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Thóc lép ba hoa (Desmodium triflorum) là cây thuốc nam được sử dụng phổ biến và rộng rãi trong y học dân gian. Thử nghiệm in vivo và in vitro của các cao chiết và hoạt chất rutin từ cây thóc lép ba hoa với một số nấm gây bệnh thực vật đã được tiến hành. Các cao chiết từ cây thóc lép ba hoa thể hiện hoạt tính in vitro ức chế nấm Magnaporthe grisea, Sclerotium rolfsii (SR), Fusarium oxysporum và các chủng Colletotrichum sp. ở 1000 µg/mL. Ngoài ra, cao methanol ức chế bệnh đạo ôn do M. grisea gây ra trên cây lúa 50% ở 1000 và 3000 µg/mL in vivo. Sự hiện diện của rutin trong cây được tiến hành bằng phân tách và HPLC. Hoạt tính in vitro của rutin và nanorutin (kích thước hạt 669,3 nm và thế zeta -18,5 mV) được đánh giá với SR và Colletotrichum sp. Cả rutin và nanorutin đều ức chế nấm SR và nanorutin thể hiện hoạt tính tốt hơn khi thử với SR và Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Các kết quả nghiên cứu đã xác nhận hoạt tính kháng nấm của thóc lép ba hoa và hoạt chất từ...

Ligusticum wallichii thuộc họ Apiaceae, được sử dụng rộng rãi trong y học cổ truyền Trung Quốc, Việt Nam và Hàn Quốc để ngăn ngừa thiếu máu, điều trị chứng đau nửa đầu và các bệnh về tim mạch. Ngoài ra, nó còn ức chế các vi khuẩn gây bệnh ở người như Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhoid và Cholera sp.. Qua nghiên cứu này, hàm lượng tinh dầu, các chất chiết xuất, Z-lingustilide và ferulic acid trong 15 mẫu Ligusticum được trồng và xác định hoạt tính kháng nấm của loài Ligusticum. Hàm lượng tinh dầu thay đổi từ 0,20 đến 0,32%. Hàm lượng cao chiết bằng dung môi hữu cơ từ 7,52 đến 18,45%. Thông qua phân tích định lượng HPLC, hàm lượng Z-lingustilide được xác định khoảng 216,18–527,41 µg/g (w/dw) và hàm lượng ferulic acid từ 119,45 đến 501,57 µg/g (w/dw). Các cao chiết và tinh dầu thể hiện hoạt tính in vitro tương đối mạnh đối với nấm Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii và Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Kết quả in vitro cũng cho thấy cao chiết ethyl acetate có hoạt tính mạnh nhất trên tất cả các loại nấm thử nghiệm.

Kinh tế xã hội 3 tháng đầu năm 2008 đã bộc lộ những khó khăn, thách thức lớn đòi hỏi Chính phủ phải quan tâm chỉ đạo điều hành một cách quyết liệt. Bài viết này để cập một số vấn để nối lên và quan điểm trong việc giải quyết từng vấn để này trước mắt để ổn định tình hình và thúc đẩy sản xuất phát triển.

It was shown that to obtain reverse microemulsions in lecithin–oleic acid–vaseline oil–vegetable oil–essential oil–water systems, oil from the tropical plant gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) and turmeric essential oil (Curcuma longa) can be used. At least 6.5 wt.% of water can be introduced into the microemulsion at a lecithin concentration of 20 wt.% in the organic phase, with a vaseline oil and gac oil ratio of 1:1 by weight, and an oleic acid and lecithin molar ratio 0.2–0.8. The hydrodynamic diameter of the microemulsion droplets, depending on the content of water and lecithin, was from 3 to 21 nm. Using the dialysis method on the model of the water-soluble dye Rhodamine C, it was shown that the rate of its transfer from the microemulsion to the physiological solution was 15.4 × 10−3 g/(m2∙h); approximately 3.2% of the dye was released in 6 h, which allows for the development of drugs with a sustained release of medicinal substances.

The objective of this review is to evaluate the anti-dementia activities of saffron and its combination with Kampo medicine. The Kampo formula Kamiuntanto composed of 13 crude drugs is well known for its anti-dementia activity. A significant increase in choline acetyltransferase activity and mRNA levels were observed. Polygala radix was identified as the most essential component drug in Kamiuntanto, probably due to the saponins, tenuifolin, and sinapinic acid. Ginseng was also identified as an essential Kamiuntanto component in terms of its synergistic functions with Polygala radix. Saffron, which was recommended in the Bencao Gangmu for memory and dementia, and is used as an anti-spasmodic, anti-catarrhal, and sedative herbal drug. Saffron and its major constituent, crocin were shown to enhance learning-memory, non-rapid eye movement (rem) sleep, and inhibit depression and neuronal cell death due to strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation activities. In addition based on the epidemiological studies such as the treatment of sleeping disorders and the clinical trials of saffron for Alzheimer patients, we demonstrated the indirect and direct anti-dementia activities of crocin and saffron.

Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the Panax species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, hypertension, and neurodegenerative disorder activities. Although several commercial products have been presented on the market, most of the current chemical processes have an unfriendly environment and a high cost of downstream processing. Compared to plant extraction, microbial production exhibits high efficiency, high selectivity, and saves time for the manufacturing of industrial products. To reach the full potential of the pharmaceutical resource of ginsenoside, a suitable microorganism has been developed as a novel approach. In this review, cell biological mechanisms in anticancer activities and the present state of research on the production of ginsenosides are summarized. Microbial hosts, including native endophytes and engineered microbes, have been used as novel and promising approaches. Furthermore, the present challenges and perspectives of using microbial hosts to produce ginsenosides have been discussed.

Hirsutanone (Hir) and oregonin (Ore) are diarylheptanoids isolated from the bark of Alnus japonica. In this study, we investigated the anti-melanogenic activity of Hir and Ore in B16-F1 murine melanoma and normal human epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-DP) and elucidated the mechanisms of action. In B16-F1 cells, Hir and Ore suppressed melanin synthesis induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) without cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect of Hir on melanin synthesis was much stronger than that of Ore. In addition, Hir reduced melanin content in HEMn-DP cells. As tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin synthesis, the effect of Hir on tyrosinase activity was assessed. The results demonstrated that Hir partially decreased tyrosinase activity and intracellular tyrosinase activity. Moreover, Hir suppressed the protein expression of melanogenic enzymes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2, leading to reduced melanin biosynthesis. Hir also led to the suppression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, which control the expression of melanogenic enzymes. These results suggest that Hir suppressed melanin synthesis by dual inhibition of tyrosinase activity and the CREB/MITF pathway leading to the expression of melanogenic enzymes and may be a potent cosmetic and therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation disorders.

Berberine (BBr) là một alkaloid khung cấu trúc isoquinoline có nguồn gốc tự nhiên, có nhiều tính chất như kháng viêm, giảm đau, kháng khuẩn và kháng ung thư. Tuy nhiên, do có độ sinh khả dụng thấp nên việc ứng dụng BBr vẫn còn hạn chế. Nghiên cứu thực hiện nhằm chế tạo vật liệu nano BBr bằng phương pháp nghiền quay để tăng độ sinh khả dụng và thử nghiệm khả năng kháng ung thư. Tính chất vật liệu nano BBr được khảo sát bằng các phương pháp FE-SEM, TEM, DLS và XRD, kết quả cho thấy hạt nano BBr có kích thước trung bình khoảng 60 nm sau 120 giờ nghiền quay với sự hỗ trợ của bi zirconia. Vật liệu nano BBr cho thấy khả năng ức chế tăng sinh ở hai dòng tế bào ung thư vú (MCF-7) và gan (Hep G2).

Trong bài báo này, vật liệu nano bạc có hình dạng và kích thước khác nhau được tổng hợp bằng phương pháp polyol. Tính chất quang và cấu trúc vật liệu nano bạc tạo thành được phân tích bằng các phương pháp UV-Vis, FE-SEM và XRD. Kết quả cho thấy trong môi trường ethylene glycol (EG)/ poly vinylpyrollidone (PVP), vật liệu nano bạc tạo thành có hình dạng hạt cầu với kích thước trung bình 21 nm và 85 nm tùy thuộc vào lượng bạc nitrat, tuy nhiên khi có sự hiện diện của ion Cl-, vật liệu nano bạc tạo thành hầu hết có dạng thanh nano. Tính chất kháng khuẩn của hạt nano bạc với kích thước 21 nm, 85 nm và thanh nano được thực hiện bằng phương pháp đếm khuẩn lạc trên đĩa thạch để xác định nồng độ ức chế tối thiểu (MIC). Kết quả cho thấy hạt nano bạc 21 nm, 85 nm và thanh nano đều cho khả năng diệt khuẩn Escherichia coli tốt. Đối với Staphylococcus aureus, hạt nano bạc với kích thước 21 nm cho thấy kết quả diệt khuẩn tốt nhất với MIC = 7,5 µg/mL trong khi thanh nano bạc hầu như không cho thấy hiệu quả diệt loại khuẩn này.

Automated learning analytics is becoming an essential topic in the educational area, which needs effective systems to monitor the learning process and provides feedback to the teacher. Recent advances in visual sensors and computer vision methods enable automated monitoring of behavior and affective states of learners at different levels, from university to pre-school. The objective of this research was to build an automatic system that allowed the faculties to capture and make a summary of student behaviors in the classroom as a part of data acquisition for the decision making process. The system records the entire session and identifies when the students pay attention in the classroom, and then reports to the facilities. Our design and experiments show that our system is more flexible and more accurate than previously published work.

