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is a river dominated floodplain in southeast China. Decreasing space for water, through dike-ring construction, channelization, and urbanization, has led to increased flood risk from river, rain, and sea. To protect from flood risk, a more adaptive urbanization strategy is required; one takes into account a multiscale approach while investigating agri-aquaculture, i.e. ecological agriculture, for example, the dike-pond system which makes use of traditional water management methods. The objective of this article is to identify landscape architecture principles for multiscale water-sensitive design based on traditional agri-aquacultural practices in the region. In the Shunde district (a flood prone lowland located between the West and North rivers of the PRD) there is a centuries’ old tradition of working with water via integrated agri-aquaculture systems. By learning from traditional agri-aquacultural practices, new design principles can be developed to mitigate flood risk while allowing for increased but sustainable urbanization, not just for the Shunde district, but also for the PRD, so that these areas can be more resilient to floods in the future., Spatial Planning and Strategy, Landscape Architecture

Landscapes change because they are the expression of the dynamic interaction between natural and cultural forces in the environment. As such the landscape is a palimpsest that evidences many successive transformations by human interventions, changing land-use and management, natural succession of vegetation, but also caused by climatological and geological chances. Here the concept of the longue durée is crucial, understanding the landscape as a long-term and dynamic structure and process. The physical traces that time has overlaid can reinforce or contradict each other. Understanding of these layers is an important starting point for management and preservation of landscapes, but also an important basis for new transformations, or for adding a new design layer. In the field of landscape architecture the evolution of gardens and designed landscapes is therefore an important subject for design research. Through landscape design research it is possible to acquire design knowledge, design principles, or typological knowledge that can be used in the management and preservation of historical gardens and designed landscapes, but also for the creation (or refinement) of a new design. This contribution aims to identify and illustrate methods and techniques for GIS-based modelling, analysis and visualization for exploring designed landscapes and their evolution from conception to the present day. Stourhead landscape garden is used as a case study. Stourhead is a well-known historical landscape garden and for centuries a top attraction in Wiltshire, UK. This contribution will address data gathering (using field instruments such as terrestrial laser scanning), the use and processing of available analogue and digital sources, the employment of plant physiological models, as well as cartometric analysis and correction of deviations in historical cartographic material in the interest of reconstruction of important stages of the landscape’s development. GIS-based analyses, Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture

New Towns in development across Africa are overwhelmingly designed according to twentieth-century planning models ranging from functionalist Chinese grids to American gated communities. Contemporary African New Towns based on these models are often unable to adapt to stimuli and, as a result, exacerbate both spatial and ecological challenges. The objective of this paper is to argue that African New Towns require a substantial shift from current practice and that planners must imagine new, hybrid planning strategies. This paper takes an exploratory approach and identifies the spatial challenges specific to contemporary African New Towns. Building on the argument that planning benefits from linkages between critical social theory and environmental science, this paper asserts that an adaptive urban planning approach that effectively engages citizens can be a more sustainable alternative to current practice. The paper concludes with implications for future research on the translation of challenges into potentials for African New Towns., Urban Design, Landscape Architecture

To what extent can transformation and development processes on a university or other campus fit in with the principles of circularity? This paper builds a bridge between the more theoretical approach of the circular economy and daily practice in campus development, using semi-structured in-depth interviews with a broad range of stakeholders in university management in Dutch universities. The study aims to show possible perspectives and offers insight into which factors are important for the sustainable development of a university or other campus, taking into account the principles of the circular economy. The paper introduces a framework for understanding the various dimensions and scales of campus operations. The aim is to make a practical contribution to the implementation of circular principles in campus development. The main conclusions are that circularity is an organisational issue, complexity must be reduced, and integral policy and specialised knowledge are required. Five recommendations towards an integrated strategy for circularity in campus development are given., Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture

The discussion regarding the relation of design and research in landscape architecture started somewhat later than in other design disciplines. But the past decade has shown a sharp rise of publications on ‘research through/by design(ing)’ (RTD). The literature has now reached a level of richness that enables a review of the State of the Art and a differentiation of types of contributions to the discourse. We reviewed more than 200 publications (scientific journal papers, conference papers, PhD theses, MSc theses and others) on RTD in relation to landscape architecture and closely related disciplines. The review shows that a rather small portion of the publications deals with RTD a scholarly sense. The remaining portion of scholarly publications offered a useful base for further scrutiny. We categorised the relevant literature according to types of publications and the epistemological stances taken. Based on this categorisation we identified areas that need further research and thus sketched an agenda for further research on RTD in landscape architecture., Landscape Architecture

