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We review the command and control (C2) literature to develop a comprehensive understanding of C2 systems and identify network evaluation methods. C2 is the recursive process of sharing the intent of decision-makers across organizations, turning intent into action, monitoring success, and adjusting goals to meet changing needs. Although substantial C2 research exists, the literature remains isolated by application context, and advances are rarely integrated. Our review identifies research in military, emergency response, civilian infrastructure, and management literature that inform the analysis of C2 systems. We organize C2 research with theory from Network Centric Warfare and complex systems to integrate knowledge across broad disciplines and applications. The review organizes studies across four interrelated domains (i.e., physical, information, social, and cognitive), presents system design and evaluation constraints across sub-systems, and offers practical considerations for advancing C2 theory. The review also catalogues network evaluation methods used to study C2 agility, i.e., the ability to successfully effect, cope with, and/or exploit changes in circumstances. Together, this paper supports the organizing, integration, and advancement of knowledge for the influential, yet broad research subject of C2.

The analysis of existing and future surveillance and attack systems (SAS) is carried out. An improved classification of SAS is proposed. The concept of situational SAS is introduced. The tendencies of development are highlighted and the problematic issues on creation of SAS are determined.

Concept of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) analyses and describes processes of major changes in military-strategic dimension, which provide possibilities especially for states to enhance their military power and establish superiority over their opponents. Contemporary, development of new (weapon) technologies (e.g. precision-guided munitions, unmanned aerial vehicles) and doctrines (e.g. network centric warfare, system-of-systems) represents such opportunity. Outer space in this context represents relatively new dimension of warfare with increasing importance for strategical thinking of all main state actors (e.g. China, Russia, and the U.S.). This paper deals with relation between RMA and outer space. The aim of this paper is to analyses how outer space and space technologies influence contemporary/future RMA and vice versa.

This work is about how the United States military has become dependent on networked technology. As arguably the largest contributor to national security, it has become so dependent that its chief doctrine integrates networked technology into nearly every specialty, with particularly intense focus on Network Centric Warfare. As the military’s old guard is replaced by the highly technical Millenial Generation, there is cause to pause when assuming this techno-acuity brings nothing but advantage and success. Vulnerabilities stemming from such extensive dependence offer opportunities for exploitation that have not gone unnoticed. The first step to moving forward from this point is to fully understand the extent to which the military has become dependent on computer networks. It might be the Millenials’ war today, but it would be quite unwise for the United States military to think about it and fight it in a purely Millenial way.

Offensive Militärische Cyber-Operationen (OMCO) sind - anders als in populären Darstellungen oft behauptet - keine Allzweckwaffe. Sie unter­liegen zahlreichen strategischen, operativen und taktischen Begrenzungen, die sie für bestimmte Einsatzszenarien ungeeignet erscheinen lassen. Deutschland sollte auch in Zukunft daran festhalten, keine strategischen OMCO zu planen und zu entwickeln. Der strategische Einsatz von OMCO ist operativ zu aufwendig, extrem risikobehaftet und zudem der globalen Sicherheit des Cyber- und Informationsraums unzuträglich. Sehr limitierte und überschaubare Cyber-Operationen zur sequenziellen Begleitung von Kampfeinsätzen können bei hochtechnisierten Gegnern sinnvoll sein. Der größte Nutzen von OMCO liegt in ihrer Spionage­funktion und weniger in disruptiven, zerstörerischen militärischen Effekten. Für das typische Einsatzprofil der Bundeswehr, nämlich Konfliktmanage­ment in wenig digitalisierten Regionen mit schwacher Staatlichkeit, dürf­ten militärische Cyber-Operationen nur in wenigen Fällen einen militärischen Nutzen haben. Um effektiv zu sein, müssen OMCO auf Ziele exakt zugeschnitten sein. Bei einem OMCO-Einsatz zur Landesverteidigung müssen daher schon im Vorfeld und noch zu Friedenszeiten Zielinformationen beim potentiellen Gegner erhoben worden sein - mittels offensiver Cyber-Spionage in fremden Netzen. Diese Präemptionslogik erzeugt aber ein Sicherheits­dilemma bei potentiellen Gegnern und kann destabilisierend wirken. (Autorenreferat)

