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58. Frequency and Determinant Factors for Calcification in Neurocysticercosis.

Author

Bustos, Javier A, Arroyo, Gianfranco, Gilman, Robert H, Soto-Becerra, Percy, Gonzales, Isidro, Saavedra, Herbert, Pretell, E Javier, Nash, Theodore E, O'Neal, Seth E, Brutto, Oscar H Del, Gonzalez, Armando E, Garcia, Hector H, and Peru, The Cysticercosis Working Group in

Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals, DEXAMETHASONE, TAPEWORMS, RISK assessment, TREATMENT effectiveness, ANTIBODY formation, CYSTICERCOSIS, CALCINOSIS, NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, ANTHELMINTICS, ODDS ratio, SEIZURES (Medicine), EDEMA, DISEASE risk factors, DISEASE complications, EVALUATION
Abstract

Background Neurocysticercosis is a major cause of acquired epilepsy. Larval cysts in the human brain eventually resolve and either disappear or leave a calcification that is associated with seizures. In this study, we assessed the proportion of calcification in parenchymal neurocysticercosis and risk factors associated with calcification. Methods Data for 220 patients with parenchymal NCC from 3 trials of antiparasitic treatment were assessed to determine what proportion of the cysts that resolved 6 months after treatment ended up in a residual calcification at 1 year. Also, we evaluated the risk factors associated with calcification. Results The overall proportion of calcification was 38% (188/497 cysts, from 147 patients). Predictors for calcification at the cyst level were cysts larger than 14 mm (risk ratio [RR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.75) and cysts with edema at baseline (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05–1.85). At the patient level, having had more than 24 months with seizures (RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.08–1.46), mild antibody response (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.002–1.27), increased dose albendazole regime (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.14–1.39), lower doses of dexamethasone (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02–1.81), not receiving early antiparasitic retreatment (RR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.08–1.93), or complete cure (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.29–1.71) were associated with a increased risk of calcification. Conclusions Approximately 38% of parenchymal cysts calcify after antiparasitic treatment. Some factors associated with calcification are modifiable and may be considered to decrease or avoid calcification, potentially decreasing the risk for seizure relapses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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59. Efficacy and Tolerability of Miltefosine in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

Author

Ware, JeanAnne M, O'Connell, Elise M, Brown, Thomas, Wetzler, Lauren, Talaat, Kawsar R, Nutman, Thomas B, and Nash, Theodore E

Subjects
MILTEFOSINE, SKIN diseases, DRUG efficacy, LEISHMANIASIS, DRUG tolerance, ORAL drug administration, DRUG therapy, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, DRUG side effects, AMINOTRANSFERASES, EATING disorders, GOUT, CREATININE, DISEASE risk factors
Abstract

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease causing an estimated 1 million new cases annually. While antimonial compounds are the standard of care worldwide, they are associated with significant adverse effects. Miltefosine, an oral medication, is United States (US) Food and Drug Administration approved to treat CL caused by Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmania guyanensis , and Leishmania panamensis. Evidence of efficacy in other species and side-effect profiles in CL has been limited. Methods Twenty-six patients with CL were treated with miltefosine at the US National Institutes of Health. Species included L. braziliensis (n = 7), L. panamensis (n = 5), Leishmania mexicana (n = 1), Leishmania infantum (n = 3), Leishmania aethiopica (n = 4), Leishmania tropica (n = 2), Leishmania major (n = 1), and unspeciated (n = 3). Demographic and clinic characteristics of the participants, response to treatment, and associated adverse events were analyzed. Results Treatment with miltefosine resulted in cure in 77 % (20/26) of cases, with cures among all species. Common adverse events included nausea/vomiting (97%) and lack of appetite (54%). Clinical management or dose reduction was required in a third of cases. Gout occurred in 3 individuals with a prior history of gout. Most laboratory abnormalities, including elevated creatinine and aminotransferases, were mild and normalized after treatment. Conclusions Our data suggest that miltefosine has good but imperfect efficacy to a wide variety of Leishmania species. While side effects were common and mostly mild to moderate, some resulted in discontinuation of therapy. Due to oral administration, broad efficacy, and manageable toxicities, miltefosine is a viable alternative treatment option for CL, though cost and lack of local availability may limit its widespread use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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67. The Giardia lamblia vsp gene repertoire: characteristics, genomic organization, and evolution

Author

Nash Theodore E, Morrison Hilary G, Farneth Gregory A, Martens Craig A, Seshadri Vishwas, Nigam Anuranjini, Adam Rodney D, Porcella Stephen F, and Patel Rima

