Search

Additional file 1. Details of search strategy. This file provides a detailed description of the search strategy used for finding studies.

Additional file 1.

Additional file 2. Characteristic of included studies. This file provides the characteristics of the included studies in a table form, including first author, year of publication, country, study design, study subject, sample size, sampling method, mean age/age range, setting, tools for measurements, outcome, result and quality rate.

Additional file 2. GP interview guide

Additional file 3. Patient interview guide (in Danish)

The present study investigated effects of various commercial diets, of protein and of fat 1evels in semisynthetic diets, and of fiber content and type on hepatic O-deethylation of p-nitrophenetole in mice. A high fat content increased and a high fiber content decreased the hepatic p-nitrophenetole O-deethylation activity. The activity in mice kept on different commercial feedings differed significantly. The level of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 activity affects the toxicity of many compounds. Thus, standardization of commercial feeds for experimental animals used in toxicological and pharmacological studies is needed to avoid the potential risk of misleading conclusions., Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Vol. 15 No. 2 (1988)

Low health literacy is a growing concern affecting up to 20% of the Danish population. Low health literacy is defined by difficulties related to understanding health information and ability to engage with healthcare providers. Research has explored a variety of interventions to address the issue of low literacy. This study describes that educational curricula including lessons and practicing in didactics and health literacy may improve doctors' knowledge and approach towards this group of patients and indicates that healthcare providers generally can benefit from education in health literacy.

In Section 4.3 "Factors Associated with Statin Use in the Oldest Old".

Introduction: In the human capital paradigm, subject to external constraints, a person’s health capital is self-produced. In this producing role they spend time, effort, and financial resources acquiring inputs that either enhance or deplete their health through consuming goods and services relevant[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 63. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)

The evaluation of decision aids and support interventions requires a multi-attribute index which can be calculated for both aid and comparator/s. The Decision Conflict Scale (DCS) is such an index and has been widely used in this context, the recent Cochrane review Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions reporting its use in 63 of the 105 studies included. However, while the DCS may be a valid measure for the eponymous construct - decision conflict - it lacks both content and construct validity for the evaluation of decision aids. It lacks content validity for this task because of the 3 items which make up its Uncertainty subscale, which penalize an aid that correctly reports the situation is one of decisional equipoise or near equipoise. A 'false clarity' bias in aid presentation is encouraged by being rewarded. In this paper we confirm that the inclusion of the Uncertainty subscale in the DCS has inappropriate empirical consequences for decision aid evaluation. Excluding the Uncertainty items would address this content invalidity, but the DCS would still lack construct validity, since the construct being measured is being treated, and inappropriately psychometrically validated, as a reflective rather than formative one. The component scales (items) of an index for a formative construct need to be preference-weighted, in ethical person-centred care by the individual at the point of decision. We argue that the most appropriate formative construct for use in decision aid evaluation is decision quality, and suggest MyDecisionQuality (MDQ) as the first formative index that can claim to both possess content and construct validity for the measurement of decision quality. However, like all multi-criterial formative metrics, the construct that MDQ measures is constructed by the measure and has no existence independent of it.

Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders (SARD) represent important causes of morbidity and mortality in humans. The mechanisms triggering autoimmune responses are complex and involve a network of genetic factors. Mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA) in mice is an established model to study the mechanisms of the development of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), which is a hallmark in the diagnosis of SARD. A.SW mice with HgIA show a significantly higher titer of antinucleolar antibodies (ANoA) than the B10.S mice, although both share the same MHC class II (H-2). We applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to their Hg-exposed F2 offspring to investigate the non-MHC genes involved in the development of ANoA. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis showed a peak logarithm of odds ratio (LOD) score of 3.05 on chromosome 3. Microsatellites were used for haplotyping, and fine mapping was conducted with next generation sequencing. The candidate genes Bank1 (B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1) and Nfkbl (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) were identified by additional QTL analysis. Expression of the Bank1 and Nfkb1 genes and their downstream target genes involved in the intracellular pathway (Tlr9,II6, Tnf) was investigated in mercury-exposed A.SW and B10.S mice by real-time PCR. Bank1 showed significantly lower gene expression in the A.SW strain after Hg-exposure, whereas the B10.S strain showed no significant difference. Nfkb1, Tlr9, II6 and Tnf had significantly higher gene expression in the A.SW strain after Hg-exposure, while the B10.S strain showed no difference. This study supports the roles of Bank1 (produced mainly in B-cells) and Nfkbl (produced in most immune cells) as key regulators of ANoA development in HgIA. Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council Branch of Medicine; County Council of Ostergotland; Linkoping University