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The objective of the study is to find out the effects of excessive use of smartphone on the health of the university students in Bangladesh. A closed ended questionnaire with five point Likert scale is used to collect data as the scores of agreed level for different selected issues. A total number of 289 respondents out of 350 students provide information willingly that covers 83% of total respondents. The data collection period was June, 2022. The non-parametric statistical techniques like Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test are mainly used to analyze the data. Excessive uses of smartphone are impacted badly on the sound health of the university students. These students having complications with different types of uncomfortable health conditions are not performing well not only in the academic activities but also in accomplishments of their everyday life. It is necessity to find out the ways of effective uses of smartphone for the university students to overcome the antagonistic situations.

Obstetric fistula, which develops after a prolonged or obstructed labour, is preventable and treatable. However, many women are still afflicted with the condition and remain untreated in low-income and middle-income countries. Concerns have also been raised that an increasing trend of caesarean sections is increasing the risk and share of iatrogenic obstetric fistula in these countries. The true prevalence of this condition is not known, which makes it difficult for health planners and policy makers to develop appropriate national health strategies to address the problem. The estimation of obstetric fistula with surveys is difficult because self-reporting of incontinence symptoms is subject to misclassification bias. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and burden of obstetric fistula in Bangladesh.For a valid estimation addressing misclassification bias, we implemented the study in two steps. First, we did the Maternal Morbidity Validation Study (MMVS) among a population of 65 740 women in Sylhet, Bangladesh, to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), and negative predictive values of the survey questions. This was done through confirmation of the diagnosis with clinical examinations of suspected cases by female physicians; a sample of women who screened positive for pelvic organ prolapse and other urinary incontinence symptoms were also examined and used as controls for clinical diagnosis confirmation. Second, we used the estimated diagnostic test values, after correcting for verification bias, to adjust the reported prevalence in the nationally representative Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and Health Care Survey 2016 for the unbiased estimation of obstetric fistula prevalence in Bangladesh.The MMVS, done from Aug 3 to Dec 9, 2016, identified 67 potential cases of obstetric fistula; of them, 57 (85%) women completed the clinical examination, and 19 were confirmed as obstetric fistula cases. The adjusted sensitivity of the self-reports of obstetric fistula was 100% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 99·8-100) and the observed specificity was 99·9% (95% UI 99·9-100) among women aged 15-49 years. However, the PPV was low, at 31·6% (95% UI 19·2-46·2), suggesting that almost two thirds of the self-reported cases were not true obstetric fistula cases. We estimated an adjusted obstetric fistula prevalence rate of 38 (90% UI 25-58) per 100 000 women aged 15-49 years in Bangladesh. Nationally, we estimated about 13 376 (90% UI 8686-20 112) women of reproductive age living with obstetric fistula. Additionally, we estimated 4081 (1773-8790) women aged 50-64 years to be living with obstetric fistula in Bangladesh; overall, we estimated that there are 17 457 (10 459-28 902) women aged 15-64 years in Bangladesh with obstetric fistula.The burden of obstetric fistula is still high in Bangladesh. Prevention and provision of surgical treatment to so many women will need coordinated efforts, planning, allocation of resources, and training of surgeons.US Agency for International Development, Government of Bangladesh, and UKAid.

Livestock is a vital component of the complex farming system in Bangladesh. This focuses towards he contribution of livestock farming in the livelihood of the farmers as well as the realization of the challenges in livestock farming as perceived by the farmers. A mixed-method research design was used to collect data from 100 livestock farmers of Kamarkhanda Upazila (sub-district) under Sirajganj district. According to the findings of the study, livestock farming has significant contributions in improving the status of livelihood tatus of farming households. It is evident from the findings that majority of the respondents (69%), faced medium level of challenges in livestock farming compared to high level of challenges faced by 28% respondents of the study area. The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents namely farm size, annual income, training received, subsidy received and extension media contact seem to have significant contributions with the challenges faced by the farmers in livestock farming. As the livestock sector of Bangladesh has great potential to flourish provided the challenges faced by the farmers are given due attention. Implementation of farmers’ friendly livestock policy and the collaborative efforts of public and private sectors are required to boost up livestock productivity in Bangladesh. SAARC J. Agric., 20(1): 209-225 (2022)

