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Renovascular hypertension is characterized by increased renal sympathetic activity, angiotensin II and by endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in mediating the anti-hypertensive effects of aliskiren (ALSK) and L-arginine (L-ARG) in a rat renovascular hypertension model. Hypertension was induced by clipping the right renal artery, and the following five groups were divided: SHAM operated; 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C); 2K1C plus ALSK; 2K1C plus L-ARG; and 2K1C plus ALSK+ L-ARG. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 2K1C rats increased from 114.4±5.2 to 204±12.7 mm Hg (P0.05) and was only reduced by ALSK+L-ARG treatment (138.4±4.37 mm Hg). The 2K1C hypertension increased the baseline RSNA (SHAM: 62.4±6.39 vs. 2K1C: 97.4±8.43%). L-ARG or ALSK+L-ARG treatment significantly decreased baseline RSNA (2K1C L-ARG:70.7±2.39; 2K1C ALSK+L-ARG: 69.3±4.23%), but ALSK treatment alone did not (2K1C ALSK: 84.2±2.5%). Urinary water, Na(+), Cl(-) and urea excretion were similar in the 2K1C L-ARG, 2K1C ALSK+L-ARG and SHAM groups. The combination of ALSK+L-ARG restored urine flow and increased the glomerular filtration rate. The nNOS expression in the non clipped kidney was significantly increased in 2K1C ALSK+L-ARG rats. In conclusion, combined ALSK+L-ARG treatment normalizes SBP and prevents renal dysfunction in 2K1C hypertensive rats.

This paper aimed to evaluate food consumption of bank employees and its association with socioeconomic, behavioral and labor factors. This is a cross-sectional study with 515 bank employees. To evaluate food consumption, a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used. The analysis of main components with Varimax rotation was used to determine the dietary patterns. Three dietary patterns were identified: "vegetables, fruits, cereals and tubers", "sweets and snacks" and "traditional and protein". We found that individuals who did not consume sweeteners were more likely to adhere to the "vegetables, fruits, cereals and tubers" pattern and were less likely to adhere to the "sweets and snacks" and "traditional and protein" patterns. Bank employees who rarely ate in restaurants were three times more likely to adhere to the "sweets and snacks" pattern. However, those who used to consume industrialized seasoning and those who reported receiving low social support were, respectively, 2.3 and 1.5 times more likely to adhere to the "traditional and protein" pattern. We can conclude that food consumption of bank employees is not related to the sociodemographic conditions of these individuals, and behavior and perception of social support received is associated with these dietary patterns.O presente artigo busca avaliar o consumo alimentar de trabalhadores bancários e sua associação com fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais e laborais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 515 bancários. Para avaliar o consumo alimentar foi utilizado Questionário de Frequência Alimentar semiquantitativo, empregando-se a análise de componentes principais com rotação varimax para determinação dos padrões alimentares. Foram identificados três padrões alimentares: “hortaliças, frutas, cereais e tubérculos”, “doces e petiscos” e “tradicional e proteico”. Constatou-se que os indivíduos que não consumiam adoçantes possuíam mais chances de aderirem ao padrão “hortaliças, frutas, cereais e tubérculos” e menos chances de aderirem aos padrões “doces e petiscos” e “tradicional e proteico”. Os bancários, que raramente comiam em restaurante, tinham três vezes mais adesão ao “doces e petiscos”. Entretanto, os que consumiam temperos industrializados e os que relataram receber baixo apoio social tinham, respectivamente, 2,3 e 1,5 vezes mais chances de aderirem ao “tradicional e proteico”. Conclui-se que o consumo alimentar de bancários não está relacionado às condições sociodemográficas destes indivíduos, estando associado a estes padrões alimentares, o comportamento e a percepção do apoio social recebido.

Aim The action of oestrogen has traditionally been attributed to the activation of nuclear receptors (ERα and ERβ). A third receptor, the G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER), has been described as mediator of the rapid action of oestrogen. Based on the possible protective role of oestrogen in the cardiovascular system, the present study was designed to determine whether selective GPER activation induces relaxation of mesenteric resistance arteries in both sexes and which signalling pathways are involved. Main methods Third-order mesenteric arteries were isolated, and concentration-response curves were plotted following the cumulative addition of the selective GPER agonist G-1 (1 nM − 10 μM) following induction of contraction with phenylephrine (3 μM). The vasodilatory effects of G-1 were assessed before and after removal of the endothelium or incubation for 30 min with nitric oxide synthase (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester - L-NAME, 300 μM) and cyclooxygenase (indomethacin – INDO, 10 μM) inhibitors alone or combined, PI3K-Akt pathway inhibitor (LY-294,002, 2.5 μM) or a potassium channel blocker (tetraethylammonium – TEA, 5 mM). GPER immunolocalisation was also performed on the investigated arteries. Key findings The tested GPER agonist induced concentration-dependent relaxation of the mesenteric resistance arteries without differences related to sex that were partially endothelium dependent, mainly mediated by the PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway and attenuated by nonspecific potassium channel blockade. In addition, the endothelial GPER immunolocalisation was stronger among females. Significance This evidence provides a new perspective for understanding the mechanisms involved in the vascular responses triggered by oestrogen via GPER in both sexes.

Estrogen deficiency and hypertension are considered major risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease. On the other hand, exercise training is considered an effective form to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of swimming training (SW) on coronary vascular reactivity in female ovariectomized hypertensive rats are not known. We aimed to evaluate the effects of SW on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in ovariectomized hypertensive rats. Three-month old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n=50) were divided into four groups: sham (SH), sham plus swimming training (SSW), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized plus swimming training (OSW). The SW protocol (5 times/week, 60 min/day) was conducted for 8 weeks. The vasodilatory response was measured in isolated hearts in the absence and presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 100 µM). Cardiac oxidative stress was evaluated in situ by dihydroethidium fluorescence, while the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-2 and catalase) and their activities were assessed by western blotting and spectrophotometry, respectively. Vasodilation in SHR was significantly reduced by OVX, even in the presence of L-NAME, in conjunction with an increased oxidative stress. These effects were prevented by SW, and were associated with a decrease in oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) and catalase expression increased only in the OSW group. However, no significant difference was found in the activity of these enzymes. In conclusion, SW prevented the endothelial dysfunction in the coronary bed of ovariectomized SHR associated with an increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and therefore may prevent coronary heart disease in hypertensive postmenopausal women.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o perfil químico de folhas de Alpinia purpurata K. Schum (AP), assim como a reatividade vascular e o efeito hipotensor agudo (EHA) do extrato etanólico de folhas de AP (EEAP). Avliou-se o perfil químico utilizando-se HPLC-UV, ICP-OES e quantificação colorimétrica de flavonoides e polifenóis totais. A reatividade vascular foi determinada utilizando leito mesentérico isolado de ratos WKY. Curvas dose-resposta do EEAP e do material inorgânico da AP (IAP) foram realizadas em animais SHR e WKY. Determinaram-se a segurança citotóxica e mutagênica pelo teste de micronúcleos. Flavonoides tipo rutina foram quantificados no EEAP (1,8±0,03%) e flavonoide total e polifenóis foram de 4,1±1,8% e 5,1±0,3%, respectivamente. Observou-se ação vasodilatadora do EEAP, mediada parcialmente pelo óxido nítrico (·NO). O IAP revelou a presença de cálcio (137,76±4.08 μg.mg-1 de Ca). O EEAP e IAP apresentaram EHA em animais WKY e SHR. Não se observaram efeitos citotóxicos e alterações cromossômicas provocadas pelo EEAP. O EEAP mostrou um EHA que poderia resultar de ação vascular dependente do endotélio. Rutina, entre outros polifenóis e flavonoides, poderia estar contribuindo para essas atividades biológicas e o cálcio presente no EEAP, poderia agir de maneira sinérgica. The aims of this study were to evaluate the chemical profile, vascular reactivity, and acute hypotensive effect (AHE) of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum (EEAP). Its chemical profile was evaluated using HPLC-UV, ICP-OES, and colorimetric quantification of total flavonoids and polyphenols. The vascular reactivity of the extract was determined using the mesenteric bed isolated from WKY. AHE dose-response curves were obtained for both EEAP and inorganic material isolated from AP (IAP) in WKY and SHR animals. Cytotoxic and mutagenic safety levels were determined by the micronucleus test. Rutin-like flavonoids were quantified in the EEAP (1.8 ± 0.03%), and the total flavonoid and polyphenol ratios were 4.1 ± 1.8% and 5.1 ± 0.3%, respectively. We observed that the vasodilation action of EEAP was partially mediated by nitric oxide (·NO). The IAP showed the presence of calcium (137.76 ± 4.08 μg mg-1). The EEAP and IAP showed an AHE in WKY and SHR animals. EEAP did not have cytotoxic effects or cause chromosomic alterations. The AHE shown by EEAP could result from its endothelium-dependent vascular action. Rutin-like flavonoids, among other polyphenols, could contribute to these biological activities, and the calcium present in EEAP could act in a synergistic way.

