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ObjectivesThe large-scale penetration of wind power has reduced the frequency regulation capability of the power system to a certain extent.As a relatively mature and effective technical means, the energy storage system is widely used in power grid frequency regulation. Therefore, the response process and optimal configuration of energy storage system (ESS) participating in power grid frequency regulation under the control of virtual synchronous generator were studied.MethodsBased on the simulation software DIgSILENT/PowerFactory, an ESS control model and typical power system were constructed to analyze the frequency response characteristics of the grid before and after the ESS participation. Furthermore, considering the reserve capacity of wind turbines under different output modes, the configuration results of the ESS were optimized by dividing the wind speed range and determining the wind turbine power reserve coefficient, so as to realize the adaptive adjustment of the frequency regulation coefficient of the ESS.ResultsThe investment of the ESS can effectively improve the frequency response and reduce wind curtailment of the system. By reserving the frequency regulation capacity of wind turbines reasonably, the ESS can provide reliable power support for the power grid.ConclusionsThe self-adaptive adjustment method of the frequency regulation coefficient of the ESS based on the wind speed and the output power of fans can effectively reduce the overshoot and the output power of the ESS while meeting the frequency regulation requirements, thereby extending the working time.

The uncertainty of wind power output and the difficulty of power storage restrict the development of new energy. As a high-quality secondary energy, hydrogen energy is green and pollution-free and has a high energy density. In order to cope with the volatility and randomness of new energy output, this paper proposes a multi-time scale probabilistic production simulation method for wind-solar hydrogen integrated energy system considering hydrogen storage. First, thermal energy recovery is considered in the hydrogen storage system model, and the wind-solar hydrogen integrated energy system model including electrothermal hydrogen multiple energy storage is constructed. Then, multi-time scale probabilistic production simulation is conducted for the wind-solar hydrogen integrated energy system, and the system maintenance arrangement and hydrogen storage seasonal distribution scheme are obtained through medium and long-term production simulation. The simulation results are taken as the boundary for short-term production simulation to achieve the cooperation of electrothermal hydrogen multiple energy storage and to smooth the random fluctuation of wind and solar power. Finally, an IEEE-RTS79 node example is given to verify that the proposed method can improve the reliability, flexibility and low-carbon feature of system operation.

The main work of this paper: put forward the project of 'cutting off the ligament of illegal trade'; establish a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to select customers for the project; the EWM-grey correlation analysis model is established to explain the suitability of the project and the impact and expected benefits of the project are analyzed and explained. Before the establishment of the model, we first introduced the project: cutting off the ligaments of illegal trade. we first collected and visualized relevant trade data and wild animal and plant quantity data. Next, the entropy weight method (EWM) is used to solve the weights of each indicator, which are 0.33,0.35 and 0.32, respectively. Finally, after obtaining the weights through the subjective weighting method and the objective weighting method, the optimal weights are obtained by the comprehensive integration weighting method, and the optimal weights are substituted into the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to calculate the final score. According to the score, the selected target customers are: national wildlife management agencies. Finally, we established a decision tree model to explain the suitability of the project. The conclusion is that the technical strength of our project has the greatest impact on customer income. And our projects can have a positive beneficial impact on customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the policy text from 1999 to 2022, this paper quantitatively analyzes photovoltaic power, wind power and new energy policies in mainland China by keyword capture and policy strength and establishes a spatial Durbin model to study the carbon reduction effects. The results show the following: (1) The development of new energy is primarily project-based and concentrated in rural areas. (2) Financial support is a double-edged sword. (3) After the implementation of the Renewable Energy Law in 2015, the change trend in policy quantity, total policy intensity, and average policy intensity is generally consistent. (4) The increase in the strength of new energy policies has effectively reduced the intensity of provincial carbon dioxide emissions. (5) New energy policies introduced in a single region are less effective in reducing carbon emissions than joint regional regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality and coordination of new energy policies through the effective convergence of policies and regular evaluations to enhance the positive guidance of the policies. Policy measures for new energy are refined in three areas: improving the amount and quality of new energy policies, strengthening new energy policies and establishing cooperation mechanisms for the cross-regional consumption of new energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of society, non-renewable energy such as oil and natural gas are gradually consumed and exhausted, and the energy crisis has become the biggest resistance to the development. Therefore, the development of New Energy (NE) has become an important issue for the Sustainable Development (SD) of modern society. Distributed NE system is the new direction of modern energy development. Therefore, higher requirements are put forward to improve the performance of distributed NE systems. The traditional NE system is relatively scattered and cannot be used intensively. There is no consensus among various NE systems, and the energy utilization is insufficient. It leads to a great waste of energy in the process of developing and using NE. The introduction of Blockchain Technology (BT) has contributed to solving many practical problems. BT can not only ensure the authenticity of data but also meet the requirements of high quality by taking advantage of its own characteristics of data tamperability and traceability mechanism. The Consensus Algorithm (hereinafter indicated by CA) in the blockchain ensures that the final results received by all participants are consistent and error-free through data