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The study was conducted to determine the impacts of environmental variations on yield and yield related properties of tobacco. The experimental layout was in the randomized blocks with three replicates in four different locations (Erbaa-Evciler, Erbaa-Karayaka, Gümüşhacıköy, Bafra) using 21 lines and four standard varieties that stand out with their different characteristics. The variation in plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length and leaf yield of genotypes were investigated at different ecologies. All the parameters investigated of the genotypes have been significantly affected by changing environmental conditions. Plant height ranged from 49.33 cm to 177.32 cm, the number of leaves from 21.83 to 47.10 per plant, leaf width from 6.83 to 16.31 cm, leaf length from 13.01 to 28.93 cm, and yield ranged from 79.17 kg-1 to 238.98 kg da-1. The results for the performances of genotypes in all environments showed that 5 lines (ERB-11, ERB-14, ERB-16, ERB-21, ERB-35) for plant height, 6 lines (ERB-6, ERB-7, ERB-11, ERB-14, ERB-16, ERB-35) for the number of leaves, 10 lines (ERB-9, ERB-16, ERB-17, ERB-18, ERB-19, ERB-21, ERB-25, ERB-26, ERB-27, ERB-30) for leaf width, 1 line (ERB-16) in for leaf length and 13 lines (ERB-6, ERB-7, ERB-9, ERB-13, ERB-16, ERB-18, ERB-19, ERB-21, ERB-25, ERB-27, ERB-30, ERB-35, ERB-38) for yield come to the fore.

Harvest was performed from lower part to upper part in oriental tobaccos with advancing of hand group’s maturity. In this study, hand groups of some oriental tobacco genotypes grown in different locations were evaluated in terms of yield and grade index values. Experiment was planned in randomized blocks design with three replications and conducted four locations from tobacco production areas of Middle Black Sea Region (Erbaa-Evciler, Erbaa-Karayaka, Gümüşhacıköy, Bafra) in 2017. 21 lines and four standard genotypes obtained from this region were used as material. Harvest was completed by three hands and each hand group was evaluated separately. Among the lines, yield means were found to be significant except for those of first and second harvests in Gümüşhacıköy and second harvest in Bafra. As for grade index, a significant difference was detected among lines except for first harvest in Evciler and Bafra locations. Crop yield consisted of the first, second and third harvests at the rate of % 28, % 42.2 and % 29.6, respectively. Grade index was the highest in Evciler (% 90) and the lowest in Bafra locations. The contribute of harvests to grade index was found to be 25.8 %, 39.4 %, 34.8 % respectively.

Salinity and water deficit limit the productivity of several crops; thus, studies related to the genetic transformation of seeds in a model plant, such as tobacco, can be an alternative to minimize negative impacts caused by environmental conditions. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the tolerance to osmotic stress of seeds from genetically transformed tobacco plants, with the introduction of the proline-synthesizer gene (p5csf129a), under salinity and water deficit conditions. To do so, five events with differences in proline content were selected, ranging from 0.70 to 10.47 µmoles.g-1 of fresh mass. The used saline concentrations were: zero (distilled water); 50; 100; 150 and 200 mmol.L-1 of NaCl, whereas for the water deficit, simulated with PEG 6000, the following osmotic potentials were used: zero (distilled water); -0.2; -0.4; -0.6 and -0.8 MPa. Each tested treatment was evaluated through germination, first germination count and germination speed index tests. It is possible to conclude that seeds from genetically transformed tobacco plants with overexpression of the gene p5csf129a, a proline synthesizer, are more tolerant to osmotic stresses. Tabacco seeds with a proline content of 10.47 µmol.g-1 showed a better perfomance, revealing higher physiological potential.

[Objective] The present study was conducted to investigate the molecule mechanism of different cadmium accumulation ability among tobacco varieties.[Method] Based on AtNramp1 sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana, the NtNramp1 gene from Jinying and Komotini Basma, which the two varieties has different cadmium accumulation ability, were coloned and the sequence was analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The yeast heterologous expression system was used to analyses the different cadmium transport activity of NtNramp1 form different varieties. [Result]Jinying and Komotini Basma were two tobacco varieties (Nicotiana tabacum L.) that had significant difference of cadmium accumulation ability. The NtNramp1 cloned from Jinying and Komotini Basma were named as NtNramp1a and NtNramp1b respectively. There were 57 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the coding region between NtNramp1a and NtNramp1b. The SNP in 1305 bp of NtNramp1a lead to premature termination of protein translation, which resulted in missing two transmembrane structure in the C-terminal compared with NtNramp1b. Heterologous expression of NtNramp1a and NtNramp1b in yeast showed that the yeast strain expressing NtNramp1b was more sensitive to cadmium than the yeast strain expressing NtNramp1a, suggesting that the cadmium transport activity of NtNramp1b was significantly more strong than that of NtNramp1a.[Conclusion] The different cadmium transport activity of NtNramp1 between Jinying and Komotini Basma resulted in significant cadmium accumulation difference between the two tobacco varieties.

