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A hash search is a very accurate, computationally efficient technique for testing whether a computer contains illicit material. Although police have been running hash searches for many years, case law [...]

There is an increasing number of voices calling for asymmetric regulation to reinforce competition in European railways as they are liberalized in December 2020. The regulatory framework defined in the Directives of the European Union (EU) might be insufficient to ensure effective and widespread competition. But the EU Directive declares tracks a natural monopoly, and structural measures in the form of vertical separation with transport activities have been imposed. Behavioral obligations have also been imposed on infrastructure managers in the form of access obligations. There is no room for asymmetry between competing networks, as tracks are a natural monopoly. Furthermore, as access conditions are ruled by the principle of nondiscrimination, it does not seem possible to introduce asymmetries in favor of newcomers, for instance in the form of access charges below the price charged to incumbent railway undertakings. For the rest of railway assets, which only exceptionally can be considered essential facilities, the EU Directives either impose no access obligations (rolling stock, drivers, ticketing systems) or when they impose access obligations (maintenance facilities), there is no formal asymmetry, as all undertakings are subject to the same access obligations. National regulatory authorities considering the introduction of asymmetric access obligations should take into account economic literature describing how asymmetries attract inefficient market entry, and they should consider that obligations introduced at a national level might fragment the Single European Railway Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The device-to-device (D2D) communication, as a high-speed communication from device to device, has attracted large researchers' attention recently. Namely, by using the D2D communication in the cellular networks, mobile users can transmit data to the adjacent users at a faster rate. As a result, a large part of cellular data traffic can be diverted, reducing the overhead of data transmission from the base station and saving the energy as well as improving the spectrum efficiency. However, in the heterogeneous networks where cellular and D2D communication coexists when the D2D devices are connected to the network, the network performance is not only affected by the slow and fast fading factors, but also by the access network selection strategy and network switching factors. With the aim to improve the network performance, this paper proposes a game theory-based D2D network access algorithm for heterogeneous networks. The proposed algorithm can adapt to the dynamic changes of the network environment while avoiding unnecessary switching by considering the properties of the user equipment and network utilization, and thus improving the network throughput and reducing the delay. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the flow algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Facility location design under probabilistic disruptions of network access points. • Joint optimization framework with a layer of network access points. • Compact mixed-integer mathematical program for location and allocation decisions. • Lagrangian relaxation based algorithms to effectively solve the problem. Abstract In service systems with natural or anthropogenic barriers (e.g., rivers, railroads), customers who intend to visit facilities for service must first pass through certain network access points (e.g., bridges, railway crossings). Possible blockage or disruptions of these access points could change the customer-facility assignments or even affect reachability of various facilities, and thus introduce facility reliability and correlation issues. This paper incorporates network access points and their probabilistic failures into a joint optimization framework. A layer of network access points are added and connected to facilities to imply the real-world connections between facilities and access points. The access points are assumed to be subject to disruptions with site-dependent probabilities. We then develop a compact mixed-integer mathematical model to optimize the facility location and customer assignment decisions for the service systems design. Lagrangian relaxation based algorithms are designed to effectively solve the proposed model. Multiple case studies are constructed to test the model and the algorithm, and to demonstrate their performance and applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This Comment argues that the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) uses an outdated concept of technology in everyday activities that can lead to unexpected and grossly disproportional federal [...]