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading cause death and disability all over the world. But, there is a lack of data about the gender influence on in-hospital outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) among Bangladeshi patients. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical and angiographic differences and to compare their in hospital outcomes of pPCI between male and female patients. Objective: To evaluate the gender influence on in-hospital outcome of primary PCI. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of 90 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI ) treated with pPCI in the Department of Cardiology, NICVD, Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2019 to March 2020, followed from admission until hospital discharge or death. The patients were divided equally into two groups, group ‘! (female) and group a! (male). Result : A significant difference was observed for age (61.8±10.9vs.56.5±10.7 years; p=0.02), hypertension (66.7% vs. 42.2%; p=0.02), diabetes (68.9% vs. 44.4%; p=0.01), smoking (0.0% vs. 68.9%; p

Signaling pathways play critical roles in executing and controlling important biological processes within cells. Cells/organisms trigger appropriate signal transduction pathways in order to turn on or off intracellular gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. An orchestrated regulation of different signaling pathways across different organs and tissues is the basis of many important biological functions. Presumably, any malfunctions or dysregulation of these signaling pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of disease, particularly cancer. In this review, we discuss how the dysregulation of signaling pathways (TGF-β signaling, Hippo signaling, Wnt signaling, Notch signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling) modulates chromatin modifications to regulate the epigenome, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Diet-related metabolic syndrome is the largest contributor to adverse health in the United States. However, the study of gene-environment interactions and their epigenomic and transcriptomic integration is complicated by the lack of environmental and genetic control in humans that is possible in mouse models. Here we exposed three mouse strains, C57BL/6J (BL6), A/J, and NOD/ShiLtJ (NOD), to a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet, leading to varying degrees of metabolic syndrome. We then performed transcriptomic and genomic DNA methylation analyses and found overlapping but also highly divergent changes in gene expression and methylation upstream of the discordant metabolic phenotypes. Strain-specific pathway analysis of dietary effects reveals a dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis common to all three strains but distinct regulatory networks driving this dysregulation. This suggests a strategy for strain-specific targeted pharmacologic intervention of these upstream regulators informed by transcriptional regulation. As a pilot study, we administered the drug GW4064 to target one of these genotype-dependent networks, the Farnesoid X receptor pathway, and found that GW4064 exerts genotype-specific protection against dietary effects in BL6, as predicted by our transcriptomic analysis, as well as increased inflammatory-related gene expression changes in NOD. This pilot study demonstrates the potential efficacy of precision therapeutics for genotype-informed dietary metabolic intervention, and a mouse platform for guiding this approach.

The current cross-sectional study was conducted among 864 older adults aged ≥ 60 years residing in Rohingya refugee camp through face-to-face interviews during November–December 2021. COVID-19-related anxiety was measured using the five-point Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and perceived stress using the 10-point Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The linear regression model identified the factors associated with COVID-19-related anxiety and perceived stress. The prevalence of COVID-19-related anxiety and perceived stress was 68% and 93%, respectively. The average COVID-19-related anxiety score expected to be significantly higher among those who were physically inactive, concerned about COVID-19, had a close friend/family member diagnosed with COVID-19, and had some difficulty in getting food and routine medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the average perceived stress score was expected to be significantly higher among those without partners, who were feeling overwhelmed by COVID-19, and who experienced COVID-19-related anxiety during the pandemic. The findings suggest providing immediate psychosocial support to older Rohingya adults.

The study aims to evaluate the inputs cost sensitivity of betel leaf production of selected farmers in Bangladesh. Purposively two districts like Kushtia and Jhenidah were chosen for study area. Both primary and secondary data were used for the purpose of the study. Primary data were collected from 120 farmers. For analyzing data 9 variables were used like Material cost, Labor, Land cost(Lease), Fertilizer, Insecticide, Irrigation Cost, Depreciation of Primary cost, Selling and Distribution cost, Other cost as input costs and one variable(Sales) was used as output variable. The analysis have been done by applying descriptive statistics, Cobb-Douglas production function and marginal physical productivity (MPP) to identify nature of production function and influential sensitive input costs. The summation of all regression co-efficient included in the model, ∑βi=1.35 indicated that the production function is in the state of increasing return to scale. The highest MPP value was found in other cost (64.95) followed by insecticide (3.22); selling and distribution cost (2.69); labor cost (1.25) and fertilizer (1.20) which are very sensitive inputs and have the strong influence on output variables.