synchronization, and distributed, consistency cooperation. The access of distributed NE solves the disadvantage that the traditional NE system cannot be used in a centralized way, to access NE more efficiently, conveniently, and quickly. In this paper, the distributed NE system was accessed based on the blockchain CA. By adopting BT and CA, a distributed NE system that was easy to access was established. The system could systematically deploy the existing developed NE and then make centralized use of it. This paper compares the efficiency, stability, and loss of access of the distributed NE system using the blockchain CA with that of the traditional distributed NE system. The results showed that the use of blockchain CA to access distributed NE could effectively utilize NE, and the efficiency of distributed NE access after using blockchain CA increased by about 28.8 %. At the same time, the experimental results showed that the access stability was high and the access loss was low. With the continuous development of NE, the blockchain CA would gradually become an important technical support in the energy field, thus promoting the overall development of the energy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The achievement of the "dual carbon" goal is closely tied to the widespread implementation of renewable energy, however, renewable energy generation is characterized by intermittency and volatility. Advanced energy storage technology plays a crucial role in mitigating the fluctuations of new energy sources and enhancing their absorption capacity. Patents serve as important indicators of technological innovation, directly reflecting current research trends and future directions in energy storage technology. This paper primarily relies on the "WIPO IP Portal" website provided by the World Intellectual Property Organization to analyze the comprehensive strength of eight leading countries including the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Japan, Germany, and India. The analysis focuses on various energy storage technologies with statistics on patents issued by researchers or institutions from these countries. Additionally, this study examines China's current state of energy storage technology based on authorized patents and explores its future development trends across electric energy storage systems (EESS), mechanical energy storage systems (MESS), chemical energy storage systems (CESS), thermal energy storage systems (TESS), and hydrogen-based energy storage systems (HESS). It concludes that China's current focus lies in core components or materials research for efficient cost reduction aiming at large-scale commercial applications. Furthermore, how to integrate a variety of energy storage into a system to use renewable energy such as wind and light for power supply and heating will be the focus of interest in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Power Generation Technology is the property of Power Generation Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To contribute to the realization of the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the non-polluting and sustainable nature of new energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic power, and energy storage has gained widespread attention, and new-energy distributed power generation technology is being applied on a large scale. Due to the high penetration, decentralization, and source–load uncertainty in new-energy distributed power generation, the traditional centralized regulation and control method struggles to meet the demand for scheduling flexibility in a distribution network. Hence, a cluster-optimization scheduling method for distribution networks considering source–load–storage synergy is proposed in this paper. Firstly, by using the comprehensive index of cluster-active power balance and electrical-distance modularity as the objective function, a simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to improve the genetic algorithm for solving a distribution network cluster division model. Then, based on the results of the distributed cluster segmentation, an optimal scheduling model is established, with the objective of minimizing the comprehensive operating costs by considering clusters as units. Inter-cluster power interactions are then used to reduce cluster operating costs and to meet intra-cluster power balance requirements by automatically setting time-sharing tariffs between the clusters. Finally, an IEEE33 node system is taken as an example for verification. The results show that the proposed distribution network cluster division method has better electrical coupling and active power balance and that the optimal scheduling method of clusters can effectively reduce the system operation costs. Hence, the method studied in this paper can increase the flexibility of regional distribution grid scheduling and the reliability of the power supply, reduce regional energy mobility to reduce energy consumption, improve the utilization efficiency of energy, and promote the sustainable development of new energy access to the distribution network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the current global energy transition process, which is accelerating overall but with further uncertainty, the global oil and gas industry is showing four major trends: a shift in business structure from oil and gas dominance to multi-energy complementarity, a shift in market structure from globalization to differentiation between the Eastern and Western hemispheres, a shift in policy orientation from radical transition to orderly development, and an expansion of technological innovation from traditional to emerging fields. Governments of various countries and international oil companies have made adjustments to policies, strategic goals, implementation paths, and other aspects based on their own situations. China's oil and gas industry actively integrates into the historical process of global energy transition, and has achieved significant achievement in green transition development under the guidance of national strategy. Focusing on the upstream sector, stabilizing oil production and increasing gas production to support the continuous optimization of energy structure, accelerating the low-carbon transition of the oil and gas industry through the integration of new energy development, and technological innovation leading the forging of new quality productivity in the oil and gas industry. However, it still faces challenges from various aspects such as resources, economy, and technology. Based on China's basic national conditions and actively drawing on international experience, four suggestions are proposed to promote the green transition of the upstream petroleum industry. Namely, coordinate oil and gas supply security and green development, and firmly increase the exploration and development efforts of oil and gas both domestically and internationally. Based on the energy super basin, cultivate