The wearable technology carries sufficient potential to incorporate smartness into working of the military workforces like the Military Control Unit, Medical Responders, Backup Unit and War Strategist. The proposed work focuses on real-time soldier activity detection, which is essential for the operation of the smart military suit. The customized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) IP core is developed for the soldier activity classification, which is an integral component of suit gateway design. The multilayer perceptron (7-5-4) classification algorithm is implemented on the low-cost (99$) FPGA evaluation platform by using Xilinx vivado and system generator development tools. The training (70%) and testing (30%) of this ANN design is performed on the UCI human activity dataset. The LabVIEW GUI and IP test design completed the hardware testing of this IP. The presented ANN IP is able to achieve 98.5% classification accuracy by utilizing minimal FPGA (Artix-7 xc7a35t) resources. The implemented ANN design requires only 285 nanoseconds for a classification and consumes 103 milliwatts of dynamic power. The system’s accuracy at different development levels is also studied in this work.

Tactical ad hoc networks are an essential part of the military doctrine Network Centric Warfare (NCW). Automatically established networks of small mobile computers and devices provide soldiers with information necessary to accomplish their mission. Hostile forces may exploit software vulnerabilities in order to obstruct military missions or eavesdrop mission-specific information. A vulnerability scanner and management system is a pro-active countermeasure to prevent the exploitation of known software vulnerabilities. We propose the usage of Mobile Agents for the mitigation of single very critical vulnerabilities because tactical ad hoc networks may not have permanently existing paths to a network management centre. In our concept, the Mobile Agents autonomously determine the path for visiting a given list of nodes based on the connectivity in the ad hoc network. The speed of applying a vulnerability mitigation to all nodes of the network is an important factor for the network security. Therefore, we propose different replication strategies for Mobile Agents. By these different strategies it is possible to adjust speed and network overhead of applying a vulnerability mitigation in the network.

With the development of modern military warfare towards Network Centric Warfare (NCW), small mobile computers or devices that form tactical ad-hoc networks play an important role. These automatically established networks provide soldiers with information necessary to accomplish their mission. It has to be assumed that hostile forces manage to install malware on a mobile device by exploiting software vulnerabilities in order to spy out mission-specific information. Therefore, a vulnerability management in combination with a patch management is a pro-active countermeasure to improve network security. Most of the vulnerability and patch management systems use a Client-Server architecture. In this paper, we discuss the usage of Mobile Agents for this task. Through this approach, it is possible to consider the properties of military ad-hoc networks such as non-permanently existing end-to-end paths.

Theory on the use of information technology in military operations assumes that bringing together units in an information network helps units to work together. Decentralized command systems such as mission command have been proposed for these networks, so that units can adapt to changes in their turbulent working environments. Others have proposed centralized command systems that permit higher organizational levels to closely direct military operations. This article uses Perrow’s (1984, 1999) Normal Accidents Theory to propose that increasing interdependencies between units in information networks places incompatible demands on the design of networked military operations. It is concluded that networked military operations require decentralized command approaches, but only under the condition that interdependencies between modules of networked units are weak rather than tight. This precondition is essential for retaining control over networked military operations.

The last two decades have been marked by the evolution of mankind toward the Information Age, a new stage of societal development where the modem society is affected, among other factors, by the explosive technological changes. Within the context, technology represents the main driver for change. To be more specific, small innovations emerged in the information technology and communications are considered responsible for global transformations in the economy, politics or culture structure. This assertion also extends its validity over the military phenomenon, which is just another form of human behavior. The large-scale use of the information technology and communications led to a cybernetic battlefield and the change of the war waging philosophy, with the rise of new concepts that better describe the new reality: Network Centric Warfare, and Network Enabled Capabilities.