Consumer behavior is a critical consideration for the development of sustainable waste management systems, including waste batteries, which pose a serious threat to human health and the environment if disposed of improperly. This study investigates the consumers’ perspective on the waste battery collection and recycling behaviors in Australia, and analyses their implications for the development of recycling schemes. The results show that, although general awareness exists among consumers about the negative impacts of improper disposal, this awareness was not reflected during the disposal of waste batteries among the participants. Insufficient knowledge about the waste battery collection points and convenience were the most important factors affecting the inappropriate disposal behavior from most of the consumers. Over 50% of participants were unaware of the collection points for waste batteries. The most-preferred battery collection systems involved a deposit return system similar to that used for bottle recycling in the state of New South Wales (NSW) or collection at supermarkets/retailers. The most preferred methods for providing an incentive to recycle batteries were “old-for-new” battery swaps, “vouchers that could be used for other items in a store,” and “cash payments.” Several policy implications have been highlighted from this pioneering study that could shape the future development of sustainable waste battery management systems in Australia.

Improved motor, controller and branch circuit protection has been the subject of a never-ending stream of magazine articles, IEEE papers and amendments to the National Electrical Code. Combining motor short-circuit protectors and properly certified motor controllers may provide superior branch circuit overcurrent protection. An Alternator, Transformer, and Other Devices with Superior Short Circuit and Overcurrent Protection are discussed in this study.

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been rising worldwide, and its improper management incurs in economic losses and environmental damage. To provide a better understanding of the forces that drive the management of WEEE, economic and political roles are discussed by comparing the WEEE recycling system of Brazil and Australia. Additional insights about the recycling systems were gathered from interviews with recyclers of both countries (in-loco visits and online/phone surveys). Previous studies show that both countries act as first stage recyclers, dismantling WEEE to ship their valuable components for international recyclers (such as printed circuit boards) while keeping less valuable material (such as polymeric and ferrous pieces). Australia has defined the responsibilities of most agents involved in the WEEE management and recycling setup, while Brazil inadvertently has left the system to be defined through free market regulation. As Brazil recently signed a reverse logistic agreement, there is an important opportunity to channel WEEE into formal routes and implement improvements in the entire recycling system (some suggestions are provided). Australian recyclers were found more organised in their disassembly lines, and some characteristics of the Australian model can be adapted for the Brazilian benefit. In conclusion, economic factors will drive first stage recycling (where labour wages are a small fraction of the total costs) and international downstream recycling, while a political framework is necessary to establish a comprehensive collection system, first stage recycling (where wages are representative) and domestic downstream recycling, given these are generally non-profitable activities in the short term.

Background: Research into menstrual hygiene management (MHM) has been mainly based on menstruation-related knowledge and practices of women and girls in the mainstream Bangladeshi society; socially disadvantaged groups, such as the Bihari refugee women, have largely been ignored. Purpose: This study aims to assess knowledge and practices about MHM among Bihari women in the Mohammadpur Geneva Camp in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: In 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among Bihari women and girls by the trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire. The purposive sampling was applied to select 160 Bihari women aged between 15 and 49. Data were entered, cleaned, and analysed using SPSS software. Both univariate and bivariate analyses were undertaken to examine knowledge and MHM-related practices with a significance level of p

