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The remarkable evolution of low-cost carriers (LCC's) in Europe has been subject to intensive discussions in recent years. Approaching industry maturity has revealed strategic errors among many airlines and caused several markets to exit. Various carriers have ended up in hybrid positions while trying to differentiate in order to remain competitive. This paper occupies with the role of strategies in the airline industry and assesses the level of deviation from the original low-cost model amongst European LCC's. Synthesizing existing research and literature provides evidence that LCC's adapting full-service network carrier characteristics perform worse than strict low-cost adherers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyses the dynamic transitions of self-employment in four states of the Canadian labour market (paid-employment, self-employment, unemployment, and being out of the labour force) by answering three core questions: (1) What are the determinants of the transitions into and out of the four labour market states? (2) Are the probabilities of transitions between immigrants and natives significantly different, and if so, are they due to entry–exit rate gaps between immigrants and natives? (3) What are the proportions of spurious and structural state dependence in the labour market states of immigrants and natives? Our analysis was based on longitudinal data from Canada's Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) for males aged 25 to 55 for the period 1993 to 2004. Our results revealed that immigrants rather than natives are relatively more likely to be self-employed during the unemployment period. The findings also confirmed that males with positive investment income or wealth tended to be largely self-employed. From a policy perspective, the government provision of financial support towards self-employment positively benefits natives in seeking self-employment opportunities. Government policies to lessen labour market discrimination promotes the self-employment of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]