Tobacco is a plant of the genus Nicotiana from the Solanaceae family, whose Nicotiana Tabacum L. is the most cultivated and commercialized species. Despite the wide diversity of chemicals, the alkaloids play an important role in the chemical composition of tobacco due the effects that have made this commodity a worldwide prominence. The indole and β-carboline alkaloids are secondary metabolites formed from the biosynthetic pathway of the amino acid L-tryptophan. These compounds show inhibitory action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) that enhances, in smokers, the susceptibility to chemical dependence. However, research also highlights its important effects on the Central Nervous System (CNS), which puts them in a prominent position for studies in different areas of science. In this context, this study presents the development and validation of microextraction analytical methods for determination of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, harmaline, harmalol, harman, harmine, norharman, tetrahydroharmine and tryptamine alkaloids in natural and processed samples of tobacco and cigarrete smoke by micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion (μMSPD) bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE), ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The instrumental conditions of analysis were optimized to ensure reliable alkaloid identification and quantification results. The μMSPD procedure was optimized as follows: 0.01 g sample, 0.1 g Discovery DPA 6S adsorbent and elution with 2 mL 1% aqueous formic acid solution. The BAμE procedure was optimized using an extraction device containing the OASIS HLB adsorbent, with extraction step of floating mechanism (3h and 1500 rpm by vortex mechanism) in aqueous solution, and back extraction step by sonication using 100 μL methanol for 5 min. The developed methods were applied to tobacco and cigarette smoke samples, proving to be efficient for the determination of indol and β-carboline alkaloids. The alkaloids harman and norharman were detected in all samples analyzed. For the first time, harmine was identified in tobacco leaf samples. Tabaco é uma planta do gênero Nicotiana pertencente à família das solanáceas; sendo Nicotiana tabacum L. a principal a ser cultivada e comercializada. Não obstante a vasta diversidade de substâncias químicas, os alcaloides assumem importante papel na composição química do tabaco no que diz respeito aos efeitos que elevaram esta commodity a destaque mundial. Os alcaloides β-carbolínicos e indólicos são metabólitos secundários formados a partir da rota biossintética do aminoácido Ltriptofano. Estes compostos apresentam ação inibidora da enzima monoamina oxidase (MAO) que potencializa, em fumantes, a susceptibilidade à dependência química. Todavia, pesquisas destacam também os seus importantes efeitos no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), o que os colocam em posição de destaque para estudos em diferentes áreas da ciência. Nesse contexto, este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos de microextração para determinação dos alcaloides N,N-dimetiltriptamina, harmalina, harmalol, harmano, harmina, norharmano, tetrahidroharmina e triptamina em amostras in natura e processadas de tabaco e fumaça de cigarro utilizando as técnicas de dispersão da matriz em fase sólida miniaturizada (μMSPD), microextração adsortiva em barra (BAμE), cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (UHPL) e espectrometria de massas (MS). As condições instrumentais de análise foram otimizadas para assegurar resultados fidedignos de identificação e quantificação dos alcaloides. O procedimento de extração por μMSPD foi otimizado nas seguintes condições: 0,01 g de amostra, 0,1 g de adsorvente Discovery DPA 6S e eluição com 2 mL de solução aquosa de ácido fórmico 1%. Por sua vez, o procedimento por BAμE foi otimizado com dispositivo de extração contento o adsorvente OASIS HLB, com etapa de extração de 3 horas pelo mecanismo de flutuação por vórtex a 1500 rpm em meio aquoso, e etapa de retroextração assistida por ultrassom utilizando 100 μL de metanol. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram aplicados em amostras de tabaco e fumaça de cigarro, mostrando-se eficientes para a determinação de alcaloides indólicos e β-carbolínicos. Os alcaloides harmano e norharmano foram detectados em todas as amostras analisadas. Pela primeira vez, o alcaloide harmina foi identificado em folhas de tabaco. São Cristóvão, SE

Post harvest activities has the goal to prevent and minimize losses that occurs during commercialization of agricultural products, notability drying. The present work had the objective to determine the thermodynamic properties and evaluate the drying kinetics of tobacco leaves in different temperatures and air velocities of the drying air. Leaves were dried at air velocities of 0.5 and 1.0 m s-1 and temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 oC. Five mathematical models usually used to represent the drying process of agricultural products were fitted to the experimental data. Results indicates that drying of tobacco leaves is dependent of velocity and temperature of the drying air, in which higher temperatures and air velocity leads to a lower time required to reach the equilibrium moisture content. The Modified Midilli model best represented the drying of tobacco leaves, according to statistical parameters. At a constant drying air velocity, enthalpy and entropy decreased along with increment of drying air temperature, whilst Gibbs free energy increases. Drying air velocity significantly impacts in the energy required for the process, in which increasing this parameter from 0.5 to 1.0 m s1, decreases the activation energy, from 63.65 to 55.22 kJ mol-1. As atividades pós-colheita têm a finalidade de prevenir e minimizar as perdas que ocorrem durante a comercialização dos produtos agrícolas, com destaque para a secagem. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as propriedades termodinâmicas e analisar a cinética de secagem de folhas de fumo em diferentes condições de temperatura e velocidade do ar de secagem. As folhas foram secadas com velocidade do ar a 0,5 e 1,0 m s-1 e temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70 °C. Cinco modelos matemáticos usualmente utilizados para a representação do processo de secagem de produtos agrícolas foram ajustados aos dados experimentais. Os resultados indicam que a secagem das folhas de fumo é dependente da velocidade e temperatura do ar de secagem, em que maiores temperaturas e velocidades do ar de secagem levam a um menor tempo requerido para se atingir o teor de água de equilíbrio. O modelo de Midilli modificado foi o que melhor representou o fenômeno de secagem das folhas de fumo, de acordo com parâmetros estatísticos. Para uma velocidade do ar de secagem constante, a entalpia e entropia decrescem com o aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem, ao passo que a energia livre de Gibbs aumenta. A velocidade do ar de secagem impacta significativamente na energia requerida no processo, em que incrementando a velocidade do ar de secagem de 0,5 para 1,0 m s-1 decresce a energia de ativação, de 63,65 para 55,22 kJ mol-1.

WOS:000505251300032 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) can accumulate higher concentrations of cadmium (Cd). However, genotypic differences of tobacco cultivars in Cd uptake and their responses to Cd toxicity have not been thoroughly investigated. This study was conducted to determine the resistance of four tobacco cultivars to Cd toxicity under greenhouse conditions. Four doses of Cd (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) soil) were used to test the resistance of tobacco cultivars. Increasing the Cd applications significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the shoot dry matter yields of genotypes, while shoot Cd concentration and content significantly (P < 0.01) increased. The highest decrease in dry matter under the highest Cd (Cd20) treatment was in Ozbas (58.5% reduction), Birlik/124 (52.4% reduction) and Canik190/5 (51.1% reduction) cultivars, while the lowest decrease was in Xanthi/81 (44.6% reduction) cultivar. The amount of Cd removed from soil was significantly different among the tobacco cultivars. The highest Cd uptake was obtained in Cd20, while the lowest was in Xanthi/81 (395.2 mu g Cd plant(-1)) and Canik190/5 (232.6 mu g Cd plant(-1)) cultivars, respectively. The results revealed that Canik190/5 cultivar removes lower Cd compared to the other cultivars, whereas Cd uptake of Xanthi/81 cultivar is higher, thus is considered more resistant to Cd toxicity than other cultivars.