This paper presents a systematic approach to analysing the visual impact of tall building evolution on cities and their surrounding landscape, using Rotterdam and The Hague as case studies. Critical tall building clusters that visually determine the skyline of both cities are identified and allow comparison of actual tall building development and the urban policies in place. The research demonstrates that a considerable distance exists between policy and reality. Both Rotterdam and The Hague struggle to deliver a consistent and integrated policy for tall-rise urban areas, while tall building developments seem to be ruled by an internal logic not fully recognized in policy-making. Using the visibility of the skyline to identify tall building clusters suggests that both cities could allow developments in a much wider area than originally envisioned in their guidance on tall buildings. Although each new tall building design faces public and political scrutiny, the fact is that the visibility pattern in both cities is already established. Each new development has a decreasing impact as long as it is confined to the established tall building cluster. As shown in the paper, GIS-based visibility analysis is a powerful tool for tall building planning and design, not only increasing understanding of actual developments and their effects in a precise and quantifiable manner, but also helping to evaluate and develop tall building policies., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture, 100% Research, OLD Urban Design

Landscape Architecture

The discussion regarding the relation of design and research in landscape architecture started somewhat later than in other design disciplines. But the past decade has shown a sharp rise of publications on ‘research through/by design(ing)’ (RTD). The literature has now reached a level of richness that enables a review of the State of the Art and a differentiation of types of contributions to the discourse. We reviewed more than 200 publications (scientific journal papers, conference papers, PhD theses, MSc theses and others) on RTD in relation to landscape architecture and closely related disciplines. The review shows that a rather small portion of the publications deals with RTD a scholarly sense. The remaining portion of scholarly publications offered a useful base for further scrutiny. We categorised the relevant literature according to types of publications and the epistemological stances taken. Based on this categorisation we identified areas that need further research and thus sketched an agenda for further research on RTD in landscape architecture., Landscape Architecture

This paper presents a systematic approach to analysing the visual impact of tall building evolution on cities and their surrounding landscape, using Rotterdam and The Hague as case studies. Critical tall building clusters that visually determine the skyline of both cities are identified and allow comparison of actual tall building development and the urban policies in place. The research demonstrates that a considerable distance exists between policy and reality. Both Rotterdam and The Hague struggle to deliver a consistent and integrated policy for tall-rise urban areas, while tall building developments seem to be ruled by an internal logic not fully recognized in policy-making. Using the visibility of the skyline to identify tall building clusters suggests that both cities could allow developments in a much wider area than originally envisioned in their guidance on tall buildings. Although each new tall building design faces public and political scrutiny, the fact is that the visibility pattern in both cities is already established. Each new development has a decreasing impact as long as it is confined to the established tall building cluster. As shown in the paper, GIS-based visibility analysis is a powerful tool for tall building planning and design, not only increasing understanding of actual developments and their effects in a precise and quantifiable manner, but also helping to evaluate and develop tall building policies., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture, 100% Research, OLD Urban Design

TU Delft Landschapsarchitectuur richt zich voornamelijk op ruimtelijke ontwerpopgaven in de stedelijk landschap. Het stedelijk landschap wordt daarbij begrepen als een schaalcontinuüm, 4D-constructie, palimpsest en systeem, waarbij sociale en ecologische structuren en processen de hoofdrol spelen en de Genius Loci centraal staat. [1] Internationale vraagstukken zoals duurzame verstedelijking, wateropgaven, energietransitie en landschapstransformatie zijn belangrijke thema’s waar onderzoekers en studenten zich over buigen en waarbinnen ze hun kennis over landschap, stedenbouw, architectuur, civiele techniek en landschapsecologie in de praktijk brengen. Ruimtelijk ontwerpen is daarbij een belangrijke onderzoeksstrategie om grip te krijgen op de complexe opgaven en mogelijke oplossingen. [2] Maar hoe wordt ontwerpen als onderzoek ingezet?, Landscape Architecture

The land-sea interface is a very attractive location for humans to settle. In the case of low lying, sedimentary coastlines this can be a risky location, as these shorelines are inherently dynamic in nature. Accelerating rates of relative sea level rise will increase coastal erosion, creating world-wide growing demands for coastal protection along urbanized shores. Starting point of this project is that the key to sustainably adapt to this situation is to be found in smart, pro-active sediment management using ‘building-with-nature’ (BwN) approaches, rather than in traditional reactive approaches involving expansion of static, hard coastal defense structures., Landscape Architecture, OLD Urban Compositions