Appropriate screening tool for excessive alcohol use (EAU) is clinically important as it may help providers encourage early intervention and prevent adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that patients with excessive alcohol use will have distinct serum metabolites when compared to healthy controls. Serum metabolic profiling of 22 healthy controls and 147 patients with a history of EAU was performed. We employed seemingly unrelated regression to identify the unique metabolites and found 67 metabolites (out of 556), which were differentially expressed in patients with EAU. Sixteen metabolites belong to the sphingolipid metabolism, 13 belong to phospholipid metabolism, and the remaining 38 were metabolites of 25 different pathways. We also found 93 serum metabolites that were significantly associated with the total quantity of alcohol consumption in the last 30 days. A total of 15 metabolites belong to the sphingolipid metabolism, 11 belong to phospholipid metabolism, and 7 metabolites belong to lysolipid. Using a Venn diagram approach, we found the top 10 metabolites with differentially expressed in EAU and significantly associated with the quantity of alcohol consumption, sphingomyelin (d18:2/18:1), sphingomyelin (d18:2/21:0,d16:2/23:0), guanosine, S-methylmethionine, 10-undecenoate (11:1n1), sphingomyelin (d18:1/20:1, d18:2/20:0), sphingomyelin (d18:1/17:0, d17:1/18:0, d19:1/16:0), N-acetylasparagine, sphingomyelin (d18:1/19:0, d19:1/18:0), and 1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:0/16:1). The diagnostic performance of the top 10 metabolites, using the area under the ROC curve, was significantly higher than that of commonly used markers. We have identified a unique metaboloic signature among patients with EAU. Future studies to validate and determine the kinetics of these markers as a function of alcohol consumption are needed.

Cellular senescence frequently is present in injured livers. The induction mechanism and the pathologic role are not always clear. We aimed to understand the dynamics of senescence induction and progression, and the mechanism responsible for the pathology using a mouse model that disables the essential process of autophagy.Mice deficient in key autophagy genes Atg7 or Atg5 in the liver were used. Senescence was measured using established cellular and molecular signatures. The mechanistic roles of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NRF2), forkhead box K1, and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) were assessed using mouse genetic models. Liver functions, pathology, and tumor development were measured using biochemical and histologic approaches.Inducible deletion of Atg7 rapidly up-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors independently of injury and induced senescence-associated β-galactosidase activities and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Sustained activation of NRF2 was the major factor causing senescence by mediating oxidative DNA damage and up-regulating C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, a key component of autophagy-related SASP, via the NRF2-forkhead box K1 axis. Senescence was responsible for hepatic inflammation through CCR2-mediated recruitment of CD11bThese results provide the insight that hepatic senescence can occur early in the disease process, triggers inflammation and is enhanced by inflammation, and has long-term effects on liver injury and tumor progression.

Readymade garments sector is the largest export earning sectors in Bangladesh. The efficiency of that sector is needed to compete and survive in the competitive global market. For the purpose of identifying the inputs and output variables which are deriving the efficiency of garments factories in Bangladesh, five garment factories have been selected purposively on the basis of availability of data as a sample size. Pearson coefficient correlation has been used to find out significant input variables related with output variable of sales revenue indicating the result that only cost of material and labour has significant impact among four input variables. From the method of CRS input oriented DEA, it is estimated that two garments factory are efficient relative to the(Fawellient factory of the rest three. If it is possible to reduce the excessive used of inputs (percentages) cost of material and labour then rest three inefficient factories would be capable as like as efficient two.

Background The gut microbiota is modulated by a combination of diet, host genetics, and sex effects. The magnitude of these effects and interactions among them is important to understanding inter-individual variability in gut microbiota. In a previous study, mouse strain-specific responses to American and ketogenic diets were observed along with several QTL for metabolic traits. In the current study, we searched for genetic variants underlying differences in the gut microbiota in response to American and ketogenic diets, which are high in fat and vary in carbohydrate composition, between C57BL/6J (B6) and FVB/NJ (FVB) mouse strains. Results Genetic mapping of microbial features revealed 18 loci under the QTL model (i.e., marginal effects that are not specific to diet or sex), 12 loci under the QTL by diet model, and 1 locus under the QTL by sex model. Multiple metabolic and microbial features map to the distal part of Chr 1 and Chr 16 along with eigenvectors extracted from principal coordinate analysis of measures of β-diversity. Bilophila, Ruminiclostridium 9, and Rikenella (Chr 1) were identified as sex and diet independent QTL candidate keystone organisms and Rikenelleceae RC9 Gut Group (Chr 16) was identified as a diet-specific, candidate keystone organism in confirmatory factor analyses of traits mapping to these regions. For many microbial features, irrespective of which QTL model was used, diet or the interaction between diet and a genotype were the strongest predictors of the abundance of each microbial trait. Sex, while important to the analyses, was not as strong of a predictor for microbial abundances. Conclusions These results demonstrate that sex, diet, and genetic background have different magnitudes of effects on inter-individual differences in gut microbiota. Therefore, Precision Nutrition through the integration of genetic variation, microbiota, and sex affecting microbiota variation will be important to predict response to diets varying in carbohydrate composition.