Subjects
Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Abstract Background Giardia lamblia trophozoites colonize the intestines of susceptible mammals and cause diarrhea, which can be prolonged despite an intestinal immune response. The variable expression of the variant-specific surface protein (VSP) genes may contribute to this prolonged infection. Only one is expressed at a time, and switching expression from one gene to another occurs by an epigenetic mechanism. Results The WB Giardia isolate has been sequenced at 10× coverage and assembled into 306 contigs as large as 870 kb in size. We have used this assembly to evaluate the genomic organization and evolution of the vsp repertoire. We have identified 228 complete and 75 partial vsp gene sequences for an estimated repertoire of 270 to 303, making up about 4% of the genome. The vsp gene diversity includes 30 genes containing tandem repeats, and 14 vsp pairs of identical genes present in either head to head or tail to tail configurations (designated as inverted pairs), where the two genes are separated by 2 to 4 kb of non-coding DNA. Interestingly, over half the total vsp repertoire is present in the form of linear gene arrays that can contain up to 10 vsp gene members. Lastly, evidence for recombination within and across minor clades of vsp genes is provided. Conclusions The data we present here is the first comprehensive analysis of the vsp gene family from the Genotype A1 WB isolate with an emphasis on vsp characterization, function, evolution and contributions to pathogenesis of this important pathogen.

Published
2010
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68. The Local Inflammatory Profile and Predictors of Treatment Success in Subarachnoid Neurocysticercosis.

Author

Harrison, Sarah, Thumm, Lauren, Nash, Theodore E, Nutman, Thomas B, and O'Connell, Elise M

Subjects
CYTOKINES, INTERLEUKINS, INFLAMMATION, TREATMENT effectiveness, INTERFERONS, NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS, IMMUNITY, CEREBROSPINAL fluid, CHEMOKINES, VASCULAR endothelial growth factors
Abstract

Background Subarachnoid neurocysticercosis (SANCC) represents the most severe and difficult to treat form of neurocysticercosis. The inflammatory response contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality of the disease. This study sought to understand the nature and evolution of the inflammation associated with SANCC, and evaluate for predictors of time to cure. Methods There were 16 subjects with SANCC (basilar cistern, sylvian fissure, and/or spinal involvement) during active infection who had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine and chemokine profiling, of whom 9 had a second CSF sample at (or following) the time of cure. The relationships between clinical parameters and cytokine/chemokine results were assessed. Results Compared to pools of healthy donor CSF, those with active SANCC showed a significant (P <.05) increase in chemokines and cytokines associated with Type 1 immunity (interferon [IFN] γ, interleukin [IL] 12p70, C-X-C Motif Ligand 10 CXCL-10); Type 2 immunity (IL-10, IL-13); IFNα2; and the chemokines Macrophage inflammatory protein MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1ß/CCL4, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor VEGF that appears to be locally (central nervous system [CNS]) produced. Compared to those with active disease, those with CSF taken at the time of cure showed a significant decrease in most of these chemokines and cytokines. Despite this, CSF from cured SANCC patients had levels of IL-10 (P =.039), CXCL-10 (P =.039), and IL-12p70 (P =.044) above those seen in CSF from uninfected subjects. High ratios of IL-12p70/IL-10 early in infections were associated with a shorter time to cure (r = −0.559; P =.027), and a high Taenia solium burden (by quantitative polymerase chain reaction) was associated with longer times to cure (r = 0.84; P =.003). Conclusions SANCC is associated with a marked, CNS-localized cytokine-/chemokine-driven inflammatory response that largely decreases with curative therapy, though some analytes persisted above the normal range. The relative balance between proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines may be an important determinant for a cure in SANCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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69. Identification and culture of proliferative cells in abnormal Taenia solium larvae: Role in the development of racemose neurocysticercosis.

Author

Orrego, Miguel A., Verastegui, Manuela R., Vasquez, Carlos M., Koziol, Uriel, Laclette, Juan P., Garcia, Hector H., and Nash, Theodore E.

Subjects
TAENIA solium, SERINE/THREONINE kinases, NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS, CELL culture, DEVELOPMENTAL biology, LARVAE
Abstract