Many parts of platforms are expected to be replaced by unmanned systems in modern warfare. All the assets and supporting vehicles are linked to each other with a communication network, and it is called the network-centric warfare environment. Hence, it is critical when communication failure occurs during engagement in ground battlefield because this failure will directly affect overall combat effectiveness of one’s owned assets. However, research regarding communication failure issues is scarce. We herein propose a new agent-based modeling process to measure the overall combat effectiveness combined with communication success ratio, based on the terrain condition of the ground engagement. Additionally, we provide the effectiveness analysis result when a communication repeater is applied during communication failure as an alternative measure.

Este trabalho propõe uma discussão em torno dos impactos da digitalização sobre sistemas militares de comando e controle. A hipótese central é que o emprego intensivo de tecnologias digitais está associado a um maior risco de sobrecarga informacional nesses sistemas. Isso se aplica em especial às forças militares que adotaram doutrinas de viés tecnocrático, como a guerra centrada em redes. No primeiro capítulo, discutimos o contexto no qual nosso tema de pesquisa se insere, fazendo uma breve retrospectiva do processo de digitalização e também definindo alguns conceitos-chave. No segundo capítulo, em formato de artigo, apresentamos o modelo computacional que foi desenvolvido para simular o funcionamento de um sistema de comando e controle sob a condição de sobrecarga informacional. O artigo também reúne uma revisão crítica das abordagens sobre comando e controle, com ênfase na literatura sobre guerra centrada em redes. O terceiro e último capítulo traz algumas conclusões sobre o emprego da modelagem computacional como metodologia de pesquisa e o estado atual do debate sobre guerra centrada e redes. This work proposes a discussion on the impacts of digitization over military command and control systems. The central hypothesis is that the intensive deployment of digital technologies is associated to a greater risk of informational overload in those systems. This applies especially to military forces that have adopted doctrines with a technocratic bias, such as the network-centric warfare. In the first chapter, we discuss the context that encompass our research topic, making a brief retrospective of the process of digitization and defining some key concepts. In the second chapter, in form of article, we present the computational model developed for simulating the operation of a command and control system under the condition of informational overload. The article also contains a critical review on the command and control approaches, with emphasis on the literature about network-centric warfare. The third and last chapter brings out some conclusions regarding the use of computational modeling as a research method and the current state of the debate on network-centric warfare.

Simulation of a system-of-systems (SoS) model, which consists of a combat model and a network model, has been used to analyze the performance of network-centric warfare in detail. However, finding the combat model parameters satisfying the required combat power using simulation can take a long time for two reasons: (1) the prolonged execution time per simulation run and (2) the enormous number of simulation runs. This paper proposes a simulation-based optimization method for the SoS-based simulation model to overcome these problems. The method consists of two processes: (1) the transformation of the SoS-based model into an integrated model using the neural network to reduce the execution time and (2) the optimization of the integrated model using the genetic algorithm with ranking and selection to decrease the number of simulation runs. The experimental result reveals that the proposed method significantly reduced the time for finding the optimal combat parameters with an acceptable level of accuracy.

This paper proposes the target path detection algorithm using statistical characteristics of an activated time lag along a moving path of target from a neighboring sensor in PDR(Pulse Doppler Radar) sensor node environment based on USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Network) with a limitation detecting only an existence of moving target. In the proposed algorithm, detection and non-detection time lag obtained from the experimental data are used. The experimental data are through repetitive action of each 500 times about three path scenarios such as passing in between two sensors, moving parallel to two sensors, and turning through two sensors. From this experiments, error detection percentages of three path scenarios are 5.67%, 5.83%, and 7.17%, respectively. They show that the proposed algorithm can exactly detect a target path using the limited PDR sensor nodes. Key Words : Pulse Doppler Radar, Path Detection Algorithm, Unattended Ground Sensor, USN, NCW Ⅰ. 서 론 현대전은 네트워크 중심전(NCW: Network Centric Warfare) 체계로 발전하고 있다. 탐지, 지휘, 타격 체계 등 여러 전투 요소를 통신 체계로 연계하여 정보의 우월성 확보로 지휘속도 향상, 신속한 작전 전개, 치명적 타격, 생존성 향상 등 전투력을 극대화 시키는 작전수행 개념이다.