Eriobotrya japonica leaf is a traditional herbal medicine that contains numerous triterpenes, which have various pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative activity of four triterpenes derived from E. japonica, including corosolic acid (CA), ursolic acid (UA), maslinic acid (MA) and oleanolic acid (OA), in human leukemia cell lines. CA showed the strongest anti-proliferative activity in all of the leukemia cell lines tested, but not in normal human skin fibroblast cell lines. To determine the mechanism underlying the anti-proliferative effect of CA, we examined the effect of CA on molecular events known as apoptosis induction. CA induced chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, sub-G1 phase DNA, activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9 and the cleavage of PARP in HL-60. CA also activated Bid and Bax, leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm) and cytochrome c release into the cytosol, whereas Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were unaffected by CA. These results suggest that CA has an anti-proliferative effect on leukemia cells via the induction of apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. CA may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of human leukemia.

Importance of herbal medicines have recently increased owing to rising interest in their health benefits. However, medicinal plant extracts are complex mixtures of phytochemicals that act synergistically or additively on specific and/or multiple molecular and cellular targets. Thus, it is difficult to examine the actual pharmacological roles of active compounds in plant extracts. This review describes a new strategy for isolating target compounds from plant extracts using immunoaffinity columns coupled with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against natural compounds. Through one-step purification using mAb-coupled immunoaffinity columns, we succeeded in preparing a knockout (KO) extract, which contains all components except the target compound. Furthermore, we investigated the pharmacological effects of the KO extract to reveal the actual effects of a bioactive compound in the crude extract. This approach may help determine the potential function of target compounds in herbal medicines.

Morphostructural nodes in North Vietnam are delineated with the morphostructural zoning (MZ) method, and classified into seismogenic and non-seismogenic nodes. The compiled morphostructural map (scale 1: 1000000) shows a three-level hierarchical structure of blocks, boundary zones, and nodes. The identified nodes are classified with the pattern-recognition algorithm CORA-3 into those that are prone to generate M ⩾ 5.0 earthquakes and those that are not. Some of the earthquake-prone nodes coincide with epicenters of M ⩾ 5.0 earthquakes that have occurred; others may coincide with such events in the future.

Sử dụng nấm men chịu nhiệt vào việc sản xuất ethanol là vấn đề đang được quan tâm và chú ý vì chúng có khả năng tăng trưởng và lên men ở điều kiện nhiệt độ cao, phù hợp với điều kiện khí hậu các nước nhiệt đới, trong đó có Việt Nam. Trong nghiên cứu này, 37 dòng nấm men từ các đề tài nghiên cứu trước được thử khả năng chịu nhiệt ở các mức nhiệt độ khác nhau (30, 35, 40, 43, 45 và 47ºC) trong hai ngày. Các dòng nấm men chịu nhiệt được khảo sát khả năng chịu ethanol trong môi trường sucrose 20ºBrix ở các mức độ ethanol lần lượt là 0, 3, 6, 9 và 12% (w/v). Dòng nấm men có khả năng chịu nhiệt và chịu ethanol tốt tiếp tục được khảo sát khả năng lên men ở những điều kiện khác nhau: mật số giống chủng (104, 105, 106 và 107 tế bào/mL), nồng độ đường ban đầu (10, 15, 20, 25 và 30ºBrix) và pH của môi trường (4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5 và 6,0). Kết quả cho thấy có 18 dòng nấm men chịu được nhiệt tương đối cao ở 43ºC và 4 dòng phát triển được ở nhiệt độ 45ºC (HX1, N1, MO và T), trong đó HX1 có khả năng chịu được ethanol ở nồng độ 9% tốt hơn so với ba dòng còn lại. Điều kiện thích hợp cho dòng nấm men HX1 phát triển và lên men ethanol là mật số giống chủng ban đầu 105 tế bào/mL, nồng độ đường ban đầu 20ºBrix và pH môi trường 4,5. So sánh mức độ tương đồng chuỗi nucleotide giữa vùng ITS1, ITS2 và 5.8S rDNA với cơ sở dữ liệu của ngân hàng gene, dòng HX1 được xác định là loài Candida tropicalis với độ tương đồng 100%.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tof mass spectrometry was used for the confirmation of hapten number in synthesized antigen. As application of MAb, the MAbs against ginsenosides and glycyrrhizin have been prepared resulting in the development of two new techniques that we named the eastern blotting method and the knockout extract preparation. In eastern blotting technique, glycosides like ginsenosides and glycyrrhizin separated by silica gel TLC were blotted to PVDF membrane that was treated with a NaIO4 solution followed by BSA resulted in glycoside-BSA conjugate on a PVDF membrane. The blotted spots were stained by MAb. Double staining of eastern blotting for ginsenosides using antiginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 MAbs promoted complete identification of ginsenosides in Panax species. The immunoaffinity concentration of glycyrrhizin was determined by immunoaffinity column conjugated with antiglycyrrhizin MAb resulting in the glycyrrhizin-knockout extract, which was determined by the synergic effect with glycyrrhizin on NO production using the cell line.