Racemose neurocysticercosis is an aggressive disease caused by the aberrant expansion of the cyst form of Taenia solium within the subarachnoid spaces of the human brain and spinal cord resulting in a mass effect and chronic inflammation. Although expansion is likely caused by the proliferation and growth of the parasite bladder wall, there is little direct evidence of the mechanisms that underlie these processes. Since the development and growth of cysts in related cestodes involves totipotential germinative cells, we hypothesized that the expansive growth of the racemose larvae is organized and maintained by germinative cells. Here, we identified proliferative cells expressing the serine/threonine-protein kinase plk1 by in situ hybridization. Proliferative cells were present within the bladder wall of racemose form and absent from the homologous tissue surrounding the vesicular form. Cyst proliferation in the related model species Taenia crassiceps (ORF strain) occurs normally by budding from the cyst bladder wall and proliferative cells were concentrated within the growth buds. Cells isolated from bladder wall of racemose larvae were established in primary cell culture and insulin stimulated their proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that the growth of racemose larvae is likely due to abnormal cell proliferation. The different distribution of proliferative cells in the racemose larvae and their sensitivity to insulin may reflect significant changes at the cellular and molecular levels involved in their tumor-like growth. Parasite cell cultures offer a powerful tool to characterize the nature and formation of the racemose form, understand the developmental biology of T. solium, and to identify new effective drugs for treatment. Author summary: Racemose neurocysticercosis is the most aggressive and lethal form of the disease characterized by progressive expansion of the larval stage of Taenia solium within the subarachnoid spaces of the brain. Currently, the cellular or molecular events that promote its formation and development are unknown. Our observations, employing tissue samples, revealed the presence of mitotically active cells in the bladder wall of the racemose larvae. Finally, we isolated and established primary cell cultures and observed that these cells are sensitive (proliferate in response to insulin). These results suggest that the proliferative cells stimulated by host biomolecules like hormones would be responsible for the abnormal growth of racemose larvae. Further studies are needed to identify all genes and pathways altered in the racemose form. The primary cell cultures will be used as a therapeutic target and allow us in future works to understand the developmental biology of the parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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71. Colaboradores