Recently, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has increased worldwide. Cembranoid-type diterpenes (CBDs) from tobacco exhibit good antimicrobial, antitumor, and neuroprotective activities. Therefore, in this study, we isolated CBDs from Nicotiana tabacum L. and evaluated their antitumor activity against hepatoma cell lines. Particularly, the anti-tumor activity of &alpha, 2,7,11-cyprotermine-4,6-diol (&alpha, CBD) was investigated against HepG2, SMMC-7721, and HL-7702 cells. The MTT assay revealed that &alpha, CBD reduced the formation of cell clones and inhibited the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Morphological observations showed that &alpha, CBD altered cell morphology and membrane permeability before inducing apoptosis. To further explore the antitumor mechanism of &alpha, CBD, flow cytometry and transcriptome analysis were performed using HepG2 cells. The results showed that the number of HepG2 cells increased from 10.4% to 29.8%, indicating that &alpha, CBD inhibits the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in the S phase. The gene expression analysis of HepG2 cells treated with &alpha, CBD showed 3068 genes with altered expression, among which 1289 were upregulated and 1779 were downregulated. Apoptosis induced by these differentially expressed genes might be mediated by the p53-PUMA, PI3K-Akt, and IL-1-NF-&kappa, B-IAP pathways. Comprehensively, our study shows that &alpha, CBD isolated from N. tabacum L. can be potentially used as a natural antitumor agent.

An endophytic fungus Arthrinium arundinis TE-3 was isolated and purified from the fresh leaves of cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Chemical investigation on this fungal strain afforded three new prenylated diphenyl ethers (1&minus, 3) as well as three known analogues (4&minus, 6). Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was carried out by analysis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) spectra, as well as by comparison of those data with literature data. The absolute configuration of the stereogenic center at C-8 in 1 was assigned by comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Compounds 1 and 2 showed selective antifungal activity against Mucor hiemalis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8 and 4 &mu, g/mL, respectively. Compounds 5 and 6 exhibited inhibitory activity against Alteraria alternata with an MIC value of 8 &mu, g/mL. In the cytotoxic assay, 2, 5, and 6 displayed moderate in vitro cytotoxicity against the human monocytic cell line (THP-1 cell line), with IC50 values of 40.2, 28.3, and 25.9 &mu, M, respectively. This study indicated that endophytic fungi possess great potential for exploring new bioactive secondary metabolites.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most exploited nanomaterial in agriculture and food production, and their release into the environment raises concern about their impact on plants. Since AgNPs are prone to biotransformation, various surface coatings are used to enhance their stability, which may modulate AgNP-imposed toxic effects. In this study, the impact of AgNPs stabilized with different coatings (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) and AgNO3 on photosynthesis of tobacco plants as well as AgNP stability in exposure medium have been investigated. Obtained results revealed that AgNP-citrate induced the least effects on chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and pigment content, which could be ascribed to their fast agglomeration in the exposure medium and consequently weak uptake. The impact of AgNP-PVP and AgNP-CTAB was more severe, inducing a deterioration of photosynthetic activity along with reduced pigment content and alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure, which could be correlated to their higher stability, elevated Ag accumulation, and surface charge. In conclusion, intrinsic properties of AgNP coatings affect their stability and bioavailability in the biological medium, thereby indirectly contributing changes in the photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, AgNP treatments exhibited more severe inhibitory effects compared to AgNO3, which indicates that the impact on photosynthesis is dependent on the form of Ag.

As propriedades da água e sua relação com os componentes dos produtos agrícolas afetam os procedimentos pós-colheita, sendo estas relacionadas pelas isotermas de sorção. O modelo de Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) é usualmente utilizado para descrever as isotermas devido aos seus parâmetros relacionarem aspectos físicos do processo. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho obter as isotermas de dessorção de folhas de fumo (Nicotiana tabacum L.), bem como determinar as propriedades termodinâmicas deste processo. O teor de água de equilíbrio (Xeq) das folhas de fumo foi obtido por meio do método dinâmico em diferentes temperaturas (15, 25, 35, 45 e 55 °C) e umidades relativas (10, 20, 40, 60 e 75%) do ar. Os dados experimentais de Xeq foram ajustados ao modelo de GAB, no qual representou adequadamente as isotermas. Para uma isoterma, o Xeq aumentou com o incremento de umidade relativa e diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura do ar a um valor de umidade relativa constante. O teor de água da monocamada aumentou e os valores dos parâmetros restantes do modelo de GAB decresceram com o aumento da temperatura, indicando que a condição do ar afetou a interação entre a multicamada e a água livre. As propriedades termodinâmicas calculadas foram a energia de ativação, a entalpia, a entropia e a energia livre de Gibbs. A energia de ativação foi de 0,3172 kJ kg–1. As propriedades remanescentes decresceram com o aumento do teor de água de equilíbrio.

Sun-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is one of the most important industrial crops for Greece and other Mediterranean countries. A field experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 under organic conditions in Agricultural University of Athens in order to compare the growth, yield, nicotine and sugar content of three Greek sun-cured tobacco cultivars at two between-row spacings. Three cultivars of the Greek Basmas were sown in a seedbed in a greenhouse and then transplanted in the field at distances 10–and 20–cm between rows. The experimental design was a split-plot in a randomized complete block with three replicates. Tobacco was harvested at 80, 95, 115, and 135 days after transplanting (DAT). Our results showed that wider row spacing resulted in lower yield than closer row spacing for all three cultivars. Cultivars × year interaction was significant for total yield. Tobacco yield ranged from 1315 to 1920 and from 1545 to 2090kgha−1, for the wider and narrower row spacing, respectively. Chemical analysis revealed that nicotine content was also affected by cultivar and row spacing and ranged between 3.40 and 5.19%. Narrow row spacing resulted in reduction of nicotine content, while sugar content was only affected by cultivar. Narrower row spacing could be used in some cases for a higher production of tobacco of lower nicotine content, whenever this is desirable for blending purposes.

A growing number of bacteria and fungi have been found to promote plant growth through mutualistic interactions involving elements such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we report the identification of an environmentally isolated strain of Cladosporium sphaerospermum (herein named TC09), that substantially enhances plant growth after exposure in vitro beyond what has previously been reported. When cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under in vitro conditions, tobacco seedlings (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to TC09 cultures for 20 days increased stem height and whole plant biomass up to 25- and 15-fold, respectively, over controls without exposure. TC09-mediated growth promotion required >5 g/L sucrose in the plant culture medium and was influenced by the duration of exposure ranging from one to 10 days, beyond which no differences were detected. When transplanted to soil under greenhouse conditions, TC09-exposed tobacco plants retained higher rates of growth. Comparative transcriptome analyses using tobacco seedlings exposed to TC09 for 10 days uncovered differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with diverse biological processes including cell expansion and cell cycle, photosynthesis, phytohormone homeostasis and defense responses. To test the potential efficacy of TC09-mediated growth promotion on agricultural productivity, pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) of two different varieties, Cayenne and Minisweet, were pre-exposed to TC09 and planted in the greenhouse to monitor growth, flowering, and fruit production. Results showed that treated pepper plants flowered 20 days earlier and yielded up to 213% more fruit than untreated controls. Altogether the data suggest that exposure of young plants to C. sphaerospermum produced VOCs may provide a useful tool to improve crop productivity.