The maintenance of extracellular Na+ and Cl- concentrations in mammals depends, at least in part, on renal function. It has been shown that neural and endocrine mechanisms regulate extracellular fluid volume and transport of electrolytes along nephrons. Studies of sex hormones and renal nerves suggested that sex hormones modulate renal function, although this relationship is not well understood in the kidney. To better understand the role of these hormones on the effects that renal nerves have on Na+ and Cl- reabsorption, we studied the effects of renal denervation and oophorectomy in female rats. Oophorectomized (OVX) rats received 17β-estradiol benzoate (OVE, 2.0 mg·kg-1·day-1, sc) and progesterone (OVP, 1.7 mg·kg-1·day-1, sc). We assessed Na+ and Cl- fractional excretion (FENa+ and FECl- , respectively) and renal and plasma catecholamine release concentrations. FENa+ , FECl- , water intake, urinary flow, and renal and plasma catecholamine release levels increased in OVX vs control rats. These effects were reversed by 17β-estradiol benzoate but not by progesterone. Renal denervation did not alter FENa+ , FECl- , water intake, or urinary flow values vs controls. However, the renal catecholamine release level was decreased in the OVP (236.6±36.1 ng/g) and denervated rat groups (D: 102.1±15.7; ODE: 108.7±23.2; ODP: 101.1±22.1 ng/g). Furthermore, combining OVX + D (OD: 111.9±25.4) decreased renal catecholamine release levels compared to either treatment alone. OVE normalized and OVP reduced renal catecholamine release levels, and the effects on plasma catecholamine release levels were reversed by ODE and ODP replacement in OD. These data suggest that progesterone may influence catecholamine release levels by renal innervation and that there are complex interactions among renal nerves, estrogen, and progesterone in the modulation of renal function.

Monica Cattafesta,1 Nazaré Souza Bissoli,2 Luciane Bresciani Salaroli,1,31Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, 2Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, 3Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Department of Health Integrated Education, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil Background: The ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP) is used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, but it is not well described as a marker for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods: An observational and transversal study of bank employees evaluated anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical data. CRP values were determined using commercial kits from Roche Diagnostics Ltd, and MS criteria were analyzed according to National Cholesterol Education Program’s – Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III). Results: A total of 88 individuals had MS, and 77.3% (n=68) of these showed alterations of us-CRP (P=0.0001, confidence interval [CI] 0.11–0.34). Individuals with MS had higher mean values of us-CRP in global measures (P=0.0001) and stratified by sex (P=0.004) than individuals without the syndrome. This marker exhibited significant differences with varying criteria for MS, such as waist circumference (P=0.0001), triglycerides (P=0.002), and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.007), and the highest levels of us-CRP were found in individuals with more MS criteria. Conclusion: us-CRP was strongly associated with the presence of MS and MS criteria in this group of workers. us-CRP is a useful and effective marker for identifying the development of MS and may be used as a reference in routine care. Keywords: C-reactive protein, bank employees, metabolic syndrome, inflammation mediators, occupational health

Cardiovascular and immune system abnormalities have been reported in females with estrogen deficiency. To control these disorders in post-menopausal women, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used. Tibolone has been used as a HRT, but the effects of tibolone on the natriuretic peptide system have not been determined. We investigated the effects of tibolone on the natriuretic peptide system and pro-inflammatory cytokines in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Female rats were divided into four groups: SHAM, OVX, OVX treated with 17β-estradiol (OVX+E: 14days) and OVX treated with tibolone (OVX+T: 14days) beginning 21days after ovariectomy. On day 35, blood was collected to determine atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. In addition, tissues were collected for determining ANP, natriuretic peptide receptor type-A (NPR-A), and NPR type-C (NPR-C) gene expression levels by RT-PCR. The cytokine levels of both IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in OVX animals. In comparison, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were reduced in OVX+E animals. TNF-α levels were reduced similarly in OVX+T animals, but IL-6 levels remained elevated in this group. The concentrations of ANP in the left atrium tissue and plasma were decreased after ovariectomy, as were ANP mRNA levels in the left atrium and NPR-A mRNA levels in kidney. No variation in NPR-C gene expression in the kidney tissue was observed among the groups. Tibolone and 17β-estradiol effectively increased plasma ANP and ANP mRNA levels in the left atrium, but did not normalize renal NPR-A levels. Since HRT with tibolone normalizes plasma ANP and serum TNF-alpha levels our results suggest that treatment with tibolone has anti-inflammatory effects and could prevent cardiovascular disease in the long-term.

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a pharmaceutical care (PC) program in a sample of public outpatients with metabolic syndrome (MS) who were being treated in Brazil's health system; the patients were randomized into PC or standard care. The pharmacotherapy follow-up (PF) was performed in a total of 120 patients with type 2 diabetes for 6 months. Adherence to treatment (measured with the Morisky test), negative outcomes associated with medication (NOM) and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured before and after PF. The Framingham scoring method was used to estimate changes in 10-year coronary heart disease risk scores in all patients. Ninety-six of 120 patients had characteristics of MS and were randomized into two groups (G): the control group (CG: 36) and the intervention group (IG: 38). Among the MS patients, 100% were taking a glucose-lowering drug; many were also taking anti-hypertensive drugs (CG: 72%; IG: 73%), and some patients were also taking hypolipemic drugs (CG: 12.0%; IG: 14.7%). Only 20.7% of the IG patients were considered adherent to their prescribed drugs. In the CG, an increase of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk (22±2 to 26±3; pO objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar o impacto de um Programa de atenção Farmacêutica (AF) em uma amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais de Sistema Público de Saúde do Brasil portadores de Síndrome Metabólica, randomizados em AF ou atenção à saúde usual. Realizou-se o seguimento farmacoterapêutico com 120 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 durante seis meses. Avaliou-se o nível de aderência ao tratamento (teste Morisky), resultados clínicos negativos associados a medicamentos (RNM), parâmetros bioquímicos e antropométricos, antes e após o seguimento. O método de Framingham foi usado para calcular as variações no risco de doenças coronarianas em 10 anos em todos os pacientes. Dos 120 pacientes, 96 tiveram características de SM e foram então randomizados em dois grupos (G): Controle (GC: 36) e Intervenção (GI: 38). Entre os pacientes com SM, 100% faziam uso de medicamentos para diminuir a glicose, anti-hipertensivos (GC: 72%; GI: 73%) e hipoglicemiantes (GC: 12.0%; GI: 14.7%). Apenas 20,7% do GI foram considerados aderentes aos fármacos prescritos. No GC foi observado aumento do risco de Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC) (22±2 para 26±3; p