Author

Abrams, Charles S., Adler, Ronald S., Akin, Cem, Aksamit, Allen J., Jr., Al-Awqati, Qais, Allos, Ban Mishu, Anderson, Jeffrey L., Angus, Derek C., Appel, Gerald B., Appelbaum, Frederick R., Armitage, James O., Armstrong, Deborah K., Arnaout, M. Amin, Arnold, Robert M., Atkins, David, Atkinson, John P., Ayanian, John Z., Baddour, Larry M., Bagby, Grover C., Bain, Barbara J., Bajorin, Dean F., Baloh, Robert W., Bangham, Charles R.M., Barasch, Jonathan, Barbano, Richard L., Barrett, Bruce, Bartholomew, John R., Bartleson, J.D., Barton, Mary, Basner, Robert C., Bass, Anne R., Baum, Stephen G., Bauman, Julie E., Bausch, Daniel G., Bayer, Arnold S., Bazari, Hasan, Bazarian, Jeffrey J., Beigel, John H., Bel, Elisabeth H., Beller, George A., Berger, Joseph R., Berk, Paul D., Berliner, Nancy, Bernat, James L., Bierman, Philip J., Biesecker, Leslie G., Bishop, Michael R., Biundo, Joseph J., Blankson, Joel N., Blattner, William A., Bleck, Thomas P., Bloch, Karen C., Blom, Henk J., Bodamer, Olaf A., Boden, William E., Boivin, Guy, Bolognia, Jean, Bonnez, William, Bonomo, Robert A., Booth, Sarah L., Bosque, Patrick J., Breakwell, Lucy, Brenner, David J., Brochard, Laurent, Brook, Itzhak, Brunetti, Enrico, Bryant, Amy E., Buchner, David M., Buffet, Pierre A., Bushinsky, David A., Bykerk, Vivian P., Byrd, John C., Calabresi, Peter A., Calfee, David P., Camaschella, Clara, Camilleri, Michael, Cappellini, Maria Domenica, Carabello, Blase A., Carvalho, Edgar M., Catherino, William H., Cauley, Jane A., Chalasani, Naga P., Chambers, Henry F., Chang, Larry W., Chen, Lin H., Chen, Sharon C.-A., Cheshire, William P., Jr., Chockalingam, Arun, Christiani, David C., Chu, Edward, Cieslak, Theodore J., Cioffi, George A., Clancy, Carolyn M., Clauss, Heather E., Clauw, Daniel J., Clemmons, David R., Cohen, David, Cohen, Jeffrey, Cohen, Myron S., Cohen, Steven P., Cohn, Steven L., Connors, Joseph M., Cook, Deborah J., Cooper, David S., Craft, Joseph, Crandall, Jill P., Croft, Simon L., Crow, Mary K., Crump, John A., Cudkowicz, Merit E., Cullen, Mark R., Cunningham-Rundles, Charlotte, Damon, Inger K., Daniels, Troy E., Dart, Richard, Davidson, Nancy E., DeAngelis, Lisa M., DeCamp, Malcolm M., Del Rio, Carlos, DeLuca, Gabriele C., Denning, David W., Deuster, Patricia A., Diasio, Robert B., Diemert, David J., Digre, Kathleen B., Doroshow, James. H., Douglas, John M., Jr., Drazen, Jeffrey M., Drekonja, Dimitri, Dreskin, Stephen C., Drew, W. Lawrence, Drusano, George L., DuBose, Thomas D., Jr., Dumler, J. Stephen, DuPont, Herbert L., Duvic, Madeleine, Edwards, Kathryn M., Edwards, N. Lawrence, Einhorn, Lawrence H., Eliopoulos, George M., Elliott, Perry M., Ellner, Jerrold J., Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Ernst, Joel D., Everson, Gregory T., Evoli, Amelia, Falagas, Matthew E., Falk, Gary W., Fang, James C., Feder, Gene, Feller-Kopman, David J., File, Thomas McDonald, Jr., Firestein, Gary S., Fishman, Glenn I., Fleisher, Lee A., Flint, Paul W., Fogel, Evan L., Forsmark, Chris E., Fournier, Pierre-Edouard, Fowler, Vance G., Jr., Franco, Manuel A., Freedman, David O., French, Martyn A., Freund, Karen M., Galgiani, John N., Gallagher, Patrick G., Ganz, Leonard, Garan, Hasan, Garcia-Tsao, Guadalupe, Geisler, William M., George, Tony P., Gepstein, Lior, Gerber, Susan I., Gerding, Dale N., Gertz, Morie A., Ghanem, Khalil G., Gill, Christopher J., Ginsberg, Jeffrey S., Ginsburg, Geoffrey