Tütün yaprakları bir çok alkoloid içerir, bunlar başta nikotin olmak üzere, nikotinin, anatabine, anatalline ve nornikotinedir. Yapraklar aynı zamanda yüksek oranda glukozitler, tahasinin, tahasilin ve izokerkitrin, 1-kinik, klorojenik, kafeik ve oksalik asitleri de içerir. Bu tez kapsamında daha çok ülkemizin doğu illerinden Nicotiana tabacum türüne ait örnekler toplanmış gölgede kurutulmuş ve petrol eteri ile etanol ekstreleri hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan petrol eteri ekstresinin yağ asidi içeriği GC-MS/MS ile, etanol ekstrelerinin fenolik bileşikler bakımından kimyasal içeriği ise LC-MS/MS ile belirlenmiştir. Nicotine, Nicotinamide ve Nicotinic acid bileşiklerinden oluşan bir metot geliştirilerek bu metoda ait tüm analitik parametreler ortaya konmuştur. Etanol ekstrelerinin bu bileşikler bakımından içerik analizi bu metoda göre LC-MS/MS ile yapılmış ve tüm kimyasal sonuçlar kemometrik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca etanol ekstrelerinin total fenolik içeriği, antioksidan kapasitesi (CUPRAC, DPPH serbest radikali giderim aktivitesi ve ABTS katyon radikali giderim aktivitesi yöntemleri), antikolinesteraz enzim aktivitesi (Asetil ve butirilkolinesteraz), antiüreaz ve antitirozinaz enzim aktiviteleri de incelenmiştir. Genel olarak GC-MS yağ asidi sonuçlarına baktığımızda çalışılan örneklerin özellikle majör bileşenler bakımından farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Farklı lokalitelerden toplanan örneklerin majör bileşenlerinin caproic (C6:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1n9c), linoleic (C18:2n6c), stearic (C18:0) ve pentadecanoic asitler (C15:0) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. LC-MS/MS sonuçlarına baktığımızda ise hesperidin, klorojenik asit, malik asit ve rutin bileşikleri majör bileşen olarak tespit edilmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite bakımından baktığımızda ise DPPH yönteminde MTYE, ABTS yönteminde MZY ve CUPRAC yönteminde yine MTYE ekstrelerinin en yüksek aktiviteyi gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Tüm örneklerin genel olarak hem asetil hemde butirilkolinesteraz enzim aktivilerinin düşük olduğu fakat özellikle Adıyamandan toplanan örneklerin asetilkolinesteraz enzim aktivitelerinin yüksek olduğu tespit edimiştir. Bazı örneklerin yüksek bazı örneklerin ise hiç antiüreaz enzim aktivitesi göstermediği saptanmıştır. Tirozinaz enzim aktivitesine baktığımızda ise genel olarak örneklerin orta-yüksek bir potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak lokalite farklılığın hem kimyasal içerik hem de biyolojik aktivite bakımından oldukça etkili olduğu söylenebilir. Diğer bir değişle iklim ve toprak yapısının tütün örneklerin kimyasal içeriği ve dolayısıyla biyolojik aktiviteleri üzerinde oldukça etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır., Tobacco leaves contain many alkaloids, mainly nicotine, nicotine, anatabine, anatalline and nornicotine. The leaves also contain high-order glucosides, tahaxinin, tahacillin and isocercitrin, 1-kinic, chlorogenic, caffeic and oxalic acids. In this thesis, samples of Nicotiana tabacum from eastern Turkey were collected, dried in the shade, and petroleum ether and ethanol extracts were prepared. Fatty acid content of the prepared petroleum ether extract was determined by GC-MS / MS. On the other hand, the chemical content of phenolic compounds of ethanol extracts prepared was determined by LC-MS / MS. A method consisting of nicotine, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid compounds has been developed and all the analytical parameters of this method have been revealed. Content analysis of ethanol extracts for these compounds was performed by LC-MS / MS according to this method and all chemical results were evaluated chemometrically. In addition, antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity methods), anticholinesterase enzyme activity (acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase), antihyperase and antitryzinase enzyme activities of ethanol extracts were determined. When we look at GC-MS fatty acid results in general, it has been determined that the samples studied differ in particular in terms of major components. The major components of the samples collected from different localities were caproic acid (C6:0), myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), stearic acid:0) and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0). When we look at LC-MS/MS results, hesperidin, chlorogenic acid, malic acid and routine major component were detected. In terms of antioxidant activity, the highest activity in the DPPH method was determined to be the MYE extract in the ABTS method and the MYE extract in the CUPRAC method. All of the samples in general showed that both acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme activities were low, but especially acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities of Adıyamanandan collected samples were high. Some of the samples showed high antiurease enzyme activity. When we look at tyrosinase enzyme activity, it is generally determined that the samples have a medium-high potential. As a result, it can be said that the locality difference is very effective both in terms of chemical content and biological activity. In other words, it can be said that climate and soil structure is very effective on the biological activities of tobacco samples because of their chemical content.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-13T17:18:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Luis Henrique Konzen.pdf: 646860 bytes, checksum: 511c31d83c08144defe344c571319e35 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T20:50:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Luis Henrique Konzen.pdf: 646860 bytes, checksum: 511c31d83c08144defe344c571319e35 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T20:50:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Luis Henrique Konzen.pdf: 646860 bytes, checksum: 511c31d83c08144defe344c571319e35 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T20:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Luis Henrique Konzen.pdf: 646860 bytes, checksum: 511c31d83c08144defe344c571319e35 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq O estabelecimento da lavoura de tabaco se dá através do transplante de mudas, e o passo inicial para promover um estande uniforme de plantas e garantir uma boa produtividade da lavoura de tabaco é a utilização de mudas de boa qualidade, para isso, é necessário a utilização de sementes de altíssima qualidade. Neste sentido, os testes de vigor são muito importantes para obtenção de informações adicionais ao teste de germinação e podem auxiliar na tomada de decisão. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar metodologias do teste de envelhecimento acelerado para avaliação do vigor em sementes de tabaco. Para o estudo, foram utilizados dez lotes de sementes de tabaco. Inicialmente determinou-se a qualidade inicial das sementes de tabaco através dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, emergência de plântulas avaliadas aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após semeadura, índice de velocidade de emergência e envelhecimento acelerado com água conduzido conforme proposto pela AOSA. Após a determinação da qualidade inicial das sementes, estudou se o teste de envelhecimento acelerado nas metodologias: envelhecimento acelerado com água, solução salina saturada (40g de NaCl.100mL-1 de água) e solução salina não saturada (11g de NaCl.100mL-1 de água), submetidas a temperatura de 45 e 41⁰C, por períodos de exposição de 24, 48 e 72 horas. O ensaio foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, as médias obtidas por lote, em cada avaliação, foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott em nível de probabilidade de 5% e foi realizada análise de correlação linear. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui - se que o teste de envelhecimento acelerado com água conduzido sob temperatura de 45ºC combinado com período de exposição de 24 horas mostra-se adequado para avaliação do vigor de sementes de tabaco. The establishment of tobacco is performed through seedling transplant, and the initial step to promote a uniform plant stand and ensure a good yield of the tobacco crop is the use of good quality seedlings, for this, the use of seeds of the highest quality is necessary. In this sense, vigor tests are very important to obtain additional information to the standard germination test and can assist in decision-making. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine accelerated aging test methodologies for the evaluation of vigor in tobacco seeds. For the study, ten lots of tobacco seeds were used. The initial quality of the tobacco seeds was determined through the germination test, first germination count, germination speed index, emergence of seedlings at 7, 14 and 21 days after sowing, emergence speed index and the accelerated aging with water conducted as proposed by the AOSA. After the determination of the initial quality of the seeds, the accelerated aging test was carry out in the following methods: accelerated aging with water, saturated saline solution (40g NaCl 100mL-1 water) and unsaturated saline solution (11g NaCl 100mL-1 water), submitted to temperature of 45 and 41°C, for periods of exposure of 24, 48 and 72 hours. The assay was conducted in a randomized block designed, the averages obtained per lot at each evaluation were compared by the Scott-Knott test at a 5% probability level and a linear correlation analysis was performed. According to the results, it is concluded that the accelerated aging test with water conducted under a temperature of 45°C combined with a 24 - hour exposure period is adequate for evaluating the vigor of tobacco seeds.