The influx of nearly a million refugees from Myanmar’s Rakhine state to Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, in August 2017 put significant pressure on the regional landscape leading to land degradation due to biomass removal to provide shelter and fuel energy and posed critical challenges for both host and displaced population. This article emphasizes geospatial applications at different stages of addressing land degradation in Cox’s Bazar. A wide range of data and methods were used to delineate land tenure, estimate wood fuel demand and supply, assess land degradation, evaluate land restoration suitability, and monitor restoration activities. The quantitative and spatially explicit information from these geospatial assessments integrated with the technical guidelines for sustainable land management and an adaptive management strategy was critical in enabling a collaborative, multi-disciplinary and evidence-based approach to successfully restoring degraded landscapes in a displacement setting.

This study was conducted to determine factors influencing the intensity of BRRI cultivar adoption in the Aus season on farm households in the Jamalpur district. The data were collected through structured questionnaires from 200 randomly selected rice farmers from three upazilas in the Jamalpur district. The study employed descriptive statistics and Tobit-censored regression to determine the adoption and the intensity of the adoption. In addition, ten FGDs and expert panel interviews were conducted to verify the collected data. The results show that 88.04% of the area in Jamalpur district was cultivated with rice varieties developed by the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), with an average yield of 3.85 t/ha during the Aus season. The findings of the Tobit censored regression indicate that schooling, distance to the local market, distance to UAO, training, price variation, taste and preference, number of cultivated varieties, and yield variability were the significant factors of the intensity of BRRI variety adoption in the Aus season. The study's results suggested that breeders should also emphasise farmers' choices while developing varieties. In addition to developing new rice varieties, BRRI, the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Bangladesh Agricultural Corporation (BADC), and other seed-producing organisations need to work together to provide the farmers with good-quality seeds of BRRI varieties, which will increase the country's total production and thus help to ensure food safety.

This study aims to identify waves of pornography consumption illness in graduate students of the Department of Accounting and Information Systems, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh. Data have been collected from 53 recent students using five points Likert Scale to assess the agreed level of the respondents from August 2020 to October, 2020. For analyzing data, different statistical tools namely mode, correlation analysis, regression analysis, factor analysis, Mann-Whitney U- Test, Kruskal Wallis Test etc. are applied. The value of Cronbach's Alpha is 0.74 indicating acceptable position in measurement of the degree of internal consistency and the included variables of the study have a suitable reliability for analysis of the undertaken study. The total variance of the dependent variable is explained by the identified dependent variable is amounted by 76 percent with three factors as Factor-1: Identification of social disorder; Factor-2: Identification of sleeping disorder; Factor-3: Identification of friendship disorder to be the most influential factors which actually reflect key factors of pornography consumption illness. The study suggests that the effective actions should be taken to learn and maintain the habitual facts of the recent graduate students to confirm the effective human resources to fulfill the requirements of providing the better service to the family, society and state.