Resumo O estresse ocupacional tornou-se uma das principais causas de adoecimento, constituindo-se importante risco ao bem-estar psicossocial dos trabalhadores. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de estresse ocupacional em funcionários de uma rede bancária da Grande Vitória/ES e verificar sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e características do trabalho. Foi realizado um estudo transversal envolvendo 525 funcionários bancários. O estresse ocupacional foi avaliado utilizando-se a versão reduzida da Job Stress Scale. Procedeu-se a analise multivariada para verificar a associação entre os quadrantes de Karasek e as variáveis independentes. Verificou-se que a maioria dos bancários pertenceu ao quadrante de trabalho passivo (34,4%, n = 179), avaliado como de risco intermediário ao estresse ocupacional. Considerando a categoria de baixa exigência como padrão, estiveram associadas ao maior risco de estresse, possuir baixa escolaridade (Odds 3,69, IC 1,64 – 8,28), trabalhar nas agências bancárias (Odds 2,55, IC 1,36 – 4,77), trabalhar no banco há mais de 5 anos (Odds 3,32, IC 1,89 - 5,81), ter carga horária diária de trabalho de 6h (Odds 2,72, IC 1,27 – 5,81), e principalmente apresentar baixo apoio social (Odds 2,57, IC 1,45 - 4,56). Abstract Occupational stress has become a major cause of illness and a major risk to the psychological and social well-being of workers. In this context, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of occupational stress in employees of a banking network in the municipal region of Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, and its association with sociodemographic variables and work characteristics. This cross-sectional study involved 525 bank employees. Occupational stress was evaluated using the short version of the Job Stress Scale. A multivariate analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between the Karasek quadrants and the independent variables. It was found that most bank employees belonged to the “passive jobs” quadrant (34.4%, n = 179) and were considered to have an intermediate risk of occupational stress. Considering the “low demand jobs” category as the standard, the increased risk of stress was associated with low education levels (odds ratio, 3.69, 95% CI, 1.64–8.28), working in bank agencies (odds ratio, 2.55, 95% CI, 1.36–4.77), a length of employment at the bank of more than five years (odds ratio, 3.32, 95% CI, 1.89–5.81), a daily work period of six hours (odds ratio, 2.72, 95% CI, 1.27–5.81), and, mainly, low social support (odds ratio, 2.57, 95% CI 1.45– 4.56).

The androgen nandrolone decanoate (ND) is known to cause cardiovascular abnormalities, such as attenuation of the Bezold–Jarisch Reflex (BJR), cardiac hypertrophy, and elevation of mean arterial pressure (MAP). Futhermore, a relationship between androgens and the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of RAS on the BJR, cardiac and prostatic hypertrophy, and MAP evoked by ND. For this, male Wistar rats were treated with ND (10 mg·(kg body mass)–1 for 8 weeks; DECA), or vehicle (control animals; CON), or enalapril (10 mg·(kg body mass)–1, daily; CONE), or ND and enalapril (10 mg ND + 10 mg enalapril per kilogram of body mass; DECAE). After 8 weeks of treatment, the BJR was evaluated by bradycardia and hypotensive responses that were elicited by serotonin administration (2–32 µg·(kg body mass)–1). MAP was assessed; cardiac and prostate hypertrophy were determined by the ratio of the tissue mass:body mass, and by histological analysis of the heart. Animals from the DECA group showed prostatic and cardiac hypertrophy, elevation in mean arterial pressure, and an impairment of BJR. Co-treatment with enalapril inhibited these changes. The data from the present study suggest that RAS has an impact on BJR attenuation, cardiac and prostatic hypertrophy, and the elevation in MAP evoked by ND.

The aim of this study was to compare, under resting conditions, the influence of chronic training in swimming or running on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the involvement of the natriuretic peptide system in this response. Two-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were divided into three groups—sedentary (SD), swimming (SW) and running (RN)—and were trained for eight weeks under regimens of similar intensities. Atria tissue and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. ANP mRNA levels in the right and left atria as well as the natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR), NPR-A and NPR-C, mRNA levels in the kidney were determined by real-time PCR. Autoradiography was used to quantify NPR-A and NPR-C in mesenteric adipose tissue. Both training modalities, swimming and running, reduced the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of SHR. Swimming, but not running, training increased plasma levels of ANP compared to the sedentary group (P

Tamoxifen has been associated with a reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction. However, the effects of tamoxifen on coronary reactivity have not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of chronic treatment with tamoxifen on coronary vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Female SHR were divided into four groups (N = 7 each): sham-operated (SHAM), sham-operated and treated with tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) by gavage for 90 days (TAMOX), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized and treated with tamoxifen (OVX+TAMOX). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), and coronary vascular reactivity were measured. MAP and HR were reduced (9.42 and 11.67%, respectively) in the OVX+TAMOX group compared to the OVX group (P < 0.01). The coronary vascular reactivity of the OVX+TAMOX group presented smaller vasoconstrictor responses to acetylcholine (2-64 µg) when compared to the OVX group (P < 0.01) and this response was similar to that of the SHAM group. The adenosine-induced vasodilator response was greater in the TAMOX group compared to the SHAM and OVX groups (P < 0.05). Baseline CPP was higher in OVX+TAMOX and TAMOX groups (136 ± 3.6 and 130 ± 1.5 mmHg) than in OVX and SHAM groups (96 ± 2 and 119 ± 2.3 mmHg; P < 0.01). Tamoxifen, when combined with OVX, attenuated the vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine and increased the adenosine-induced vasodilatory response, as well as reducing the MAP, suggesting beneficial effects of tamoxifen therapy on coronary vascular reactivity after menopause.

Raloxifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator that has been approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Studies have revealed several effects of raloxifene on the cardiovascular system, which might contribute to the blood pressure regulatory mechanisms, particularly in the systemic arterial hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of raloxifene on the blood pressure, renal excretion of water and Na(+) and plasma nitrite/nitrate levels in 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive female rats. The groups were as follows: hypertensive (2K1C), hypertensive ovariectomized (2K1C + OVX) and hypertensive ovariectomized treated with raloxifene (2K1C + OVX + R). Seven days after the surgery that produced menopause, 2K1C hypertension was produced in anaesthetized animals. Seven days after the clip application, the rats were put into metabolic cages to allow for the measurement of water ingestion and diuresis, and raloxifene was administered (2 mg/kg/day i.p., for 7 more days). We found a large reduction (p < 0.01) in mean arterial pressure (197 ± 6 to 164 ± 2 mmHg), an increase in renal excretion of sodium and water (p < 0.05) and an increase in plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate in 2K1C + OVX + R animals, when compared with the 2K1C (23.4 ± 1 versus 14 ± 0.5 nmol/mL; p < 0.01, respectively). These findings suggest that raloxifene exerted its antihypertensive effect, at least in part, by improving the renal excretion of sodium and water.

Aim: The relaxation induced by oestrogen in the coronary vascular bed from normotensive rats has been well described. However, almost nothing is known about this action in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We investigated the effect of 17 β-oestradiol (E 2 ) in coronary arteries from SHR as well as the contribution of the endothelium and the vascular smooth muscle to this action. Methods: Coronary arteries from male and female rats were used. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and baseline coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) were determined. The effects of 10 μM E 2 were assessed by in bolus administration before and after endothelium denudation (0.25 μM sodium deoxycholate) or perfusion with 100 μM N ω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester ( L -NAME), 2.8 μM indomethacin, 0.75 μM clotrimazole, 100 μM L -NAME after endothelium denudation (0.25 μM sodium deoxycholate), 100 μM L -NAME plus 2.8 μM indomethacin, 0.75 μM clotrimazole plus 2.8 μM indomethacin and 4 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA). Results: MAP was higher in the male group, while CPP was higher in the female group (P < 0.05). There were no differences in E 2 -induced relaxation between females and males (-17 ± 1.6 vs. -17 ± 2% respectively). Only in the female group the E 2 response was significantly attenuated after endothelium removal or perfusion with clotrimazole. The response to E 2 was reduced in both groups with L -NAME, L -NAME plus indomethacin, L -NAME after endothelium removal or TEA. Conclusions: Nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and potassium channels may have the most important role to E 2 response in the female group, whereas nitric oxide and potassium channels may have the most important role in the male group.