Knowledge of genetic diversity could be beneficial by contributing important information in the selection of breeding material. The objective of this study was to explore the genetic diversity and relationship in the Turkish tobacco germplasm with the iPBS-retrotransposons marker that emerged as a universal method. A total of 90 landraces and 6 commercial cultivars collected from different geographical regions of Turkey were used in this study. Eleven most polymorphic iPBS-retrotransposons primers yielded a total of 119 scorable bands and 98 of these bands were found to be polymorphic (82.35%), with an average of 8.91 polymorphic fragments for each primer. The mean polymorphism information contents were found to be 0.33, ranging from 0.10 to 0.80. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean revealed that the genotypes belonging to the same geographical regions were often present in the same group and very close to each other. Based on the Bayesian clustering model, the genetic structure of Turkish tobacco germplasm was divided into 2 main groups. This is first study to explore the genetic diversity of Turkish tobacco by the iPBS-retrotransposons and we believe that in future the results of this study will serve as a foundation for the development of new and improved tobacco varieties in Turkey and the rest of world.

With the aim of thorough comparison of steroidogenic systems of plants and animals, transgenic plants of Solanaceae family expressing CYP11A1 cDNA encoding cytochrome P450SCC of mammalian mitochondria were further analysed. Positive effect of CYP11A1 on resistance of the transgenic tobacco plants to the infection by fungal phytopathogene Botrytis cinerea was for the first time detected. Subtle changes in mitochondria of the transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants expressing mammalian CYP11A1 cDNA were demonstrated by transmissive electron microscopy. The main components of the electron transfer chain of plant mitochondria were for the first time cloned and characterized. It was established that plants from the Solanacea family (tomato, tobacco and potato) contain two different genes with similar exon-intron structures (all contain 8 exons) encoding mitochondrial type ferredoxins (MFDX), and one gene for mitochondrial ferredoxin reductase (MFDXR). The results obtained point out on profound relatedness of electron transfer chains of P450-dependent monooxygenases in mammalian and plant mitochondria and support our previous findings about functional compatability of steroidogenic systems of Plantae and Animalia.

Background As a unique biological phenomenon, heterosis has been concerned with the superior performance of the heterosis than either parents. Despite several F1 hybrids, containing supernal nicotine content, had been discovered and applied to heterosis utilization in Nicotiana tabacum L., nevertheless, the potential molecular mechanism revealing nicotine heterosis has not been illustrated clearly. Result Phenotypically, the F1 hybrids (Vall6 × Basma) show prominent heterosis in nicotine content by 3 years of field experiments. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes participating in nicotine anabolism (ADC, PMT, MPO, QPT, AO, QS, QPT, A622, BBLs) and nicotine transport (JAT2, MATE1 and 2, NUP1 and 2) showed an upregulated expression in the hybrid, a majority of which demonstrated an overdominant performance. RT-PCR confirmed that nicotine anabolism was induced in the hybrid. Conclusions These findings strongly suggest that nicotine synthesis and transport efficiency improved in hybrid and overdominance at gene-expression level played a critical role in heterosis of nicotine metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1257-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Salinity is a common abiotic factor that affects plant growth and development. Seedlings of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) F1 hybrid DH10 and three dihaploid lines (207B, 238C and 239K) obtained by diploidization of anther-derived haploids of hybrid DH10 were subjected to 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl in in vitro conditions for 33 days and the effect on roots was evaluated. In all lines and in the hybrid DH10 exposed to 200 mM NaCl evident root growth inhibition and increased proline content were noticed. However, in some cases lines differed in the activity of antioxidative enzymes, which could account for differences in their salinity tolerance. Increased activity of catalase and peroxidase in roots of line 239K could contribute to the more pronounced salinity tolerance previously reported for shoots of this line.