The main purpose of this paper is to show and highlight through an example, the relevance of designing a properly strategic communication model (SCM) in order to improve organizations efficiency standards when a sharing knowledge network is used. This example shows as well that even if this configuration upgrades the competitor s standards it will give as an answer the ontological foundations for the knowledge to be shared that guarantee the best practice involved in the framework of the Knowledge Management (KM process). &nbsp The case of study takes advantage of some lesson from Network Centric Warfare (NCW) and the Network Enable Capability (NEC) systems to developed a Strategic Communication Model that looks for increasing the falcon breeding efficiency which it is a direct function of the falcons flight efficiency which creates a free wild-life area in the most sensitive airport locations and which is a priority concern of nowadays falconer's organizations.

This paper describes Network Enabled Capability (NEC) within Command & Control (C2) systems. In the first part we present the need to transform military operations of Industrial Age to Information Age military operations and the related NCW (Network Centric Warfare). In the next part of the paper we discuss OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, Act) Loop as a means of optimizing NEC within Command & Control (C2) systems. The aim of the paper is to introduce the issues of the behavior of systems mutually influencing one another.

The requirement for enabling network centric warfare through the accommodation of network-enabled capabilities, promoted the use of service oriented architectures (SOA) within military networks. The initial response of the academic and industrial communities was to utilize standard enterprise SOA. The developed solutions were well adjusted to the strategic domain, where node and network constraints were minimal. Yet, experience gained from the battlefields of the last decade, has proven that the tactical domain imposes a set of unique constraints, that render such solutions inefficient for the tactical edge.

Modeling large military targets is a challenge as they can be complex systems encompassing myriad combinations of human, technological, and social elements that interact, leading to complex behaviors. Moreover, such targets have multiple components and structures, extending across multiple spatial and temporal scales, and are in a state of change, either in response to events in the environment or changes within the system. Complex adaptive system (CAS) theory can help in capturing the dynamism, interactions, and more importantly various emergent behaviors, displayed by the targets. However, a key stumbling block is incorporating information from various intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) sources, while dealing with the inherent uncertainty, incompleteness and time criticality of real world information. To overcome these challenges, we present a probabilistic reasoning network based framework called complex adaptive Bayesian Knowledge Base (caBKB). caBKB is a rigorous, overarching and axiomatic framework that models two key processes, namely information aggregation and information composition. While information aggregation deals with the union, merger and concatenation of information and takes into account issues such as source reliability and information inconsistencies, information composition focuses on combining information components where such components may have well defined operations. Since caBKBs can explicitly model the relationships between information pieces at various scales, it provides unique capabilities such as the ability to de-aggregate and de-compose information for detailed analysis. Using a scenario from the Network Centric Operations (NCO) domain, we will describe how our framework can be used for modeling targets with a focus on methodologies for quantifying NCO performance metrics.

In network centric warfare, battlefield information sharing can provide more accurate and timely battlefield situation for combat decision making. This paper analyzes the influence of different levels of battlefield information sharing on combat decision making. Bayesian criterion is used to quantify the state change of decision-making conditions on battlefield situation information, and the results are expressed in the form of information entropy. This method can be used to evaluate the influence of battlefield information sharing on combat decision making conditions.