Ultrasound lipoclasia (USL) on white adipose tissue (WAT) has been largely used in the treatment of cellulite. Nevertheless, the acute consequences of this therapy on metabolism and biochemical profile are significant and should be taken into account.To analyze the acute metabolic effects of USL in WAT of healthy rats using analyses of body composition, biochemical profile, and inflammatory markers.Female Wistar rats weighing approximately 250 g were divided into two groups (n=10 each): control and treated. The treated group was submitted to USL, a single 3-MHz ultrasound application (5.6 W/cm(2)), in gluteal-femoral WAT (3 cm(2)) for 3 minutes. Animals were subjected to glycemic control. Body composition was analyzed using bio-impedance, and lipid profile, insulinemia, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured.USL reduced (p.05) body fat mass. The basal metabolic rate was found to have increased (p.05). Basal insulin and the lipoprotein profile were not different, although the glycemic curve and CRP and LDH (p.05) levels were higher.Fat mobilization using USL provokes acute hyperglycemia and enhances an acute inflammatory response, producing cardiometabolic risk in female rats.

The present study was designed to evaluate the satisfaction of users of a Pharmaceutical Care (PC) service in a private communitarian pharmacy in Vitória (ES, Brazil). In this transversal observational study, patient interviews were performed by an experimenter that had no relationship with the establishments evaluated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire used a five point Likert scale, in which smaller numbers represented lower levels of satisfaction. For comparison, user satisfaction was also evaluated for two pharmaceutical establishments that do not have standardized PC services. In these cases, age-matched patients were selected randomly. A higher level of satisfaction was reported by users of the PC service, with values between three and five. The higher averages for the establishment with PC service were the result of greater perceived pharmacist interest in the patient's health. As the same results were not obtained by the services without PC, it was concluded that this practice is very important to the satisfaction level of users of pharmacy services.O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a satisfação de usuários de um serviço de atenção farmacêutica, implantado em uma farmácia comunitária privada no município de Vitória - ES. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de corte transversal, cuja coleta dos dados se deu por meio da aplicação de um questionário de satisfação. O instrumento foi aplicado por indivíduo treinado e sem vínculo com os estabelecimentos avaliados. Foi utilizada uma escala de intensidade de cinco pontos do tipo Likert, cujo menor número representa a opção "ruim" e o maior à opção "excelente". Também foi avaliado, para efeito de comparação, o nível de satisfação de usuários de dois outros estabelecimentos farmacêuticos que não possuíam esta prática implantada. Neste caso, os pacientes foram selecionados de forma aleatória, porém pareados pela idade. Foi obtido um alto nível de satisfação dos usuários do serviço de atenção farmacêutica. Os valores obtidos estavam entre 3 e 5, numa escala que varia de 1 a 5 pontos, sendo que as médias mais altas se referiam ao interesse do farmacêutico pela saúde do paciente. Como nos demais estabelecimentos o nível de satisfação foi inferior, foi possível concluir que o serviço de atenção farmacêutica foi o responsável pelo excelente resultado obtido.

Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and independent associated risk factors in adolescents in the city of Vitoria, Brazil. Methods: We assessed 380 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years attending public schools. Body mass index and blood pressure at rest were measured. Fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were also obtained. Results: The prevalence of overweight was 9.6% for boys and 7.4% for girls, while obesity was found in 6.2 and 4.9%, respectively. Triglyceride concentrations were borderline or high in 6.8 and 3.4% of the boys and in 11.8 and 5.9% of the girls. HDL-cholesterol was below recommended levels in 8.5% of the boys and in 9.9% of the girls. Blood pressure at rest was borderline for 5.1% of the boys and 7.9% of the girls, while 3.4% of both boys and girls were hypertensive. Fasting glycemia was high in 0.6% of the boys and in 0.5% of the girls. In the group studied, 2.8% of the boys and 2.5% of the girls had two risk factors associated with MS. Prevalence of MS was 1.1% for boys and 1.5% for girls, and overall prevalence was 1.3%. Conclusions: MS and associated cardiovascular risk factors are serious clinical conditions in this age group. A significant number of adolescents showed borderline results, which may increase the prevalence of MS or independent risk factors in the short term. More investments should be made in primary prevention, considering that early diagnosis is an issue of fundamental importance.

OBJETIVO: O consumo máximo de oxigênio tem sido sugerido como medida preferível em relação a questionários de atividade física para expressar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, por sua maior objetividade e menor possibilidade de erros. Estudos indicam que essa medida se correlaciona melhor com as doenças cardiovasculares. Este trabalho propõe-se a associar fatores de risco cardiovasculares em adolescentes ao nível de aptidão cardiorrespiratória. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 380 escolares, 177 meninos e 203 meninas (10 a 14 anos), que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica, medidas hemodinâmicas (pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca), teste cardiopulmonar e perfil bioquímico (triglicerídeos, colesterol total e frações). RESULTADOS: Nos meninos, observou-se diferença significativa entre grupo "fraco" e "não fraco" para as médias de freqüência cardíaca basal, consumo máximo de oxigênio, índice de massa corporal e triglicerídeos. Nas meninas, as diferenças significativas foram nas médias de freqüência cardíaca basal, consumo máximo de oxigênio e índice de massa corporal. Em ambos os sexos, o grupo classificado como "fraco" apresentou maior número significativo de indivíduos com excesso de peso em relação ao grupo "não fraco" (x² = 25,242; p = 0,000; x² = 12,683; p = 0,000, para meninos e meninas, respectivamente). Associação significativa entre aptidão cardiorrespiratória e triglicerídeos (x² = 3,944; p = 0,047) observou-se apenas para o sexo masculino. CONCLUSÕES: A aptidão cardiorrespiratória mais baixa parece ter influência negativa sobre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares em adolescentes, especialmente em relação ao excesso de peso em ambos os gêneros e ao perfil bioquímico no sexo masculino, evidenciando para a necessidade de intervenções preventivas precoces. OBJECTIVE: Maximum oxygen uptake is emerging as the measure of preference for expressing cardiorespiratory fitness for the purposes of surveys of physical activity, due to its greater objectivity and lower propensity to errors. Studies indicate that this measure is better correlated with cardiovascular diseases. This paper proposes to relate cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with their level of cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS: The study enrolled 380 schoolchildren, 177 boys and 203 girls (10 to 14 years old), who were divided into two groups according to their cardiorespiratory fitness. Anthropometric assessment was carried out, hemodynamic measurements (arterial pressure and heart rate) were taken, cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed and biochemical tests were run (triglycerides, total and partial cholesterol). RESULTS: Among the boys, significant differences were observed between boys defined as "weak" and those classed as "not weak" in terms of baseline heart rate, maximum oxygen uptake, body mass index and triglycerides. Among the girls, significant differences were detected between baseline heart rates, maximum oxygen uptake and body mass indices. In both sexes, the group classified as "weak" exhibited a significantly greater number of overweight individuals that the "not weak" group (x² = 25.242; p = 0.000; x² = 12.683; p = 0.000, for boys and girls, respectively). A significant association between cardiorespiratory fitness and triglycerides (x² = 3.944; p = 0.047) was observed among the boys only. CONCLUSIONS: A low level of cardiorespiratory fitness appears to have a negative influence on cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents, especially with relation to overweight in both sexes and to biochemical profile in the male sex, providing evidence of the need for early preventative interventions.