S., Glesby, Marshall J., Gnann, John W., Jr., Golden, Matthew R., Goldman, David L., Goldman, Lee, Goldstein, Larry B., Gore, Richard M., Gotlib, Jason, Gotuzzo, Eduardo, Grammer, Leslie C., Grasemann, Hartmut, Grayson, M. Lindsay, Greenberg, Harry B., Greenberg, Steven A., Greer, David M., Griggs, Robert C., Grinberg, Lev M., Grossman, Daniel, Guay-Woodford, Lisa M., Gulick, Roy M., Gupta, Rajesh, Hadigan, Colleen, Hagman, Melissa M., Hagspiel, Klaus D., Handsfield, H. Hunter, Harris, Raymond C., Hayden, Frederick G., Hecht, Frederick M., Heimburger, Douglas C., Hensrud, Donald D., Hewlett, Erik L., Hift, Richard J., Hill, David R., Hill, Nicholas S., Hillyer, Christopher D., Hoit, Brian D., Holland, Steven M., Hollenberg, Steven M., Hook, Edward W., III, Howard, Jo, Hunter, David J., Hussain, Khalid, Iannuzzi, Michael C., Inman, Robert D., Inouye, Sharon K., Ison, Michael G., Jacobson, Karen R., Jaff, Michael R., Jen, Joanna C., Jensen, Dennis M., Jensen, Michael D., Jensen, Robert T., Joffe, Alain, Johnson, Stuart, Jones, Robin L., Jones, Sian, Jonklaas, Jacqueline, Jordan, Richard C., Kahi, Charles J., Kamya, Moses R., Kao, Louise W., Kaplan, Steven A., Kastner, Daniel L., Katzka, David A., Katzman, Debra K., Kauffman, Carol A., Kaushansky, Kenneth, Kaye, Keith S., Keating, Armand, Kelley, Robin K., Kern, Morton J., Keusch, Gerald T., Khuri, Fadlo R., Kirchhoff, Louis V., Kirtane, Ajay J., Klion, Amy D., Knopman, David S., Ko, Christine J., Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P., Koppel, Barbara S., Korenblat, Kevin M., Korf, Bruce R., Kortepeter, Mark G., Kottilil, Shyamasundaran, Kovacs, Joseph A., Kovacs, Thomas O., Kowdley, Kris V., Kraft, Monica, Kramer, Christopher M., Krasnewich, Donna M., Kratz, Alexander, Kraus, Virginia Byers, Kraus, William E., Krause, Peter J., Kroshinsky, Daniela, Kuemmerle, John F., Kuipers, Ernst J., Laheru, Daniel, Landry, Donald W., Lang, Anthony E., Lange, Richard A., Lederle, Frank A., Lee, William M., Leggett, James E., Levine, Glenn N., Levine, Marc S., Levine, Stephanie M., Lichtenstein, Gary R., Liebmann, Jeffrey M., Lim, Henry W., Lima, Aldo A.M., Lin, Geoffrey S.F., Link, Mark S., Lloyd-Jones, Donald M., Lorber, Bennett, Louie, Arnold, Lucey, Daniel R., Lyness, Jeffrey M., MacKenzie, C. Ronald, MacMillan, Harriet L., Madoff, Robert D., Maldarelli, Frank, Malhotra, Atul, Manary, Mark J., Manu, Peter, Marcos, Luis A., Marelli, Ariane J., Mariette, Xavier, Marks, Andrew R., Marr, Kieren A., Marrie, Thomas J., Martin, Paul, Martinez, Fernando J., Mason, Joel B., Masur, Henry, Mathers, Amy J., Matteson, Eric L., Matthay, Michael A., Mayer, Emeran A., Mayer, Stephan A., McCool, F. Dennis, McInnes, Iain, McKenna, William J., McLaughlin, Vallerie, McMurray, John J.V., McQuaid, Kenneth R., Mead, Paul S., Means, Robert T., Jr., Meintjes, Graeme, Melton-Meaux, Genevieve B., Merrick, Samuel T., Michel, Marc, Mink, Jonathan W., Mitch, William E., Molitoris, Bruce A., Montoya, José G., Moy, Ernest, Mukherjee, Debabrata, Murr, Andrew H., Musher, Daniel M., Myerburg, Robert J., Nadeau, Kari C., Naides, Stanley J., Nash, Theodore E., Nath, Avindra, Neal-Perry, Genevieve, Neff, Anne T., Neilson, Eric G., Nelson, Christina A., Nelson, Lewis S., Nestler, Eric J., Newman, Anne B., Nicolle, Lindsay E., Nieman, Lynnette K., Nocturne, Gaetane, O’Connor, Christopher M., O’Connor, Francis G., O’Connor, Patrick G., O’Dell, James R., O’Donnell, Anne