Received 24 September 2014; received in revised form 21 October 2014; accepted 21 October 2014ABSTRACTIt is important to predict and measure the combat effectiveness (CE) of weapons system in bat-tlefield for acquiring efficient weapon system. Moreover, quantitative calculation of weaponeffectiveness under complicated and uncertain battlefield environment is also difficult based onthe future network centric warfare. Many papers used the term of combat effectiveness and triedto study a lot of related issues about it. However, there is no paper dealing with the classifica-tion of study issue about CE and what will happen in this study field. In this paper, we pro-posed how to classify the study issue about CE and forecast future direction of this study field.Conceptually, CE is nothing but the assessment results to measure the ability of a militaryweapon system to accomplish its objective. We believe that it is an appropriate time to reviewthe literature extensively on CE analysis because the research interests and the papers of CE arerapidly growing in these days. This paper reviewed many CE analysis papers, classified themaccording to their research content and the research methodology applied. Additionally, a com-prehensive list of future research areas is also given.Key Words: Combat effectiveness analysis, Measures of effectiveness

Network centric warfare is the main development trend of informatization warfare in the future, while the present of network centric warfare has raised higher requirements for the future equipment support. In this paper, the new thoughts and structure of network centric warfare are put forward by comparing network centric warfare with traditional warfare. And the command flow of equipment support is analyzed specifically combined with the instantiation. The establishment of the equipment support model can promote the development of network centric warfare and has guiding significance and applied value for the establishment of the future equipment support model.

In this paper, we have described the characteristics of the Underwater Distributed Sensor Network (UDSN) and proposed the conceptual design guideline by an effectiveness analysis. To perform the effectiveness analysis, we defined an battlefield environment, and then analyzed principal components which compose the UDSN to find out simulation parameters and system constraints. We have chosen a measure of effectiveness based on a target trajectory, which could enhance intuitive understanding about current status, and performed various simulations to reveal critical design parameters in terms of sensor node types, arrangement, cost and combination of detection information.Key Words : Underwater Distributed Sensor Network(수중분산 센서망), Effectiveness Analysis(효과도 분석), Network Centric Warfare(네트워크 중심전), Surveillance System(감시 체계) 1. 서 론 천해지역에서 잠수함과 같은 위협 세력에 효율적으로 대응하기 위해서는 상시 감시가 가능한 경계 체계 구축이 요구되나, 초계기, 초계함 및 잠수함과 같은 전통적인 유인 플랫폼만으로는 소기의 목적을 달성하기가 쉽지 않다. 이에 미국에서는 수중에 설치된 음향/비 * Corresponding author, E-mail: belfre@add.re.krCopyright

This article looks at the changing nature of European militaries specifically within the context of the United States’s transformation agenda. The article looks at the key drivers of transformation in European militaries and asks the question to what degree has the American agenda impacted on the way Europe does defence. The article looks at three aspects of transformation across three case studies. The aspects are network enabledness, expeditionary forces and effects based operations. The anal- ysis is applied to the United Kingdom, France and Germany. The findings suggest that local political and bureaucratic conditions have the potential to trump a larger process of force transformation led by the United States.

Recent technological advancement has a profound effect on the ways that the war is being conducted and fought. The advanced communications, information, computing and sensor technologies enable the combat units to be integrated in the battlefield management network. By exchanging and sharing real-time battlefield information that is critical for the successful outcome of military engagement, the legacy forces are becoming much more effective and lethal than ever before, The bigger picture of such phenomena can be summarized as the concept of Network Centric Warfare(NCW). The main purpose of this study is to compare the outcome of regional combat engagement between the legacy forces and the future combat systems(FCS). The FCS capitalizes on the advanced technologies within the frame of NCW. This study uses the modeling and simulation methodology to assess the effectiveness of two different combat forces. The simulation results show that the FCS is more effective, hence vindicating the superiority of technologically advanced combat units.Key Words : Future Combat System(미래 전투 체계), Modeling and Simulation(모델링&시뮬레이션), NCW(네트워크 중심전), Combat Effectiveness(전투 효과)