This study evaluated the effects of the isolated use of a low dose of methyltestosterone (MT) on cardiovascular reflexes and hormonal levels and its geno- and cytotoxic safety in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6), respectively: SHAM (received vehicle methylcellulose 0.5%), SHAM + MT (received MT 0.05 mg/kg), OVX (received vehicle), and OVX + MT (received MT). Twenty-one days after ovariectomy, treatment was given orally daily for 28 days. The Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) was analyzed by measuring the bradycardic and hypotensive responses elicited by phenylbiguanide (PBG) administration. The baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated by phenylephrine and sodium nitroprussite. Myocyte hypertrophy was determined by morphometric analysis of H&E stained slides. Biochemical data were analyzed, as well as micronucleus assay. MT improved BRS and increased testosterone values, but did not change estradiol in the OVX group. MT did not promote changes in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, BJR, serum concentrations of troponin I, weight and histopathology of the heart. MT was able to restore the BRS in OVX rats. The geno- and cytotoxic safety of the MT was demonstrated by the absence of an increase in the micronucleus (PCEMN) or change in the ratio between normochromatic erythrocytes and polychromatic erythrocytes (NCE/PCE).

There are several evidences of cardiovascular damage by use anabolic steroids androgenic (AAS). However, little is known about the cardiac effects of abusive use of AAS by women. Aim of this study ...

Introduction: In the present study, we compared telmisartan, an angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker (ARB), and treadmill running exercise training on bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical prope...

Pain is a common symptom in patients with cancer, including those with head and neck cancer (HNC). While studies suggest an association between chronic inflammation and pain, levels of inflammatory...

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the antihypertensive effect of leaves Mangifera indica L. using in vitro and in vivo assays. Methodology: The ethanol extract of leaves of M. indica was fractionated to dichloromethanic, n-butyl alcohol and aqueous fractions. The chemical composition of ethanolic extract and dichloromethanic fraction were evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Antioxidant activity was evaluated in the DPPH scavenging activity assay. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was investigated using in vitro and in vivo assays. The chronic antihypertensive assay was performed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar rats treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg), dichloromethanic fraction (100 mg/kg; twice a day) or vehicle control for 30 days. The baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated through the use of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by morphometric analysis. Results: The dichloromethanic fraction exhibited the highest flavonoid, total phenolic content and high antioxidant activity. Dichloromethanic fraction elicited ACE inhibitory activity in vitro (99 ± 8%) similar to captopril. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of ferulic acid (48.3 ± 0.04 µg/g) caffeic acid (159.8 ± 0.02 µg/g), gallic acid (142.5 ± 0.03 µg/g), apigenin (11.0 ± 0.01 µg/g) and quercetin (203.3 ± 0.05 µg/g). The chronic antihypertensive effects elicited by dichloromethanic fraction were similar to those of enalapril, and the baroreflex sensitivity was normalized in SHR. Plasma ACE activity and cardiac hypertrophy were comparable with animals treated with enalapril. Conclusions: Dichloromethanic fraction of M. indica presented an antihypertensive effect, most likely by ACE inhibition, with benefits in baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac hypertrophy. Altogether, the results of the present study suggest that the dichloromethanic fraction of M. indica leaves may have potential as a promoting antihypertensive agent.

Anabolic androgenic steroids lead to cardiac complications and have been shown to exhibit proapoptotic effects in cardiac cells; however, the mechanism involved in those effects is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess whether apoptosis and the activation of caspase-3 (Casp-3) induced by testosterone in high concentrations involves increments in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in cardiomyocytes (H9c2) cell cultures. Cardiomyocytes were treated with testosterone (5 × 10−6 mol/L), doxorubicin (9.2 × 10−6 mol/L), testosterone + etanercept (Eta; 6.67 × 10−5 mol/L), testosterone + losartan (Los; 10−7 mol/L), and testosterone + AC-DEVD-CHO (10−5 mol/L; Casp-3 inhibitor). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and by the proteolytic activity of Casp-3. We demonstrated that incubation of H9c2 cells for 48 h with testosterone causes the apoptotic death of 60–70% of the cells and co-treatments with Eta, Los, or AC-DEVD-CHO reduced this effect. Testosterone also induces apoptosis (concentration dependent) and increases the proteolytic activity of Casp-3, which were reduced by co-treatments. TNF-α and ACE activities were elevated by testosterone treatment, while co-treatment with Los and Eta reduced these effects. We concluded that an interaction between testosterone, angiotensin II, and TNF-α induced apoptosis and Casp-3 activity in cultured cardiomyocytes, which contributed to the reduced viability of these cells induced by testosterone in toxic concentrations.

BackgroundThere is growing interest in sex differences and RAS components. However, whether gender influences cardiac angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity is still unknown. In the present work, we determined the relationship between ACE and ACE2 activity, left ventricular function and gender in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).Methodology/principal findingsTwelve-week-old female (F) and male (M) SHRs were divided into 2 experimental groups (n = 7 in each group): sham (S) and gonadectomized (G). Fifty days after gonadectomy, we measured positive and negative first derivatives (dP/dt maximum left ventricle (LV) and dP/dt minimum LV, respectively), hypertrophy (morphometric analysis) and ACE and ACE2 catalytic activity (fluorimetrically). Expression of calcium handling proteins was measured by western blot. Male rats exhibited higher cardiac ACE and ACE2 activity as well as hypertrophy compared to female rats. Orchiectomy decreased the activity of these enzymes and hypertrophy, while ovariectomy increased hypertrophy and ACE2, but did not change ACE activity. For cardiac function, the male sham group had a lower +dP/dt than the female sham group. After gonadectomy, the +dP/dt increased in males and reduced in females. The male sham group had a lower -dP/dt than the female group. After gonadectomy, the -dP/dt increased in the male and decreased in the female groups when compared to the sham group. No difference was observed among the groups in SERCA2a protein expression. Gonadectomy increased protein expression of PLB (phospholamban) and the PLB to SERCA2a ratio in female rats, but did not change in male rats.ConclusionOvariectomy leads to increased cardiac hypertrophy, ACE2 activity, PLB expression and PLB to SERCA2a ratio, and worsening of hemodynamic variables, whereas in males the removal of testosterone has the opposite effects on RAS components.

OBJETIVO: A identificação de valores populacionais do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx) auxilia nos estudos que se propõem a relacionar a aptidão física ao risco cardiovascular, bem como na prescrição do exercício e na análise do efeito do treinamento. Em amostras de adolescentes da população brasileira, ainda não existem informações para classificação desse parâmetro. Portanto, a proposta inédita deste estudo foi de determinar os valores médios de VO2 máx de uma amostra da população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foi selecionada aleatoriamente uma amostra de 380 escolares (177 meninos e 203 meninas) da rede pública de Vitória (ES), com idade de 10 a 14 anos. Após avaliação antropométrica, foram submetidos a teste cardiopulmonar para medida direta do VO2 máx, cujos valores foram classificados de acordo com o quintil calculado a partir da amostra estudada. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de VO2 máx encontrados para os meninos foram de 42,95 a 49,55 mL.kg-1.min-1 e, nas meninas, entre 36,76 e 38,29 mL.kg-1.min-1. CONCLUSÕES: O presente trabalho propõe faixas de valores médios de VO2 máx como parâmetro para classificação de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, além de contribuir para a definição dos valores de normalidade da população brasileira. Essa classificação auxilia também no estabelecimento de pontos de corte para estudos posteriores.