industrial clusters, and accelerate the integrated development of oil and gas and new energy according to local conditions. Play the role of technological innovation and policy guidance to promote high-quality development of traditional oil and gas and new energy industries. Enhance financial and tax support, accelerate the improvement of oil and gas supply capacity, and promote green development of upstream industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anhui University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Anhui University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anhui University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Anhui University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electric Power is the property of Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Smart Rail Transit is the property of Smart Rail Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Integrated Intelligent Energy is the property of Editorial Department of Integrated Intelligent Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Integrated Intelligent Energy is the property of Editorial Department of Integrated Intelligent Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Integrated Intelligent Energy is the property of Editorial Department of Integrated Intelligent Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Against the backdrop of the increasing development of the new energy industry, the volatility of new energy output poses significant challenges to regional power grid balance and energy absorption. Therefore, this article proposes a prediction method for cross regional transmission power fluctuations under new energy integration conditions. A comprehensive and representative sample dataset was constructed by comprehensively considering factors such as fluctuations in new energy output, capacity confidence, and peak shaving characteristic parameters, combined with numerical weather forecast data. Normalize the sample data to eliminate dimensional differences between parameters. The sparrow search algorithm is used to optimize the weights and thresholds of the double hidden layer BP neural network, effectively avoiding local optimization problems caused by over training. The experimental results show that this method has significant advantages in predicting power fluctuations in cross regional absorption and transportation of new energy, with a predicted power to power ratio of over 0.85. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the power supply for peak shaving in Henan power grid accounts for a small proportion, which mainly depends on the deep regulation of thermal power units to meet the demand for peak shaving, affecting the safe and economic operation of the power grid. Pumped storage power stations are economically feasible peak shaving power sources, with a double peak shaving effect of peak shaving and valley filling. This article adopted the power optimization expansion planning model to optimize and compare different power supply schemes in the planning year, and analyzed the installed capacity of pumped storage power stations that met the electricity demand and peak shaving needs of the power grid. The results indicate that the construction of pumped storage power stations can effectively reduce the depth of peak shaving for thermal power units, reduce system coal consumption, and ensure the safe and economic operation of the power grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Given the abundant lithium and bromium resources in the formation water of some gas fields in China, to clarify the comprehensive utilization value of gas field water development, the total resources of lithium and bromium are quantitatively calculated and evaluated. Methods Based on the comprehensive geological method, this paper innovatively proposes a new method for quantitative calculation of lithium and bromium resources for the developed gas field formation water(hereinafter referred to as gas field water). It calculates the industrial raw materials such as lithium carbonate and bromine that can be extracted from the whole gas reservoir in combination with the latest lithium and bromium extraction process. Results Firstly, W gas reservoir is a bottom water gas reservoir with a unified gas-water interface, with a total formation water reserve of 2.992×109 m³.Secondly, the mineralization degree constraint, well point area, and contour area balance methods were used to calculate the average content of lithium and bromine in the gas reservoir. As a results, it has been determined that the average mass concentration of lithium and bromium in gas field water is 114.8 mg/L and 181.7 mg/L, respectively. Thirdly, based on the water reserves and the content of lithium and bromium, the quantitative calculation of the total lithium content in gas field water is 0.343 5×106 t, and the total bromium content is 0.543 7×106 t. Fourthly, based on the content of lithium and bromium resources, it is predicted to extract 1.461 9×106 t lithium carbonate and 1.441 9×106 t bromine. Conclusions Based on the current development status of developed gas fields, combined with the utilization of new energy in gas field development, this article innovatively proposes a new method for quantitatively calculating lithium and bromium resources extracted from gas field water, providing certain guiding significance for the effective development and new energy utilization of similar gas fields at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (1006-2467) is the property of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Nanchang University (Engineering & Technology) is the property of Nanchang University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cluster division can effectively solve the problem of massive data analysis and a large number of equipment regulation caused by large-scale access of new energy to the distribution network. However, existing research on cluster partitioning algorithms exhibits low accuracy and may yield unreasonable outcomes. In order to solve the above problems, factors that should be considered in the cluster division strategy of distribution network are described when a large number of distributed power sources are connected, and the scale limit index is designed accordingly. By studying the process of genetic algorithm, the reason why genetic algorithm shows poor global optimization ability is found out, and then the algorithm is enhanced. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scale limit index successfully avoids unreasonable partitioning outcomes. The proposed improved genetic algorithm greatly improves the accuracy of the algorithm. Because the genetic algorithm has no convergence criterion, the reduction of the number of iterations can not directly reduce the experiment time. In summary, the research effectively improve the accuracy of genetic algorithm and enhance the efficiency of cluster division in distributed network.