RESUMO: O processo de pelotização pode afetar a qualidade das sementes por ocasião da semeadura, por isso, para avaliar o efeito desse processo na qualidade das sementes, foram utilizadas sementes de duas cultivares de tabaco 'CSC 467' e 'CSC 07', coletadas em diferentes etapas do processo de beneficiamento e pelotização: 1) sementes nuas não beneficiadas; 2) sementes nuas beneficiadas; 3) sementes pelotizadas; 4) sementes pelotizadas e coloridas. Para avaliação da qualidade das sementes nessas diferentes etapas, foram realizados os seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, teste de emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência. Posteriormente, as sementes foram armazenadas por seis e doze meses e sua qualidade avaliada pelos mesmos testes e determinações. O processo de pelotização avaliado não influencia na germinação final de sementes de tabaco, mas atrasa o processo germinativo. As sementes de tabaco das cultivares 'CSC 467' e 'CSC 07' mantêm sua qualidade durante os 12 meses de armazenamento em câmara fria, com temperatura de 10°C e umidade relativa de 50%. ABSTRACT: The pelletizing process may affect the quality of seeds during sowing. In order to evaluate the effect of this process on seed quality it was used seeds from three tobacco cultivars, 'CSC 467' and 'CSC 07' collected in different processing and pelletizing process stages: 1) non processed nude seeds; 2) processed nude seeds; 3) pelletized seeds; 4) pelletized and colored seeds. For the evaluation of seed quality in these different stages it was performed the following tests: Germination, First Count of Germination, Germination Speed Index, Initial and Final Stand (Emergence) and Emergence Speed Index. Posteriorly, seeds were stored for six and twelve months and their quality was evaluated by the same tests and determinations. The evaluated pelletizing process does not influence final germination of the tobacco seeds, but delays the germination process. Tobacco seeds from cultivars 'CSC 467' and 'CSC 07' maintain their quality during the 12 months of storage in cold chamber with temperature of 10oC and relative humidity of 50%.

Al(3+) toxicity in growing plants is considered as one of the major factors limiting the production of crops on acidic soils worldwide. In the last 15 years, it has been proposed that Al(3+) toxicity are mediated with distortion of the cellular signaling mechanisms such as calcium signaling pathways, and production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative damages. On the other hand, zinc is normally present in plants at high concentrations and its deficiency is one of the most widespread micronutrient deficiencies in plants. Earlier studies suggested that lack of zinc often results in ROS-mediated oxidative damage to plant cells. Previously, inhibitory action of Zn(2+) against lanthanide-induced superoxide generation in tobacco cells have been reported, suggesting that Zn(2+) interferes with the cation-induced ROS production via stimulation of NADPH oxidase. In the present study, the effect of Zn(2+) on Al(3+)-induced superoxide generation in the cell suspension cultures of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cell-line, BY-2) and rice (Oryza sativa L., cv. Nipponbare), was examined. The Zn(2+)-dependent inhibition of the Al(3+)-induced oxidative burst was observed in both model cells selected from the monocots and dicots (rice and tobacco), suggesting that this phenomenon (Al(3+)/Zn(2+) interaction) can be preserved in higher plants. Subsequently induced cell death in tobacco cells was analyzed by lethal cell staining with Evans blue. Obtained results indicated that presence of Zn(2+) at physiological concentrations can protect the cells by preventing the Al(3+)-induced superoxide generation and cell death. Furthermore, the regulation of the Ca(2+) signaling, i.e., change in the cytosolic Ca(2+) ion concentration, and the cross-talks among the elements which participate in the pathway were further explored.

The phenomenon of male sterility has often been observed in investigations on the role of histone H1 in regulation of morphogenetic and cytological processes in transgenic tobacco plants. These changes were accumulated by disturbances in flower development, consisting in lengthening of the pistil style in relation to stamen heads. This prevented pollination and production of seeds. As similar abnormalities occurred also in the present investigations (depending on combination, the sterility% was 84.4 to 19.9, at only 8.1 in the control), the main problem of our investigations was an attempt to explain their reasons. It is commonly known that one of the conditions for formation of fertile pollen is the properly functioning tapetum. Here, we carried out observations of ultrastructure of anther tapetum control cells in respect of abnormalities which occurred during microsporogenesis of transgenic plants with inactivated expression of two major (A, B) and two minor (C, D) histone H1 variants. The investigations were carried out on the following groups of plants: (1) control group with a full set of histone variants (K), (2) with inactivated A and B variants (-AB); (3) with inactivated A, B, C and D variants (-ABCD), (4) with inactivated C and D variants (-CD). It was found that tapetal development was normal in all the investigated groups of plants, and the sequence of changes was similar as in the control. However, certain ultrastructural differences appeared when tapetum functioned as secretory tissue, and in the degeneration phase. In tapetal cell cytoplasm, with participation of rER, lipid bodies were formed, which, having penetrated to the cell surface and to locules, took part in formation of pollen grain sporoderm. Both in the control and in the remaining combination, excluding -ABCD, these bodies looked similar: they were grey, homogenous and surrounded by black jagged deposits. In -ABCD plants, these bodies were more translucent, slightly rarefied, and not surrounded by the deposits. Moreover, in -CD plants, large lipid deposits were frequently observed between remainders of degraded tapetal cells. They did not occur in the control and the remaining combinations.

O aproveitamento de resíduos agroindustriais na forma de composto orgânico, pode resultar em maior sustentabilidade para sistemas agrícolas. Propôs-se, neste trabalho, analisar a qualidade final do composto orgânico em relação à composição em nutrientes e à presença de substâncias toxocologicamente ativas. Avaliaram-se as combinações de talo de fumo triturado, esterco e rúmen bovino (TF+EB+RB), talos de fumo, esterco bovino e Microsept-Pó (TF+EB+MP) e talos de fumo mais esterco bovino (TF+EB). Amostras médias de cada composto foram analisadas para determinação da concentração em macro e micronutrientes, aos 60 e 120 dias e, para verificar a concentração de nicotina e a presença ou não de resíduos agrotóxicos na matéria-prima (TF) nos compostos obtidos aos 120 dias. Os dados obtidos demonstraram alta concentração de potássio (K), nitrogênio (N), cloreto (Cl) e ferro (Fe) no composto final em relação aos demais macro e micronutrientes. Não se detectaram resíduos de agrotóxicos na matéria-prima (TF) nem a presença de nicotina nas amostras obtidas aos 120 dias, demonstrando ausência de risco de impacto ambiental no uso agrícola desses compostos. No final do processo de compostagem a mistura TF+EB foi a que resultou no composto orgânico com maior concentração em macro e micronutrientes.The use of agroindustrial waste to produce organic compost can result in greater sustainability for agricultural systems. This study aimed to analyze the final quality of the organic compost, according to their nutrients and the presence of active toxic substances. The combinations of ground tobacco stem, bovine manure and rumen (TF+EB+RB), tobacco stem, cattle manure and Microsept Dust (TF+EB+MP) and tobacco stem and cattle manure (TF+EB) were evaluated. Mean samples of each compost were analyzed to determine the concentration of micro and macro nutrients at 60 and 120 days and to verify the nicotine concentration and the presence or absence of pesticide residues in the raw material (TF) and in the composts obtained at 120 days. The data obtained showed high concentrations of potassium (K), nitrogen (N), chloride (Cl) and iron (Fe) in the final compost compared to the other micro and macro nutrients. Neither pesticides in the raw material (TF), nor presence of nicotine in the mean samples obtained within 120 days was detected, demonstrating the absence of environmental impact risks in the agricultural use of these composts. At the end of the composting process, the mixture TF+EB was the one which resulted in an organic compost with the highest concentration in micro and macro nutrients.