The two-kidney, one-clip renovascular (2K1C) hypertension model is characterized by a reduction in renal flow on the clipped artery that activates the renin-angiotensin system. Endothelium dysfunction, including diminished nitric oxide production, is also believed to play a role in the pathophysiology of this model. Some studies have shown an effect of L-arginine (L-Arg, a nitric oxide precursor) on hypertension. In the present study we determined the ability of L-Arg (7 days of treatment) to reduce blood pressure and alter renal excretions of water, Na+ and K+ in a model of 2K1C-induced hypertension. Under ether anesthesia, male Wistar rats (150-170 g) had a silver clip (0.20 mm) placed around the left renal artery to produce the 2K1C renovascular hypertension model. In the experimental group, the drinking water was replaced with an L-Arg solution (10 mg/ml; average intake of 300 mg/day) from the 7th to the 14th day after surgery. Sham-operated rats were used as controls. At the end of the treatment period, mean blood pressure was measured in conscious animals. The animals were then killed and the kidneys were removed and weighed. There was a significant reduction of mean blood pressure in the L-Arg-treated group when compared to control (129 ± 7 vs 168 ± 6 mmHg, N = 8-10 per group; P

The aims of this study were to evaluate the antihypertensive effects of the standardised methanolic extract of Carica papaya, its angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory effects in vivo, its effect on the baroreflex and serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity, and its chemical composition. The chemical composition of the methanolic extract of C. papaya was evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass/mass and mass/mass spectrometry. The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory effect was evaluated in vivo by Ang I administration. The antihypertensive assay was performed in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar rats that were treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg), the methanolic extract of C. papaya (100 mg/kg; twice a day), or vehicle for 30 days. The baroreflex was evaluated through the use of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity was measured by ELISA, and cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by morphometric analysis. The methanolic extract of C. papaya was standardised in ferulic acid (203.41 ± 0.02 µg/g), caffeic acid (172.60 ± 0.02 µg/g), gallic acid (145.70 ± 0.02 µg/g), and quercetin (47.11 ± 0.03 µg/g). The flavonoids quercetin, rutin, nicotiflorin, clitorin, and manghaslin were identified in a fraction of the extract. The methanolic extract of C. papaya elicited angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity. The antihypertensive effects elicited by the methanolic extract of C. papaya were similar to those of enalapril, and the baroreflex sensitivity was normalised in treated spontaneously hypertensive rats. Plasma angiotensin converting enzyme activity and cardiac hypertrophy were also reduced to levels comparable to the enalapril-treated group. These results may be associated with the chemical composition of the methanolic extract of C. papaya, and are the first step into the development of a new phytotherapic product which could be used in the treatment of hypertension.

Occupational stress has become a major cause of illness and a major risk to the psychological and social well-being of workers. In this context, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of occupational stress in employees of a banking network in the municipal region of Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, and its association with sociodemographic variables and work characteristics. This cross-sectional study involved 525 bank employees. Occupational stress was evaluated using the short version of the Job Stress Scale. A multivariate analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between the Karasek quadrants and the independent variables. It was found that most bank employees belonged to the "passive jobs" quadrant (34.4%, n = 179) and were considered to have an intermediate risk of occupational stress. Considering the "low demand jobs" category as the standard, the increased risk of stress was associated with low education levels (odds ratio, 3.69, 95% CI, 1.64-8.28), working in bank agencies (odds ratio, 2.55, 95% CI, 1.36-4.77), a length of employment at the bank of more than five years (odds ratio, 3.32, 95% CI, 1.89-5.81), a daily work period of six hours (odds ratio, 2.72, 95% CI, 1.27-5.81), and, mainly, low social support (odds ratio, 2.57, 95% CI 1.45- 4.56).

The aim of this study was to determine how bank employees assess their health status and risk factors associated with this indicator in this population. This is a cross-sectional study involving 525 workers of a banking system in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The magnitude of the associations was assessed using logistic regression hierquizada in levels. It was found that 17% (n = 87) of bank self-rated their health status as fair or poor. Were associated with worse self-assessed health of the low socioeconomic level (OR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.06-3.05), the sedentary lifestyle (OR = 2.64; 95%CI: 1.42-4.89), the excess weight (OR = 3.18; 95%CI: 1.79-5.65), low social support (OR = 3.71; 95%CI: 2.10-6.58), and the presence of chronic diseases (OR = 5,49; 95%CI: 2.46-12.27). It is concluded that, compared with other locations, there was a significant number of banking that self-rated their health status as fair or poor, and that the presence of chronic diseases was presented as the factor with the greatest impact on how the individual evaluates their own health.

Effects of swimming training and estrogen therapy on the vascular reactivity of hypertensive ovariectomized rats: role of renin angiotensin system Glaucia R Abreu, Nazare S Bissoli, Ana Ligia R Car...

Metformin is an antihyperglycaemic drug with pleiotropic effects that result in cardiovascular improvement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of metformin treatment on vascular dysfunction in ovariectomized rats. At 8 weeks of age, female Wistar rats were subjected to ovariectomy or a sham surgery. After 21 days, the animals were divided into three groups: SHAM (sham-operated rats), OVX (ovariectomized rats) and MET (ovariectomized rats treated with metformin at 300 mg/kg of body weight per day), and treated for 14 days. The vasorelaxation responses to ACh (acetylcholine) and SNP (sodium nitroprusside) were evaluated in mesenteric vascular beds, oxidative stress was evaluated and Western blot analysis of eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) and the NADPH oxidase Nox2 was performed. ACh-induced relaxation was reduced in the OVX group and partially restored in the MET group. L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) attenuated and equalized the ACh-induced response in all groups. Attenuation of the ACh-induced responses by 4-aminopyridine (a blocker of voltage-gated potassium channels) was greater in the MET group compared with the OVX group. The SNP-induced responses were reduced in the OVX group and restored in the MET group. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin (10 μM) restored the SNP-induced responses in the OVX group, enhanced these responses in the MET group and had no effect in the SHAM group. The OVX group exhibited reduced levels of eNOS protein and increased levels of oxidative stress and Nox2 protein; metformin treatment corrected all of these parameters. In conclusion, the pathophysiological changes observed in the mesenteric beds of ovariectomized rats were ameliorated by metformin. If this translates to humans, metformin could have additional benefits for post-menopausal women treated with this drug for glycaemic control.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of swimming training (SW) and oestrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on coronary vascular reactivity and the expression of antioxidant enzymes in ovariectomized rats. Animals were randomly assigned to one of five groups: sham (SH), ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized with E2 (OE2), ovariectomized with exercise (OSW), and ovariectomized with E2 plus exercise (OE2+SW). The SW protocol (5×/week, 60 min/day) and/or ERT were conducted for 8 weeks; the vasodilator response to bradykinin was analysed (Langendorff Method), and the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-1 and 2, catalase) and eNOS and iNOS were evaluated by Western blotting. SW and ERT improved the vasodilator response to the highest dose of bradykinin (1000 ng). However, in the OSW group, this response was improved at 100, 300 and 1000 ng when compared to OVX (p

Cardiopulmonary reflexes are activated via changes in cardiac filling pressure (volume-sensitive reflex) and chemical stimulation (chemosensitive reflex). The sensitivity of the cardiopulmonary reflexes to these stimuli is impaired in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and other models of hypertension and is thought to be associated with cardiac hypertrophy. The present study investigated whether the sensitivity of the cardiopulmonary reflexes in SHR is restored when cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension are reduced by enalapril treatment. Untreated SHR and WKY rats were fed a normal diet. Another groups of rats were treated with enalapril (10 mg kg-1 day-1, mixed in the diet; SHRE or WKYE) for one month. After treatment, the volume-sensitive reflex was evaluated in each group by determining the decrease in magnitude of the efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) produced by acute isotonic saline volume expansion. Chemoreflex sensitivity was evaluated by examining the bradycardia response elicited by phenyldiguanide administration. Cardiac hypertrophy was determined from the left ventricular/body weight (LV/BW) ratio. Volume expansion produced an attenuated renal sympathoinhibitory response in SHR as compared to WKY rats. As compared to the levels observed in normotensive WKY rats, however, enalapril treatment restored the volume expansion-induced decrease in RSNA in SHRE. SHR with established hypertension had a higher LV/BW ratio (45%) as compared to normotensive WKY rats. With enalapril treatment, the LV/BW ratio was reduced to 19% in SHRE. Finally, the reflex-induced bradycardia response produced by phenyldiguanide was significantly attenuated in SHR compared to WKY rats. Unlike the effects on the volume reflex, the sensitivity of the cardiac chemosensitive reflex to phenyldiguanide was not restored by enalapril treatment in SHRE. Taken together, these results indicate that the impairment of the volume-sensitive, but not the chemosensitive, reflex can be restored by treatment of SHR with enalapril. It is possible that by augmenting the gain of the volume-sensitive reflex control of RSNA, enalapril contributed to the reversal of cardiac hypertrophy and normalization of arterial blood pressure in SHR.

