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The development of chironomid-based air temperature inference models in high latitude regions often relies on limited spatial coverage of meteorological data and/or on punctual measurements of water temperature at the time of sampling. The use of simple linear regression to relate air temperature and latitude was until recently the best method to characterize the air temperature gradient along a latitudinal gradient. However, recent studies have used high-resolution gridded climate data to develop new chironomid-based air temperature inference models. This innovative approach has, however, never been further analyzed to test its reliability. This study presents a method using ArcGIS® to extract air temperatures from a high-resolution global gridded climate data set (New et al. 2002) and to incorporate these new data in a variety of chironomid-based air temperature inference models to test their performance. Results suggest that this method is reliable and produces better estimates of air temperature and will be helpful in the development of further quantitative air temperature inference models in remote areas.

The familiar debate concerning Middle Paleolithic variability has opposed stylistic vs. functional explanations based on the assumption that tool types and assemblage groups represent discrete, invariant entities. Middle Paleolithic variability, however, actually occurs continuously. Further, recent research shows that raw-material constraints and different degrees of artifact-reduction intensity constitute more basic and observable factors of variability than function and style. Thus, much of the variability in these assemblages appears to have been caused by toolmaking and tool-rejuvenation processes and/or by differential occupation intensity induced by environmental circumstances. The correct interpretation of these Middle Paleolithic assemblages must therefore consider these factors, as well as interregional stylistic drift, function, and diachronic change.

This chapter is based on research conducted on thirty-five of the largest French multinationals. The purpose of the research was to determine the main characteristics of strategic executive learning and executive development approaches in French multinationals and to ascertain what learning methods and philosophies were being utilized and/or considered by these companies. In particular, we wanted to investigate whether action learning was widely used. This article is a synthesis of the interviews that we have carried out over a period of three months.

This paper takes up the challenge of analysing how firms manage their knowledge networks to leverage the management positively and the creation of organisational knowledge; and to find out what are the new challenges for the Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) in this new context. Based on a qualitative research method, the empirical study stresses that the CKO's new roles are based on the management of knowledge networks and especially on increasing unrelated knowledge networks. This implies that there are problems in constellation of knowledge networks management. Firms that have successfully maximised knowledge organisationally are those where the CKO's actions fit with their main new roles: the identification of knowledge networks; the identification of mediators in each networks and their connection; the connection of each mediator in a communities of practice.

On the basis of the results of research on the organization of the dwelling space of the Maglemosian hunter-gatherers and the insight into household structure that these provide, a model for seasonal variation in group size, group structure, and settlement organization is advanced. In opposition to earlier models, it is argued that the largest groups obtained not during the winter but during the warmer part of the year and that camps during the period from April to October normally consisted of three to four dwellings placed along the shore at 40-m intervals. It is proposed that winter camps often consisted of an isolated winter house in some cases containing only two families.

Les connaissances se rapportant aux activités vivrières en Grèce préhistorique sont examinées, depuis le paléolithique jusqu’à l’avènement de l’agriculture du néolithique. L’étude, selon une perspective diachronique, des modes de vie antéagricoles dans un pays ayant servi à la fois de refuge, lors des glaciations pléistocènes, et de lien entre l’Europe et l’Asie du sud-ouest, possède donc une importance théorique, malgré l’état limité de la documentation. Une attention particulière est accordée aux hypothèses concernant l’exploitation du milieu au cours du dernier pléniglaciaire et des phases d’adaptation postglaciaires., Existing knowledge regarding subsistence activities in prehistoric Greece, from the Palaeolithic up to the appearance of Neolithic food-production, is reviewed. The study through time of pre-agricultural lifeways in a country which acted both as a refugium during Pleistocene ice ages and as a geographical link between Europe and Southwest Asia is therefore theoretically important, despite an uneven record. A major focus is given to hypotheses pertaining to human/environment relationships during last pleniglacial and to adaptation phases of the postglacial.