In NCW(Network Centric Warfare) environment, mobile nodes communicate through wireless link. But wireless link provides limited networking performance due to signal interferences or mobility of nodes. So it is quite challenge to acquire enough networking resources and use the resources efficiently. In this paper, we have proposed a P2P based tactical information sharing system which provides satisfactory visual information playout for mobile nodes(i.e., military personnel, vehicle,..) in NCW environment. Our proposed system consists of two components. One is caching-enabled switch which stores tactical information segments at its internal storage and then transports them to mobile nodes when require. Another is centralized scheduling algorithm which exploits networking resources more efficiently. To validate performance of proposed system, we performed series of experiments in wireless network testbed. Results show improved performance in terms of segment-missing ratio, networking resources usage, sharing time, and number of simultaneous playout mobile nodes with acceptable playout continuity(i.e., over 95%).Key Words : Peer-to-peer(피어-투-피어), Centralized Scheduling(중앙형 스케쥴링), Mobile Node(모바일 노드), Network Centric Warfare(네트워크 중심전), Caching-enabled Switch(캐싱 지원 스위치)

In this study, I analyzed the increased threat of cyber warfare and the threat of reality about what is happening around the currently. And to prepare for it, I proposed the fact how main developed countries deal with cyber warfare. Also, I presented North Korea`s cyber warfare threat which is equipped with world`s top 3 cyber warfare performance and the way how their strategy influence to South Korea`s national security. Moreever, I studied the existing North Korea`s cyber warfare threat and the way how, how South Korea deal with it and prepare to against expected threat of cyber warfare in future.

A conceptual definition of combat effectiveness is the overall capability of a force to produce a desiredoutcome from combat against an enemy force. An ability to measure combat effectiveness is critical to strategic andtactical decision making; however, it is a challenging task to develop an operational metric for combat effectivenessdue to the large complexity presented by the rich context of a combat environment. The present paper contendsthat, under a direct fire engagement, combat effectiveness can be reasonably assessed by the prevalence of attack opportunities a given force creates in a combat environment. The paper proposes a method to quantitatively measurecombat effectiveness of a military force in a direct fire engagement environment. The proposed metric is basedon a meta-network representation that captures various aspects of a combat environment. Using a meta-networkrepresentation, two types of basic unit structures of attack opportunity – isolated and networked – are identified,which are then used as a basic element for measuring combat effectiveness. Prevalence of network motifs in anetworked combat environment and availability of attack opportunities are computed as a measure of a militaryforce’s combat effectiveness. Defence Science Journal, 2014, 64(2), pp. 115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.5534

Future aspects of the has turned into a network centric warfare(NCW). Organically combined wired and wireless networks in a variety of cross-of-the-art combat power factor utilization of information and communication technology is a key element of NCW implementation. At used various information in the NCW must be the confidentiality and integrity excellent then quick situation assessment through reliability the real-time processing, which is the core of winning the war. In this paper, NCW is one of the key technologies of the implementation of 128-bit output stream cipher algorithm is proposed. AES-based stream cipher developed by applying modified OFB mode the confidentiality and integrity as well as hardware implementation to the security and real-time processing is superior.

In this paper,we analyzed the problems and challenges that US Army tactical data link system encountered when meeting the needs of network-centric warfare. On the basis of this, we put forward a new battlefield-oriented, demand-based, real-time serviced networking data link system---the joint data link system based on cloud computing, and discussed the key techniques in constructing the system. Simulation results show that the use of cloud technology in Joined Data Links can improve the system service level markedly.

As a Network Centric Warfare (NCW) case applied in Air & Missile Defense domain, Networked Air & Missile Defense (NAMD) represents the superior development of the Air & Missile Defense warfare in future. Based on the ideology of Integrated Fire Control, architecture and characteristics of NAMD are depicted, and simulation models based on above depictions are designed. Finally, operational capabilities of NAMD are generally evaluated, and the rationalities of decision-making script and model framework are validated by concentrating on results of an operational scenario simulation.