E., Oh, Jae K., Okhuysen, Pablo C., Okun, Michael S., Olgin, Jeffrey E., Olsen, Nancy J., Orenstein, Walter A., O’Shea, John J., Osmon, Douglas R., Otto, Catherine M., Ottolini, Martin G., Pappas, Peter G., Park, Ben Ho, Pasricha, Pankaj Jay, Patel, Manisha, Patel, Robin, Paterson, David L., Pawlotsky, Jean-Michel, Payne, Thomas H., Pearson, Richard D., Perl, Trish M., Pesce, Michael A., Petersen, Brett W., Petri, William A., Jr., Pfeffer, Marc A., Pisetsky, David S., Powell, Frank, Pyeritz, Reed E., Quinn, Thomas C., Radhakrishnan, Jai, Radich, Jerald, Rafailidis, Petros I., Raghu, Ganesh, Ragni, Margaret V., Raja, Srinivasa N., Rajkumar, S. Vincent, Ralston, James D., Ralston, Stuart H., Raoult, Didier, Ratner, Adam J., Reboli, Annette C., Reddy, K. Rajender, Redelmeier, Donald A., Reef, Susan E., Reilly, John, Reller, Megan E., Resnick, Neil M., Reuben, David B., Robinson, Jennifer G., Rogatsky, Inez, Rogers, Joseph G., Rolain, Jean-Marc, Rollins, Barrett J., Romero, José R., Rosene-Montella, Karen, Rosenthal, Philip J., Russell, James A., Rustgi, Anil K., Rusyniak, Daniel E., Sakoulas, George, Salata, Robert A., Salmon, Jane E., Salvana, Edsel Maurice T., Santoro, Nanette, Santos, Renato M., Santucci, Peter A., Savard, Patrice, Sawka, Michael N., Scanlon, Paul D., Schafer, Andrew I., Schaffner, William, Scheld, W. Michael, Schiff, Manuel, Schilsky, Michael L., Schooley, Robert T., Schriger, David L., Schuchter, Lynn M., Schulman, Sam, Schwartz, Lawrence B., Seas, Carlos, Seifert, Steven A., Seifter, Julian Lawrence, Selcen, Duygu, Semrad, Carol E., Shamoon, Harry, Shaw, Pamela J., Shaz, Beth H., Sheridan, Robert L., Sherman, Stuart, Shieh, Wun-Ju, Shy, Michael E., Sidransky, Ellen, Siegel, Richard M., Sifri, Costi D., Siliciano, Robert F., Simberkoff, Michael S., Simel, David L., Skorecki, Karl, Slutsky, Arthur S., Small, Eric J., Smetana, Gerald W., Smith, Gordon, Southwick, Frederick S., Spiegel, Allen M., Spiera, Robert, Spinola, Stanley M., Stabler, Sally P., Stanford, Stephanie M., Stark, Paul, Steensma, David P., Steiner, Theodore S., Stephens, David S., Stevens, David A., Stevens, Dennis L., Stoller, James K., Stone, John H., Stone, Richard M., Strikas, Raymond A., Su, Edwin P., Sutter, Roland W., Swerdloff, Ronald S., Swygard, Heidi, Sykes, Megan, Talbot, H. Keipp, Tanofsky-Kraff, Marian, Tarlo, Susan M., Teirstein, Paul S., Telford, Sam R., III, Thakker, Rajesh V., Therrien, Judith, Thompson, George R., III, Tosti, Antonella, Trehan, Indi, Turner, Ronald B., Valeri, Anthony Michael, Varga, John, Vaughn, Bradley V., Venook, Alan P., Verbalis, Joseph G., Victor, Ronald G., Vincent, Angela, Vincent, Tonia L., Wachter, Robert M., Wagner, Edward H., Walsh, Edward E., Walsh, Thomas J., Walston, Jeremy D., Walter, Roland B., Wang, Christina, Ware, Lorraine B., Warren, Cirle A., Watson, John T., Weber, Thomas J., Weinberg, Geoffrey A., Weinstein, David A., Weinstein, Robert S., Weiss, Roger D., Weiss, Roy E., Weitz, Jeffrey I., Wenzel, Richard P., Werth, Victoria P., West, Sterling G., White, A. Clinton, Jr., White, Christopher J., White, Julian, White, Perrin C., Whitley, Richard J., Whyte, Michael P., Wiebe, Samuel, Wiener-Kronish, Jeanine P., Wilber, David J., Winikoff, Beverly, Winter, Jane N., Wolin, Edward M., Wormser, Gary P., Young, Neal S., Young, Vincent B., Young, William F., Jr., Yu, Alan S.L., Zaidi, Anita K.M., Zaki, Sherif, Ziegler, Thomas R., and Zimetbaum, Peter