The effect of biotic stress induced by viral infection (Potato virus Y, strain NTN and O) on NADP-malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Petit Havana, SR1) was tested at the transcriptional, translational and activity level. The increase of enzyme activity in infected leaves was correlated with the increased amount of expressed protein and with mRNA of cytosolic NADP-ME isoform. Transcription of the chloroplastic enzyme was not influenced by viral infection. The increase of the enzyme activity was also detected in stems and roots of infected plants. The effect of viral infection induced by Potato virus Y, NTN strain, causing more severe symptoms, was compared with the effect induced by milder strain PVY(O). The observed increase in NADP-malic enzyme activity in all parts of the studied plants was higher in the case of PVY(NTN) strain than in the case of strain PVY(O). The relevance of NADP-malic enzyme in plants under stress conditions was discussed.

The non-photosynthetic NADP-malic enzyme EC 1.1.1.40 (NADP-ME), which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate and NADP+ to produce pyruvate and NADPH, respectively, and which could be involved in plant defense responses, was isolated from Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves. The mechanism of the enzyme reaction was studied by the initial rate method and was found to be an ordered sequential one. Regulation possibilities of purified cytosolic NADP-ME by cell metabolites were tested. Intermediates of the citric acid cycle (?-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate), metabolites of glycolysis (pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate, glucose-6-phosphate), compounds connected with lipogenesis (coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, palmitoyl-CoA) and some amino acids (glutamate, glutamine, aspartate) did not significantly affect the NADP-ME activity from tobacco leaves. In contrast, macroergic compounds (GTP, ATP and ADP) were strong inhibitors of NADP-ME; the type of inhibition and the inhibition constants were determined in the presence of the most effective cofactors (Mn2+ or Mg2+), required by NADP-ME. Predominantly non-competitive type of inhibitions of NADP-ME with respect to NADP+ and mixed type to L-malate were found.

P5CSF129A cDNA and the npt II marker gene were used for tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bel B and cv. M51) transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404. Twenty transformed tobacco plants were obtained after transformation of leaf discs. Presence of the transgene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Physiological responses to water stress were compared in transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants. Transgenic plants of both cultivars accumulated high levels of free proline. They did not exhibit dry mass relocation or chlorophyll content reduction. Neither precocious senescence, nor leaf necrosis or morphological changes were observed in control and stress conditions (RWC decrease by 7–8%). Transgenic plants with elevated accumulation of osmoprotectants seem to be better adapted to water stress, providing a perspective for future research of stress effects that have a principle role in the functional activity of plants. This study confirmed P5CSF129A to be a candidate gene in crop engineering for enhanced water stress tolerance.

Background Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important model system, which has been widely used in plant physiological studies and it is particularly useful as a bioreactor. Despite its importance, only limited molecular marker resources are available for genome analysis, genetic mapping and breeding. Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) is a powerful new method for targeted sequencing across the genomes of many individuals. This approach has broad potential for genetic analysis through linkage mapping. Results We constructed a RAD library using genomic DNA from a BC1 backcross population. Sequencing of 196 individuals was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2500. Two linkage maps were constructed, one with a reference genome and another, termed as de novo identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) by RAD-seq, without a reference genome. Overall, 4138 and 2162 SNP markers with a total length of 1944.74 and 2000.9 cM were mapped to 24 linkage groups in the genetic maps based on reference genome and without reference, respectively. Conclusions Using two different SNP discovery methods based on next generation RAD sequencing technology, we have respectively mapped 2162 and 4318 SNPs in our backcross population. This study gives an excellent example for high density linkage map construction, irrespective of genome sequence availability, and provides saturated information for downstream genetic investigations such as quantitative trait locus analyses or genomic selection (e.g. bioreactor suitable cultivars). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40709-015-0034-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The transgenic and non-transgenic tobacco cell cultures were analyzed for resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. The different physiological reaction of cell culture depending on T-DNA structure (or transgen structure) was observed. The cell culture transformed by disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciense A699 with pCNL 65 nptII demonstrated the same stress-resistance as non-transgenic control cell culture. The cell culture transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciense LBA 4400 pBiCaMV nptII + hsp101 showed a raised stress-resistance to high temperature, high KF concentration, and to the action of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp sepidonicus. Obviously, the expression of transferred arabodopsis gene hsp101 provides protection properties of transgenic cell culture under the influence of various stress factors. Moreover, that agrobacterial transformation as previous stress-factor is supposed to make a contribution to formation of transgenic cell culture cross-resistance.

Irrigation methods are critical to alleviate salinity problems in Mediterranean areas where saline waters are frequently used to irrigate crops. Field experiments were conducted on Burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. C104 in Southern Italy over two years to compare drip versus furrow irrigation when waters of increasing salinity were used. Two irrigation methods (drip and furrow) and six irrigation treatments (rainfed control, RC; fully-irrigated with water at 0.5 dS m-1 electrical conductivity (ECw), NW; at 2.5 dS m-1 ECw, SW1; at 5 dS m-1 ECw, SW2; 10 dS m-1 ECw, SW3; at 15 dS m-1 ECw, SW4) were factorially combined. Over the growing season the electrical conductivity of soil (ECe) across the 0.6 m top profile increased with increasing salinity of the irrigation water at very low rates but more in drip- than in furrow-irrigated plots. Salinity of the irrigation water did not affect yield of cured leaves in the SW2 - SW4 range. Nevertheless, in the same range quality was generally depressed due to increases in leaf Cl- and decreases of filling power. Overall, furrow irrigation determined significantly greater yield, mean cured leaves weight and IWUE as compared with drip irrigation (1.7 vs. 1.5 Mg ha-1, 5.8 vs. 5.2 g, 5.9 vs. 5.4 kg ha-1 mm-1).