Buffalo is an emerging species after cattle though they have some phenotypic difference. To assess differentiation between species based on body measurements a factorial experiment (2 species × 3 ages) of CRD conducted in Bangladesh. Live weight of buffalo (464.2 kg) differed (P < 0.001) with cattle (388.5 kg) and it increased (P < 0.001) with the increase of age. A significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed in the case of body condition score (BCS). The skin of buffalo was found thicker (P < 0.001) than cattle. Nine of the body measurements of buffalo (heart girth (HG), barrel (Ba), horn length (HL), horn circumference (HC), thigh circumference (ThC), hind shank circumference (HsC), fore shank circumference (FsC), hook to hook distance (HHD), and pin to pin distance (PPD) were higher (P < 0.001) than cattle. Wither height (WH), muzzle (Mz), tail circumference (TC), and hook to pin distance (HPD) differed (P < 0.01) between the species. Hip height (HH) differed significantly (P < 0.05). All the body parameters and skin thickness showed age effects. Live weights of the two species had a strong correlation with HG and Ba (0.79 and 0.74, respectively). HG showed strong correlation with Ba, HC, HsC and HHD (0.84, 0.72, 0.73 and 0.78, respectively). The correlation coefficient between WH and HH were 0.84, and HsC and FsC was 0.78. HL had strong correlation with HC, FsC and HHD (0.88, 0.71 and 0.79, respectively). So, various phenotypic traits were responsible for the change of other traits positively.

Introduction: The expanding spectrum of therapeutic options for patients with Obstructive /surgical jaundice makes it necessary for the surgeon to precisely assess the etiology, location, level and extent of disease before operation. Aims were to compare the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of different imaging techniques like ultrasonography (USG), Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in evaluation of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice and correlation of histopathological findings after surgical/ therapeutic intervention. Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted in the Department of General Surgery and Hepatobilliary unit, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka during January 2015 to December 2015 for duration of one year to find out the role of different imaging techniques in diagnosis of malignant lesions causing obstructive jaundice in 50 cases who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Initial USG evaluation was followed by CT scan, MRCP and ERCP. The results were read by radiologists blinded to other imaging findings. Surgically fit patients with a stage of resectability should be offered the option of surgical resection for cure. For unresectable malignancies, the choice is between surgical palliation/bypass and ERCP with drainage. The characteristic surgical findings or ERCP features and histopathological diagnosis were recorded methodically as final. Results: Malignant obstructive jaundice is the commonest amongst the males and mean age was 47.56 ± 13.191 and the commonest etiology was Ca head of pancreas (30%). Diagnostic accuracy of MRCP (98%) in the diagnosis of malignant obstructive jaundice was relatively high (98%) as compared to ERCP (89.5%), CT (91.43%), USG (89.97%) in malignant obstructive jaundice respectively. In the diagnosis of malignant diseases, MRCP was more sensitive (95.83%) as compared to ERCP (89%), CT scan (91.67%) and ultrasonography (78.17%). Regarding specificity MRCP (100%) was the high in comparison among ERCP (94%), CT (90.91%) and USG (96.15%).Conclusion: It is concluded that malignant obstructive jaundice is the commonest amongst the males. Ca head of pancreas was the commonest malignant etiology in malignant obstructive jaundice. MRCP was superior to among USG, CT scan or ERCP in studying the malignant lesions. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2021; 39: 233-240

This paper offers a critical analysis of the arsenic-accumulating, transforming bacteria and their potential use and effect in remediating agricultural soil. Given the worldwide presence, sources, types, and pathways of arsenic, accumulating, and transforming bacteria, and the effect of arsenic contamination on plant and agricultural soil were studied. Diverse published studies have emphasized arsenic characteristics and effects on soil. In this study, we emphasized the biochemical process and the bioremediation mechanism of arsenic contamination. The method used to isolate and identify arsenic-resistant bacteria was also described. This paper provided an overview of the information about the contamination of arsenic, the effect of its accumulation in agricultural fields, and which bacteria are used to metabolize arsenic in soil. Various types of microbes, including Exiguobacterium, Aeromonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Acinetobacter, metabolize the activity of inorganic arsenic to generate their energy. The bacterial ars operon consists of three to five genes that are located in plasmids. These genes are involved in oxidation, reduction, methylation, or demethylation in the arsenic transformation process in bioremediation. For example, in arsenic (V) reduction, two microbial pathways known are the detoxification pathway arsC genes negotiate and the respiratory pathway arsA genes negotiate. Further, this paper demonstrates briefly the sources of arsenic contamination and its effect on plants and soils. It has been found that certain microbes’ genes facilitate the reduction and oxidization in arsenic toxicity and have some bioremediation capacity to reduce and immobilize the arsenic contamination in agricultural soil.