Published
2021
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73. Colaboradores

Author

Aagaard, Kjersti, Abdallah, Marie, Abrahamian, Fredrick M., Agnihotri, Shruti, Ahmed, Sana S., Allos, Ban Mishu, Alqahtani, Saleh A., Anderson, Jeffrey L., Andes, David R., Andrews, Jason R., Aoki, Fred Y., Apicella, Michael A., Araos, Rafael, Ard, Kevin L., Arias, Cesar A., Aronoff, David M., Aronson, Naomi E., Augenbraun, Michael H., Auwaerter, Paul G., Averhoff, Francisco, Azar, Dimitri T., Babu, Tara M., Bachmann, Laura Hinkle, Baddour, Larry M., Baden, Lindsey R., Baker, Carol J., Ballard, Sarah-Blythe, Barber, Gerard R., Barnes, Scott D., Barouch, Dan H., Barrett, Alan D., Barshak, Miriam Baron, Bartelt, Luther A., Basavaraju, Sridhar V., Batteiger, Byron E., Baum, Stephen G., Bayer, Arnold S., Beckham, J. David, Beekmann, Susan E., Beigi, Richard H., Bennett, John E., Berbari, Elie F., Bertino, Joseph S., Jr., Bhimraj, Adarsh, Birch, Torrey Boland, Birdsall, Holly H., Blackburn, Brian G., Blanton, Lucas S., Blaser, Martin J., Blazes, David L., Bleck, Thomas P., Blijlevens, Nicole M.A., Blyth, Dana M., Boggild, Andrea K., Bogoch, Isaac I., Bonnez, William, Boothroyd, John C., Borio, Luciana L., Bosque, Patrick J., Braden, Christopher R., Branche, Angela R., Britt, William J., Brook, Itzhak, Brouwer, Matthijs C., Brown, Kevin E., Brown, Patricia, Brown-Elliott, Barbara A., Bruhn, Roberta L., Bryant, Amy E., Burd, Eileen M., Burns, Jane C., Bush, Larry M., Casadevall, Arturo, Caserta, Mary T., Castagnola, Elio, Chaisson, Richard E., Chapman, Stephen J., Chappell, Catherine A., Chappell, James D., Chen, Lea Ann, Chen, Sharon C-A., Chiang, Augusto Dulanto, Chopra, Sanjiv, Chow, Anthony W., Clancy, Cornelius J., Clark, Richard B., Cohen, Jeffrey I., Cohen, Myron S., Cohen, Yehuda Z., Cohen-Poradosu, Ronit, Cohn, Susan E., Colton, Benjamin, Connors, Mark, Copeland, Nathanial K., Corey, Lawrence, Cosgrove, Sara E., Cottrell, Mackenzie L., Cover, Timothy L., Cox, Heather L., Crass, Ryan L., Cunha, Cheston B., Curran, James W., Currie, Bart J., D’Agata, Erika, Daly, Jennifer S., Damon, Inger K., Darouiche, Rabih O., Dawid, Suzanne, Deepe, George S., Jr., Dekker, John P., del Rio, Carlos, DeLeo, Frank R., DeMuri, Gregory P., Dermody, Terence S., Dewar, Robin, Diaz, James H., Dieffenbach, Carl W., Dienstag, Jules L., Doi, Yohei, Dolin, Raphael, Donowitz, Gerald R., Donskey, Curtis J., Dormitzer, Philip R., Dumler, J. Stephen, Dupnik, Kathryn, DuPont, Herbert L., Durack, David T., Durand, Marlene L., Duval, Xavier, Edelstein, Paul H., Edwards, John E., Jr., Edwards, Morven S., Ellison, Richard T., III, Embry, Alan C., Endy, Timothy P., Engleberg, N. Cary, Englund, Janet A., Erdem, Hakan, Ernst, Peter B., Fairhurst, Rick M., Fairley, Jessica K., Falkow, Stanley, Falsey, Ann R., Fauci, Anthony S., Fekete, Thomas, Fey, Paul D., Fine, Steven M., Fitzgerald, Daniel W., Flores, Anthony R., Fournier, Pierre-Edouard, Fowler, Vance G., Jr., Freedman, David O., Friedlander, Arthur M., Galgiani, John N., Gallin, John I., Gallo, Robert C., Gandhi, Monica, Garrett, Wendy S., Gauthier, Gregory M., Gaydos, Charlotte A., Gea-Banacloche, Juan C., Geisbert, Thomas W., Gelfand, Jeffrey A., Gelone, Steven P., Gerding, Dale N., Gershon, Anne A., Gilsdorf, Janet R., Giri, Pushpanjali, Gold, Howard S., Goldstein, Ellie J.C., González-Marín, Ángel, Graman, Paul S., Grayson, M. Lindsay, Greenberg, David, Greene, Matthew H., Griffin, Patricia M., Griffith, David E., Guerrant, Richard L., Gul, Hanefi C., Haake, David A., Haas, David W., Haidar, Ghady, Hallak, Joelle, Halperin, Scott A., Hammerschlag, Margaret R., Haque, Rashidul, Harris, Jason B., Hartzell, Joshua D., Hasbun, Rodrigo, Hawkins, Claudia, Hay, Roderick J., Henderson, David K., High, Kevin P., Hill, Adrian V.S., Hinman, Alan R., Hirsch, Martin S., Hochman, Sarah, Hoen, Bruno, Hohl, Tobias M., Holland, Steven M., Holland, Thomas L., Holzman, Robert S., Hooper, David C., Hooton, Thomas M., Hoover, Susan E., Horowitz, Harold W., Horton, James M., Hospenthal, Duane R., Hotez, Peter J., Hynes, Noreen A., Iovine, Nicole M., Ison, Michael G., Jaggi, Preeti, Janda, J. Michael, Janoff, Edward N., Jernigan, Daniel, Johannsen, Eric C., Johnson, Jennie E., Juliano, Jonathan J., Kamboj, Mini, Kasper, Dennis L., Kaye, Donald, Kaye, Keith S., Kaye, Kenneth M., Kazura, James W., Keystone, Jay S., Khabbaz, Rima F., Khan, David A., Khudyakov, Yury, Kim, Rose, King, Charles H., Kirchhoff, Louis V., Kirkpatrick, Beth D., Kiyono, Hiroshi, Klein, Bruce S., Klompas, Michael, Knoll, Bettina M., Knowlton, Kirk U., Koehler, Jane E., Kohlhoff, Stephan