Sex hormones modulate the action of both cytokines and the renin-angiotensin system. However, the effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) on the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are unclear. We determined the relationship between ACE activity, cytokine levels and sex differences in SHR. Female (F) and male (M) SHR were divided into 4 experimental groups each (n = 7): sham + vehicle (SV), sham + enalapril (10 mg/kg body weight by gavage), castrated + vehicle, and castrated + enalapril. Treatment began 21 days after castration and continued for 30 days. Serum cytokine levels (ELISA) and ACE activity (fluorimetry) were measured. Male rats exhibited a higher serum ACE activity than female rats. Castration reduced serum ACE in males but did not affect it in females. Enalapril reduced serum ACE in all groups. IL-10 (FSV = 16.4 +/- 1.1 pg/mL; MSV = 12.8 +/- 1.2 pg/mL), TNF-alpha (FSV = 16.6 +/- 1.2 pg/mL; MSV = 12.8 +/- 1 pg/mL) and IL-6 (FSV = 10.3 +/- 0.2 pg/mL; MSV = 7.2 +/- 0.2 pg/mL) levels were higher in females than in males. Ovariectomy reduced all cytokine levels and orchiectomy reduced IL-6 but increased IL-10 concentrations in males. Castration eliminated the differences in all inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) between males and females. Enalapril increased IL-10 in all groups and reduced IL-6 in SV rats. in conclusion, serum ACE inhibition by enalapril eliminated the sexual dimorphisms of cytokine levels in SV animals, which suggests that enalapril exerts systemic anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive effects. Univ Fed Espirito Santo, Dept Ciencias Fisiol, BR-29042755 Vitoria, ES, Brazil Inst Fed Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil Ctr Univ Vila Velha, Dept Farm, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Biofis, São Paulo, Brazil Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Biofis, São Paulo, Brazil Web of Science

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of nandrolone (ND) on cardiac inflammatory cytokines, ACE activity, troponin I, and the sensitivity of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR). Male Wistar rats were administered either ND (20 mg/kg; DECA) or vehicle (control animals; CONT) for 4 weeks. BJR was analyzed by measuring the bradycardia and hypotension responses elicited by serotonin administration (2-32 μg/kg). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was assessed and myocyte hypertrophy was determined by the heart weight/body weight ratio and by morphometric analysis. Matrix collagen deposition was assessed by histological analysis of the picrosirius red-stained samples. Mesenteric vascular reactivity was performed and central venous pressure (CVP) evaluated. Cardiac inflammatory cytokine levels and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity were studied as well the biomarker of cardiac lesion, troponin I. DECA group showed enhancement of matrix type I collagen deposition (p < 0.01) and cardiac ACE activity (p < 0.01) compared with the CONT. Interleukin (IL)-10 was reduced (p < 0.01) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6; p < 0.01) were increased in the DECA group compared with CONT. Cardiac injury was observed in the DECA group shown by the reduction in cardiac troponin I (p < 0.01) compared with the CONT group. Animals in the DECA group also developed myocyte hypertrophy and reduction of BJR sensitivity. The MAP of animals treated with ND reached hypertensive levels (p < 0.01; compared with CONT). No changes in CVP and vascular reactivity were observed in both experimental groups. We conclude that high doses of ND elicit cardiotoxic effects with cardiac remodelling and injury. Cardiac changes reduce the BJR sensitivity. Together, these abnormalities contributed to the development of hypertension in animals in the DECA group.

Objectives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tamoxifen on blood markers that are associated with cardiovascular risk, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo-A), and apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo-B), in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. Methods. Over a period of 12 months, we followed 60 women with breast cancer. The women were divided into the following groups: a group that received only chemotherapy (n = 23), a group that received chemotherapy plus tamoxifen (n = 21), and a group that received only tamoxifen (n = 16). Plasma CRP levels were assessed at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, and Apo-A and Apo B levels as well as the Apo-B/Apo-A ratio were assessed at 0 and 12 months. Results. We found increases in the plasma concentration of CRP in the chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus tamoxifen groups after 3 and 6 months of treatment (before the introduction of tamoxifen). However, after 12 months of treatment, women who used tamoxifen (the chemotherapy plus tamoxifen and tamoxifen alone groups) showed a significant reduction in CRP and Apo-B levels and a decrease in the Apo-B/Apo-A ratio. A significant increase in serum Apo-A levels was observed in the group receiving chemotherapy alone as a treatment for breast cancer. Conclusion. The use of tamoxifen after chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer significantly reduces the levels of cardiovascular disease risk markers (CRP, Apo-B, and the Apo-B/Apo-A ratio).

The Scorpaena plumieri fish venom induces a severe pain and edema, observed both clinically and experimentally. In order to understand more about the envenomation syndrome, the present study characterized experimentally the local acute inflammatory response induced by S. plumieri venom (SpV) in a mouse model of tissue injury. Our results demonstrated that the local inflammatory response provoked after 2 h of SpV injection in footpad of mice is characterized by release of pivotal pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF, IL-6 and MCP-1). These mediators could be associated with histopathological changes observed into paw tissue, characterized by cellular infiltration, mainly neutrophils. Additionally, an investigation of edema formation pathways involved in inflammatory response was performed. SpV-induced edema was reduced significantly by previous administration of aprotinin or icatibant (HOE-140). However, the pre-treatment with diclofenac sodium and promethazine had less effect on this response. These results demonstrate that the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) plays a major role in the edema formation. Despite the whole venom hydrolyzed the kallikrein synthetic substrate S-2302 (Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA), its main pro-inflammatory fraction was devoid of kininogenase activity. Our results demonstrate that SpV evokes a complex inflammatory reaction stimulating a secretion of TNF, IL-6, MCP-1 and leukocytes recruitment at the site of venom injection. In addition provide clear evidence of the involvement of the KKS in inflammatory response induced by S. plumieri venom.

Raloxifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator that has been approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Studies have revealed several effects of raloxifene on the cardiovascular system, which might contribute to the blood pressure regulatory mechanisms, particularly in the systemic arterial hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of raloxifene on the blood pressure, renal excretion of water and Na(+) and plasma nitrite/nitrate levels in 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive female rats. The groups were as follows: hypertensive (2K1C), hypertensive ovariectomized (2K1C + OVX) and hypertensive ovariectomized treated with raloxifene (2K1C + OVX + R). Seven days after the surgery that produced menopause, 2K1C hypertension was produced in anaesthetized animals. Seven days after the clip application, the rats were put into metabolic cages to allow for the measurement of water ingestion and diuresis, and raloxifene was administered (2 mg/kg/day i.p., for 7 more days). We found a large reduction (p0.01) in mean arterial pressure (197 ± 6 to 164 ± 2 mmHg), an increase in renal excretion of sodium and water (p0.05) and an increase in plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate in 2K1C + OVX + R animals, when compared with the 2K1C (23.4 ± 1 versus 14 ± 0.5 nmol/mL; p0.01, respectively). These findings suggest that raloxifene exerted its antihypertensive effect, at least in part, by improving the renal excretion of sodium and water.

Chronic ethanol administration causes hypertension and alterations of vascular reactivity in rats. In several models of hypertension, alterations of vascular reactivity are believed to be secondary to the sustained increase in blood pressure. The present study investigated the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), vasopressin and acetylcholine (ACh) in the isolated perfused mesenteric arteries from Wistar rats submitted to an 8-week course of chronic ethanol intake (8 g/kg day). No significant differences were observed in the dose – response curves with regard to: pressor effect of 0.04 — 10.0 nmole 5-HT; relaxant effect of 0.05 — 50.0 nmole ACh; or the pressor effects of two 1.5-nmole doses of vasopressin between control rats and ethanol-fed rats. These results suggest that modifications in arterial reactivity to endogenous vasoactive substances (observed in other studies involving more prolonged ethanol treatment in rats) may be, in part, secondary to the increase in blood pressure.