This is a report on the visit of the Hachirogata polder of the author from 28 February 2017 to 2 March 2017. The land reclamation is located in the prefecture of Akita in Japan. The visit consisted of a field trip to the polder accompanied by Prof. Yasunori Kitao (Kyoto Women’s University) with interviews with local people, a visit of the polder museum, a visit to the village Ogata-Mura and the Municipal Office and an interview with Mr. Miyata, who has been mayor for thirty years of the village., Landscape Architecture

TU Delft Landschapsarchitectuur richt zich voornamelijk op ruimtelijke ontwerpopgaven in de stedelijk landschap. Het stedelijk landschap wordt daarbij begrepen als een schaalcontinuüm, 4D-constructie, palimpsest en systeem, waarbij sociale en ecologische structuren en processen de hoofdrol spelen en de Genius Loci centraal staat. [1] Internationale vraagstukken zoals duurzame verstedelijking, wateropgaven, energietransitie en landschapstransformatie zijn belangrijke thema’s waar onderzoekers en studenten zich over buigen en waarbinnen ze hun kennis over landschap, stedenbouw, architectuur, civiele techniek en landschapsecologie in de praktijk brengen. Ruimtelijk ontwerpen is daarbij een belangrijke onderzoeksstrategie om grip te krijgen op de complexe opgaven en mogelijke oplossingen. [2] Maar hoe wordt ontwerpen als onderzoek ingezet?, Landscape Architecture

The land-sea interface is a very attractive location for humans to settle. In the case of low lying, sedimentary coastlines this can be a risky location, as these shorelines are inherently dynamic in nature. Accelerating rates of relative sea level rise will increase coastal erosion, creating world-wide growing demands for coastal protection along urbanized shores. Starting point of this project is that the key to sustainably adapt to this situation is to be found in smart, pro-active sediment management using ‘building-with-nature’ (BwN) approaches, rather than in traditional reactive approaches involving expansion of static, hard coastal defense structures., Landscape Architecture, OLD Urban Compositions

This is a report on the visit of the Hachirogata polder of the author from 28 February 2017 to 2 March 2017. The land reclamation is located in the prefecture of Akita in Japan. The visit consisted of a field trip to the polder accompanied by Prof. Yasunori Kitao (Kyoto Women’s University) with interviews with local people, a visit of the polder museum, a visit to the village Ogata-Mura and the Municipal Office and an interview with Mr. Miyata, who has been mayor for thirty years of the village., Landscape Architecture

Het centrale thema van dit artikel is de toepassing van Geografische Informatiesystemen, of kortweg GIS, als ICT-instrument voor ruimtelijk onderzoek naar historische buitenplaatsenlandschappen met als doel kennis te vergroten over de historische aanleg, ruimtelijke samenhang en ontwikkeling door de tijd. Deze vorm van onderzoek kan betrekking hebben op individuele buitenplaatsen in hun directe omgeving (huis, tuin, park, landschap), maar ook op regionale schaal, waar ensembles van meerdere buitenplaatsen in samenhang met hun landschappelijke context worden bekeken. Dit artikel poogt de potentie van GIS in dit type onderzoek te laten zien en geeft inzicht in de mogelijkheden ervan aan de hand van een aantal toepassingen uit de onderzoekspraktijk naar buitenplaatsenlandschappen in Nederland en daarbuiten., Landscape Architecture

The Department of Urbanism at the Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment at the Delft University of Technology has a long tradition in educating generations of internationally oriented designers, planners and researchers in urbanism. Here the domain of urbanism is defined as an interdisciplinary approach that engages in real-world sociocultural, ecological and technological issues affecting urban landscapes, from the perspective of spatial planning and design. Specifically, it combines the disciplines of spatial planning, urban design and landscape architecture, having their own theories, methods and techniques, but also sharing common grounds and being complementary. Urbanism education focuses on specific context-related design tasks, in which knowledge from different disciplines is synthesised into coherent multiscale proposals. This paper aims to elaborate on the foundations of the Delft approach to urbanism education that focuses on the urban landscape as a scale continuum, uses design research and research through design as important teaching and research strategies, and regards mapping and drawing as important tools for thinking. The typical Dutch geographic context and spatial planning traditions are the foundation for this approach. The paper addresses the backgrounds and describes the principles of the present education strategies, learning tactics and examination, and identifies their challenges., Landscape Architecture, Environmental Technology and Design, OLD Urban Compositions