Abstract In this paper, we selected representative electric buses (EBs) and diesel buses as research cases, aiming to explore a localized method suitable for various vehicle types that can be implemented in any region to measure the carbon emissions of urban buses throughout the lifecycle. We take into account the influence of seasonal factors over the lifecycle. We fully consider the production, assembly, and recycling stages of vehicle systems. We construct a model for estimating CO2 emissions during the fuel cycle. We analyze and compare the impacts of the optimized power grid structure on the lifecycle CO2 emissions of the two types of buses. The results indicate that seasonal factors affect both bus types' energy consumption, with EBs being more sensitive. Carbon emissions primarily stem from manufacturing the body, chassis, and notably, the lithium‐ion batteries, with the latter having a pronounced impact on EBs. A decrease in coal power generation from 71% to 21% in the grid reduced EB fuel‐cycle emissions by 70.7%. Although EBs are sensitive to seasonal factors, they still have the greatest potential for carbon reduction, depending on the proportion of clean energy in the power grid and the production processes of vehicle components.

The planning method of new energy distribution network in plateau area based on local accommodation is studied to improve the local accommodation capacity of new energy distribution network in plateau area. The framework of new energy distribution network planning in the plateau area is constructed, and the distribution network equipment suitable for the plateau environment is selected based on the harsh environment in the plateau area; in the framework of new energy distribution network planning in plateau area, a bi-level planning model considering multi-flexible resource coordinated scheduling and energy storage is established. The upper level planning model takes the maximum accommodation of new energy as the objective, and the lower level planning model takes the optimal daily operation benefit of energy storage under the given configuration as the optimization objective; the probabilistic power flow method and C-PSO are used to solve the bi-level model. The experiment shows that this method ensures the stability of the new energy distribution network in the plateau area, reduces the amount of abandoned wind energy and the operating cost, and improves the local accommodation capacity of the core higher than the distribution network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electric Power Engineering Technology is the property of Editorial Department of Electric Power Engineering Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: With the rapid development of human society and economy, the power generation technology of various new energy vehicles has begun to receive widespread attention. Methods: Due to the lack of inertia and frequency stability in the new energy vehicle power generation system, this paper proposes a power generation control method that combines linear active disturbance rejection control technology and virtual synchronous generator technology. This method first introduces the control strategy and inertial response of the virtual synchronous generator. Then, it uses linear active disturbance rejection control technology to improve the virtual synchronous generator technology to deal with the uncertainty and external interference in the system. Results: The results showed that when the virtual inertia coefficient was 0, and the new energy vehicles would hardly intervene in the regulation of the grid voltage. When the virtual inertia coefficient was 5, the decline rate of the DC bus voltage of new energy vehicles had slowed down. When the virtual inertia coefficient increased, the power output of new energy vehicles can be increased to the grid. When the load suddenly increased, and the corresponding DC bus voltage decreased more slowly. In the VSG output power comparison, under the research method, the frequency fluctuation only increased by 0.09 Hz and returned to the rated frequency of 50 Hz. Additionally, the dynamic process of the system output power was the shortest, lasting only 0.05 s. Discussion: The above results show that the research method has significant superiority and effectiveness in improving the inertial response and overall stability of the new energy vehicle power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution network is a crucial component of the power system as it directly connects to users and serves the purpose of distributing power and balancing the load. With the integration of new energy sources through distributed generation (DG), the distribution network has undergone a transformation from a single power radial network into a complex multi-source network. Consequently, traditional fault location methods have proven inadequate in this new network structure. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to investigate fault location techniques specifically tailored for DG integration into distribution networks. This paper analyzes how fault conditions impact the characteristics of single-phase grounding faults and extracts spectral feature quantities to describe differences in zero-sequence currents under various fault distances. This paper also proposes a fault location method based on centroid frequency and a BPNN (back propagation neural network). The method uses centroid frequency to describe the features of zero-sequence currents; to simulate the mapping relationship between fault conditions and spectral features, BPNN is employed. The mapping relationship differs for different lines and distribution networks. When a line faults, the spectral features are calculated, along with the transition resistance and fault closing angle. The corresponding mapping relationship is then called upon to complete distance measurements. This location method can be applied to various types of distribution lines and fault conditions with high accuracy. Even with insufficient training samples, sample expansion can ensure accuracy in fault distance measurement. We built a distribution network consisting of four feeders with different types and lengths of each line on Simulink and verified the effectiveness of the proposed method by setting different fault conditions. The results suggest that the method has a clear advantage over other frequency domain-based approaches, especially for hybrid lines and feeder lines with branches in distribution networks. Additionally, the method achieves a measurement accuracy within a range of 100 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-21st century, natural gas will enter its golden age, and the era of natural gas is arriving. This paper reviews the development stages of global natural gas industry and the enlightenment of American shale gas revolution, summarizes the development history and achievements of the natural gas industry in China, analyzes the status and challenges of natural gas in the green and low-carbon energy transition, and puts forward the natural gas industry development strategies under carbon neutral target in China. The natural gas industry in China has experienced three periods: start, growth, and leap forward. At present, China has become the fourth largest natural gas producer and third largest natural gas consumer in the world, and has made great achievements in natural gas exploration and development theory and technology, providing important support for the growth of production and reserves. China has set its goal of carbon neutrality to promote green and sustainable development, which brings opportunities and challenges for natural gas industry. Natural gas has significant low-carbon advantages, and gas-electric peak shaving boosts new energy development; the difficulty and cost of development are more prominent. For the national energy security and harmonious development between economy and ecology under the carbon neutral goal, based on the principle of "comprehensive planning, technological innovation, multi-energy complementarity, diversified integration, flexibility and efficiency, optimization and upgrading", the construction of the production-supplystorage-marketing system has to be improved so as to boost the development of the natural gas industry. First, it is necessary to strengthen efforts in the exploration and development of natural gas, making projects and arrangement in key exploration and development areas, meanwhile, it is urgent to make breakthroughs in key science theories and technologies, so as to increase reserve and production. Second, it should promote green and innovative development of the natural gas by developing new techniques, expanding new fields and integrating with new energy. Third, there is a demand to realize transformation and upgrading of the supply and demand structure of natural gas by strengthening the layout of pipeline gas, liquefied natural gas and the construction of underground gas storage, establishing reserve system for improving abilities of emergency response and adjustment, raising the proportion of natural gas in the primary energy consumption and contributing to the transformation of energy consumption structure, realizing low-carbon resources utilization and clean energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we selected representative electric buses (EBs) and diesel buses as research cases, aiming to explore a localized method suitable for various vehicle types that can be implemented in any region to measure the carbon emissions of urban buses throughout the lifecycle. We take into account the influence of seasonal factors over the lifecycle. We fully consider the production, assembly, and recycling stages of vehicle systems. We construct a model for estimating CO2 emissions during the fuel cycle. We analyze and compare the impacts of the optimized power grid structure on the lifecycle CO2 emissions of the two types of buses. The results indicate that seasonal factors affect both bus types' energy consumption, with EBs being more sensitive. Carbon emissions primarily stem from manufacturing the body, chassis, and notably, the lithium‐ion batteries, with the latter having a pronounced impact on EBs. A decrease in coal power generation from 71% to 21% in the grid reduced EB fuel‐cycle emissions by 70.7%. Although EBs are sensitive to seasonal factors, they still have the greatest potential for carbon reduction, depending on the proportion of clean energy in the power grid and the production processes of vehicle components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power is the property of Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electric Power is the property of Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)