The role of renal nerve in excretion was investigated during acute obstructive apnea (OA) episodes in SHR. The animals (SHR and control, C) were presented for renal denervation (D; CD; SHRD) or undenervation (U; CU; SHRU). Tracheal catheterization was performed to induce OA via its total occlusion. Urine samples were collected every 2 min after 20 s of OA. Obstructive apnea resulted in bradycardia, hypotension, and induced elevations in the urinary measurements in SHRU, but not in CU. Conversely, the denervation increased in CD, but not in the SHRD. Urinary excretion was dependent of renal nerve in SHR during OA.

Dietary fiber performs important functions in diabetes mellitus control and treatment. In this study, we evaluate the reduction in plasma glucose after the treatment of diabetic rats with high-fiber Solanum lycocarpum flour. We found that serum glucose, water and food intake, urine excretion, and urine sodium concentration were reduced in S. lycocarpum flour-treated diabetic rats (TDRs), compared with diabetic control rats (DCRs). In addition, TDRs did not show signs of kidney hypertrophy, unlike those in the DCR group. These results suggest that the use of S. lycocarpum flour can be an effective support in diabetes mellitus treatment.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ocorrência de síndrome metabólica (SM) e fatores de risco associados em adolescentes de Vitória (ES). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 380 adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos de idade estudantes de escolas públicas. Foram mensurados: índice de massa corporal, pressão arterial em repouso, dosagens séricas em jejum das concentrações de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos e glicose. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se prevalência de sobrepeso em 9,6% dos meninos e em 7,4% das meninas, enquanto que obesidade foi observada em 6,2 e 4,9%, respectivamente. As concentrações de triglicerídeos foram limítrofes ou altas em 6,8 e 3,4% dos meninos e em 11,8 e 5,9% das meninas. A concentração de HDL-colesterol estava abaixo dos níveis padronizados em 8,5% dos meninos e em 9,9% das meninas. A pressão arterial em repouso foi limítrofe para 5,1% dos meninos e 7,9% das meninas, enquanto que 3,4% tanto dos meninos quanto das meninas foram considerados hipertensos. Glicemia de jejum foi alta em 0,6% dos meninos e em 0,5% das meninas. No grupo estudado, 2,8% dos meninos e 2,5% das meninas apresentaram dois fatores de risco associados a SM. A prevalência de SM foi de 1,1% para meninos e 1,5% para meninas e a total foi de 1,3%. CONCLUSÕES: Fatores de risco cardiovasculares associados a SM são condições clínicas importantes nessa faixa etária. Um número significativo de adolescentes apresentou resultados limítrofes, os quais podem aumentar a prevalência de SM ou de fatores de risco independentes em curto prazo. Mais investimentos devem ser feitos na prevenção primária, considerando que o diagnóstico precoce é uma questão de fundamental importância. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and independent associated risk factors in adolescents in the city of Vitória, Brazil. METHODS: We assessed 380 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years attending public schools. Body mass index and blood pressure at rest were measured. Fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were also obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 9.6% for boys and 7.4% for girls, while obesity was found in 6.2 and 4.9%, respectively. Triglyceride concentrations were borderline or high in 6.8 and 3.4% of the boys and in 11.8 and 5.9% of the girls. HDL-cholesterol was below recommended levels in 8.5% of the boys and in 9.9% of the girls. Blood pressure at rest was borderline for 5.1% of the boys and 7.9% of the girls, while 3.4% of both boys and girls were hypertensive. Fasting glycemia was high in 0.6% of the boys and in 0.5% of the girls. In the group studied, 2.8% of the boys and 2.5% of the girls had two risk factors associated with MS. Prevalence of MS was 1.1% for boys and 1.5% for girls, and overall prevalence was 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: MS and associated cardiovascular risk factors are serious clinical conditions in this age group. A significant number of adolescents showed borderline results, which may increase the prevalence of MS or independent risk factors in the short term. More investments should be made in primary prevention, considering that early diagnosis is an issue of fundamental importance.

Submitted by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2011-02-24T12:39:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 7410.pdf: 71939 bytes, checksum: e234fefe89d2f93065873761f31f357e (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros(patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2011-03-21T23:10:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 7410.pdf: 71939 bytes, checksum: e234fefe89d2f93065873761f31f357e (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-03-21T23:10:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 7410.pdf: 71939 bytes, checksum: e234fefe89d2f93065873761f31f357e (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02 Obstructive apnea (OA) can exert significant effects on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and hemodynamic parameters. The present study focuses on the modulatory actions of RSNA on OA-induced sodium and water retention. The experiments were performed in renal-denervated rats (D; N = 9), which were compared to sham (S; N = 9) rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed via an intrafemoral catheter. A catheter was inserted into the bladder for urinary measurements. OA episodes were induced via occlusion of the catheter inserted into the trachea. After an equilibration period, OA was induced for 20 s every 2 min and the changes in urine, MAP, HR and RSNA were recorded. Renal denervation did not alter resting MAP (S: 113 ± 4 vs D: 115 ± 4 mmHg) or HR (S: 340 ± 12 vs D: 368 ± 11 bpm). An OA episode resulted in decreased HR and MAP in both groups, but D rats showed exacerbated hypotension and attenuated bradycardia (S: -12 ± 1 mmHg and -16 ± 2 bpm vs D: -16 ± 1 mmHg and 9 ± 2 bpm; P < 0.01). The basal urinary parameters did not change during or after OA in S rats. However, D rats showed significant increases both during and after OA. Renal sympathetic nerve activity in S rats increased (34 ± 9%) during apnea episodes. These results indicate that renal denervation induces elevations of sodium content and urine volume and alters bradycardia and hypotension patterns during total OA in unconscious rats.

The gain of the volume-sensitive cardiopulmonary reflex (VSCR) is impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Sensitivity of VSCR control of efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in SHR is restored when cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension are reduced by enalapril treatment. The present study investigated which of these two parameters, cardiac hypertrophy or hypertension, has more influence on the impairment of VSCR control of RSNA in SHR. Rats (SHR or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats) were treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg per day; SHRE and WKYE groups, respectively) or hydralazine (5 mg/kg per day; SHRH and WKYH groups, respectively) mixed in their food for 1 month. Control SHR and WKY rats were fed a normal diet. After the treatment regimen, the VSCR was evaluated by determining the decrease in RSNA elicited by acute isotonic saline volume expansion. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was assessed via an intrafemural catheter and cardiac hypertrophy was determined by the left ventricular (LV) weight/bodyweight (BW) ratio. Afferent baroceptor nerve activity (BNA) was also evaluated during volume expansion to verify participation of the baroreflex. Volume expansion produced an attenuated renal sympathoinhibitory response in SHR compared with WKY rats. Enalapril treatment restored the volume expansion-induced decrease in RSNA in SHRE (-41 +/- 8%) compared with WKY rats (-44 +/- 3%). Although both enalapril and hydralazine treatment reduced MAP in SHR (P0.01; 126 +/- 5, 133 +/- 6 and 160 +/- 6 mmHg in SHRE, SHRH and SHR, respectively), hydralazine did not restore the sensitivity of VSCR control of RSNA in SHRH. Spontaneously hypertensive rats with established hypertension had a higher LV/BW ratio compared with WKY rats (3.22 +/- 0.14 vs 1.98 +/- 0.06 mg/g, respectively; P0.01). Enalapril reduced the LV/BW ratio in SHRE (2.30 +/- 0.07 mg/g; P0.01). Although hydralazine reduced LV hypertrophy, there was a weaker reduction in SHRH (2.68 +/- 0.04 mg/g; P0.05) compared with SHRE. There was no statistically significant difference among the WKY rat, WKYE and WKYH groups (P0.05). There was no change in afferent BNA during volume expansion in normal or hypertensive animals. Taken together, these results indicate that the impairment of VSCR control of RSNA in the SHR model of hypertension correlates better with the magnitude of cardiac hypertrophy than the level of arterial pressure.