Background: The Primary Trauma Care (PTC) course was originally developed to instruct health care workers in the management of patients with severe injuries in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with limited medical resources. PTC has now been taught for more than 25 years. Many studies have demonstrated that the 2-day PTC workshop is useful and informative to frontline health staff and has helped improve knowledge and confidence in trauma management; however, there is little evidence of the effect of the course on changes in clinical practice. The Kirkpatrick model (KM) and the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) model are effective methods to evaluate this question., Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how the 2-day PTC course impacts the satisfaction, knowledge, and skills of health care workers in 2 Vietnamese hospitals using a conceptual framework incorporating the KAP model and the 4-level KM as evaluation tools., Methods: The PTC course was delivered over 2 days in the emergency departments (EDs) of Thanh Hoa and Ninh Binh hospitals in February and March 2022, respectively. This study followed a prospective pre- and postintervention design. We used validated instruments to assess the participants' satisfaction, knowledge, and skills before, immediately after, and 6 months after course delivery. The Fisher exact test and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test were used to compare the percentages and mean scores at the pretest, posttest, and 6-month postcourse follow-up time points among course participants., Results: A total of 80 health care staff members attended the 2-day PTC course and nearly 100% of the participants were satisfied with the course. At level 2 of the KM (knowledge), the scores on multiple-choice questions and the confidence matrix improved significantly from 60% to 77% and from 59% to 71%, respectively (P<.001), and these improvements were seen in both subgroups (nurses and doctors). The focus of level 3 was on practice, demonstrating a significant incremental change, with scenarios checklist points increasing from a mean of 5.9 (SD 1.9) to 9.0 (SD 0.9) and bedside clinical checklist points increasing from a mean of 5 (SD 1.5) to 8.3 (SD 0.8) (both P<.001). At the 6-month follow-up, the scores for multiple-choice questions, the confidence matrix, and scenarios checklist all remained unchanged, except for the multiple-choice question score in the nurse subgroup (P=.005)., Conclusions: The PTC course undertaken in 2 local hospitals in Vietnam was successful in demonstrating improvements at 3 levels of the KM for ED health care staff. The improvements in the confidence matrix and scenarios checklist were maintained for at least 6 months after the course. PTC courses should be effective in providing and sustaining improvement in knowledge and trauma care practice in other LMICs such as Vietnam., (© Ba Tuan Nguyen, Van Anh Nguyen, Christopher Leigh Blizzard, Andrew Palmer, Huu Tu Nguyen, Thang Cong Quyet, Viet Tran, Marcus Skinner, Haydn Perndt, Mark R Nelson. Originally published in JMIR Medical Education (https://mededu.jmir.org).)

Background: The model of trauma in Vietnam has changed significantly over the last decade and requires reforming medical education to deal with new circumstances. Our aim is to evaluate this transition regarding the new target by analyzing trauma and the medical training system as a whole., Objective: This study aimed to establish if medical training in the developing country of Vietnam has adapted to the new disease pattern of road trauma emerging in its economy., Methods: A review was performed of Vietnamese medical school, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education and Training literature on trauma education. The review process and final review paper were prepared following the guidelines on scoping reviews and using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flowchart., Results: The current trauma training at the undergraduate level is minimal and involves less than 5% of the total credit. At the postgraduate level, only the specialties of surgery and anesthesia have a significant and increasing trauma training component ranging from 8% to 22% in the content. Trauma training, which focuses on practical skills, accounts for 31% and 32% of the training time of orientation courses for young doctors in "basic surgery" and "basic anesthesia," respectively. Other relevant short course trainings, such as continuing medical education, in trauma are available, but they vary in topics, facilitators, participants, and formats., Conclusions: Medical training in Vietnam has not adapted to the new emerging disease pattern of road trauma. In the interim, the implementation of short courses, such as basic trauma life support and primary trauma care, can be considered as an appropriate method to compensate for the insufficient competency-related trauma care among health care workers while waiting for the effectiveness of medical training reformation., (©Ba Tuan Nguyen, Toi Lam Phung, Thi Hong Hanh Khuc, Van Anh Thi Nguyen, Christopher Leigh Blizzard, Andrew Palmer, Huu Tu Nguyen, Thang Cong Quyet, Mark Nelson. Originally published in JMIR Medical Education (https://mededu.jmir.org), 24.01.2022.)