The effect of low doses of clomazone 2-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one, a non-selective herbicide of the isoxazolidinone family, has been already determined in Nicotiana tabacum L. The plantlets of two varieties of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi; Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Virginie vk51) were subjected to low concentrations of clomazone (1, 10−1, 10−2, 10−3, 10−4 and 10−5) µM in a hydroponic system. The photosynthetic electron transport has been studied by analyzing the rapid kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence and measuring changes in the chloroplast oxygen evolution. The results showed that clomazone at concentrations of 1, 10−1, 10−2, 10−3 and 10−4 µM affected several parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence and OJIP test (Fv/Fm, PIabs, 1-VJ, ABS/RC, TR0/RC, DI0/RC, ET0/RC and ET0/ABS). Clomazone at 1 µM led to a large accumulation of H2O2 in Virginie variety inducing programmed cell death. Our results show that Xanthi variety has a higher tolerance to clomazone as compared to Virginie, this can be explained by increasing the efficiency of electron transport beyond QA− (1–VJ) as well as improving the function of antioxidant enzymes (APX and MDHAR). The pretreatment of Virginie plantlets (three leaf stage) with alternation of short cycles (16 min/ 8min) of light/dark (AL) for three days, has improved its tolerance to clomazone toxicity. This pretreatment stimulated ROS-detoxification systems by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the biosynthesis of antioxidant compounds such as ascorbate acid and phenolic compounds, and consequently reduced the level of programmed cell death (PCD) provoked by the stress photooxydatif. It is suggested that the stimulation of alternative pathways of electron dissipation, such as the photorespiration, as well as changes in the circadian cycle, are primarily involved in the acquisition of the tolerance. This effect so-called "priming" has maintained during the growth of tobacco and has been revealed by increases in the growth and net photosynthesis until the flowering stage., Les effets de faibles doses de clomazone 2-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one, un herbicide non-sélectif de la famille des isoxazolidinones, ont été étudiés chez Nicotiana tabacum L. De faibles concentrations de clomazone (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 et 0.00001 µM), ont été appliquées chez deux variétés de tabac (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi; Nicotiana tabacum L. cv.Virginie vk51) cultivées en hydroponie. Le transport d'électrons photosynthétiques a été étudié par l'analyse de la cinétique rapide de fluorescence chlorophyllienne et par la mesure de l'évolution de l'oxygène chloroplastique. Les résultats ont montré que le clomazone à des concentrations de 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001et 0.0001 µM, affecte les paramètres JIP (Fv/Fm, PIabs, 1–VJ, ABS/RC, TR0/RC, DI0/RC, ET0/RC et ET0/ABS). Le clomazone à une concentration de 1 µM, conduit à une importante accumulation de H2O2 chez Virginie induisant la mort cellulaire programmée (PCD). Nos résultats montrent que la variété Xanthi présente une tolérance plus importante au clomazone que la variété Virginie, ce qui peut s'expliquer par une meilleure efficacité du transport d'électrons au delà de QA, ainsi qu'une amélioration du fonctionnement du système antioxydant enzymatique (APX et MDHAR). Le prétraitement des plantules de la variété Virginie par une alternance de cycles courts de lumière/obscurité (16 min/ 8min) pendant trois jours lorsque les plantules sont au stade de trois feuilles, a amélioré leur tolérance face à la toxicité du clomazone. Ce prétraitement induit l'activation des systèmes de détoxification des ERO via l'augmentation des activités des enzymes antioxydants et la biosynthèse de composés antioxydants tels que l'ascorbate et les composés phénoliques et réduit le niveau de mort cellulaire programmée, induit par le stress photooxydatif. Il est supposé que la stimulation des voies alternatives de dissipation des électrons, telle que la photorespiration, ainsi que les modifications du cycle circadien, soient prioritairement impliquées dans l'acquisition de la tolérance. Cet effet dit de "priming" se maintient tout au long de la croissance du tabac et se manifeste par une augmentation de la croissance et de la photosynthèse nette qui perdure jusqu'au stade de la floraison.

Suspension-cultured cells derived from pith cells of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi were used in experiments designed to determination of the effects of salt stress on total RNA and Poly(A)+RNA contents at the different time course. Cultured cells were treated with 70 mM NaCl. Cells were harvested 7th day and 12th day of growing phase from control and stress treated media. In comparing stress and control, statistically differences in amount of total RNA and Poly(A)+RNA were found. Also statistically differences were found depending on a time course. Total RNA was found 162.80 µg g-1 of cell fresh weight (CFW) at the 7th day control, 195.00 µg g-1 of CFW at the 7th day salt imposed, 135.40 µg g-1 of CFW at the 12th day control, 181.40 µg g-1 of CFW at the 12th day salt imposed cells as an average of replications. Poly (A)+RNA was found respectively 3.13, 3.90, 2.41, 3.65 µg g-1 of CFW. All these data clearly indicate that the tobacco cells growing in salt stress conditions show distinct changes in the pattern of accumulation of total RNA and Poly(A) +RNA for the synthesis of salt stress-specific proteins at the different time course. © 2006 Asian Network of Scientific Information.

The mode of inheritance of yield, topping height, leaf number, days to flowering, leaf length and width was studied by means of graphic analysis in a half diallel cross test of four burley tobacco varieties (Saturn, TN 86, Bs 92 and Bols 100) in 1998 and 1999. The trial was set up according to the RCBD at four replications in the experimental field of Tobacco Institute Zagreb in Pitomaca. Overdominance in inheritance of all studied traits, except leaf length and width in 1998, was found by the graphic method. No interallelic interaction and epistasis were present as seen from testing regression coefficients for all investigated traits and years. The distribution of parental genotypes on a scatter diagram along the expected regression line points to the genetic divergence of the parents. Parent Bs 92 appeared to have the most dominant alleles for yield and leaf length and parent Saturn for topping height, leaf number and leaf width.

WOS: 000184661400004, PubMed ID: 12929715, Data on the short-term effects of fumigation with hydrogen fluoride (HF) on the response behavior of the Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. St. Karabalar 6265 are being presented. Growth rate, fluoride accumulation in leaves and soils, and degradation in chlorophyll and nicotine contents of the plant species against the variations in two experimental factors, namely the exposure concentration and exposure time parameters, were investigated. Resulting data reveals that the variety selected for this study is not so tolerant to fluoride as generally reported in the literature, if only the individual effects of the pollutant is considered.