A., Könönen, Eija, Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P., Koralnik, Igor J., Korpe, Poonum S., Koshy, Anita A., Kovacs, Joseph A., Kroger, Andrew T., Kuehnert, Matthew J., Kumar, Nalin M., Kuruvilla, Merin Elizabeth, LaRocque, Regina C., LaSalvia, Mary T., Leaf, Howard L., Leggett, James E., Lepak, Alexander J., Levett, Paul N., Levine, Donald P., Levison, Matthew E., Levitt, Alexandra, Lewis, Russell E., Liles, W. Conrad, Lima, Aldo A.M., Limaye, Ajit P., Lionakis, Michail S., Lipkin, W. Ian, Litman, Nathan, Luna, Ruth Ann, Lutgring, Joseph D., MacDougall, Conan, Maddocks, Susan, Madoff, Lawrence C., Magill, Alan J., Maguire, James H., Maldarelli, Frank, Markoff, Lewis, Marrazzo, Jeanne M., Marrie, Thomas J., Marth, Thomas, Martin, David H., Martin, Gregory J., Marty, Francisco M., Maslow, Melanie Jane, Masur, Henry, Mawle, Alison, Mayer, Kenneth H., McCarthy, James S., McCormack, William, McGowan, Catherine C., McIntosh, Kenneth, Mead, Paul S., Mejia, Rojelio, Mekala, Vijayashree, Messonnier, Nancy, Mikulska, Małgorzata, Miller, Robert F., Miller, Samuel I., Miller, William R., Moffa, Matthew, Moir, Susan, Montoya, José G., Moonah, Shannon N., Moore, Thomas A., Moreillon, Philippe, Morgan, Janet, Morris, J. Glenn, Jr., Munita, Jose M., Murphy, Edward L., Murphy, Timothy F., Murray, Barbara E., Murray, Clinton K., Musher, Daniel M., Mylonakis, Eleftherios, Nagel, Jerod L., Naggie, Susanna, Nannini, Esteban C., Nash, Theodore E., Nauseef, William M., Nayak, Jennifer L., Neill, Marguerite A., Nelson, George E., Nelson, Joanna K., Nesbitt, Whitney J., Nguyen, M. Hong, O’Donnell, Judith A., Ohl, Christopher A., Okhuysen, Pablo C., Onderdonk, Andrew B., Opal, Steven M., Orenstein, Walter A., Osmon, Douglas R., Oxman, Michael N., Paessler, Slobodan, Page, Andrea V., Pai, Manjunath P., Palmore, Tara N., Palraj, Raj, Pappas, Peter G., Paris, Daniel H., Parks, Tom, Parsonnet, Julie, Parta, Mark, Pasternack, Mark S., Pastula, Daniel M., Patel, Robin, Patterson, Thomas F., Pavan-Langston, Deborah, Pegues, David A., Pelton, Stephen I., Penn, Robert L., Perfect, John R., Perkins, Ryan, Perlman, Stanley, Petersen, Brett W., Petri, William A., Jr., Petti, Cathy A., Philips, Jennifer A., Philley, Julie V., Phillips, Michael, Pickering, Larry K., Piot, Peter, Pogue, Jason M., Polsky, Bruce, Pop-Vicas, Aurora, Portal-Celhay, Cynthia, Powers, John H., III, Price, Richard N., Que, Yok-Ai, Radolf, Justin D., Ram, Sanjay, Ramakrishnan, Lalita, Raoult, Didier, Ravdin, Jonathan I., Reboli, Annette C., Redel, Henry, Reitz, Marvin S., Jr., Relman, David A., Reno, Hilary E.L., Restrepo-Moreno, Ángela, Rex, John H., Rhee, Elizabeth G., Roberts, Norbert J., Jr., Romanovsky, Andrej A., Romero, José R., Rose, Stacey R., Rosenberg, Ronald, Rothman, Alan L., Roy, Craig R., Ruoff, Kathryn L., Rupp, Mark E., Rupprecht, Charles E., Russo, Thomas A., Rutala, William A., Ryan, Edward T., Sajadi, Mohammad M., Salazar, Juan C., Saleeb, Paul G., Sarria, Juan Carlos, Savoia, Maria C., Sax, Paul E., Schiffer, Joshua T., Schlossberg, David, Schneider, Thomas, Schwebke, Jane R., Sears, Cynthia L., Segal, Leopoldo N., Sendi, Parham, Sepkowitz, Kent A., Seregin, Alexey, Shulman, Stanford T., Siberry, George K., Siddiqi, Omar K., Sifri, Costi D., Simberkoff, Michael S., Simonetti, Francesco, Singh, Nina, Singh, Upinder, Smulian, A. George, Sobel, Jack D., Sohail, M. Rizwan, Sorrell, Tania C., Spellberg, Brad, Steckelberg, James M., Steere, Allen C., Steinberg, James P., Stephens, David S., Stephenson, Kathryn E., Sterling, Timothy R., Stevens, David A., Stevens, Dennis L., Stoner, Bradley P., Strahilevitz, Jacob, IV, Charles W. Stratton, Strnad, Luke C., Suh, Kathryn N., Sulkowski, Mark S., Swartz, Morton N., Talati, Naasha J., Talbot, Thomas R., Tan, C. Sabrina, Tan, Ming, Tande, Aaron J., Tesini, Brenda L., Thio, Chloe Lynne, Thomas, Stephen J., Thompson, George R., III, Thorner, Anna R., Tobón-Orozco, Ángela Ma., Tramont, Edmund C., Trautner, Barbara W., Treanor, John J., Trivedi, Hirsh D., Trubiano, Jason, Tsibris, Athe M.N., Tunkel, Allan R., Tyler, Kenneth L., Uluer, Ahmet Z., Urban, Marguerite A., Ustun, Celalettin, Uyeki, Timothy M., van de Beek, Diederik, van der Poll, Tom, van der Velden, Walter J.F.M., Van Schooneveld, Trevor C., Vannier, Edouard, Vellozzi, Claudia, Versalovic, James, Vijayan, Vini, Viscoli, Claudio, Wald, Ellen R., Waldor, Matthew K., Walker, David H., Wallace, Richard J., Jr., Walsh, Edward E., Walsh, Stephen R., Walzer, Peter D., Wanke, Christine A., Ward, Honorine D., Warren, Cirle A., Washburn, Ronald G., Waters, Valerie, Watkins, Richard R., Watts, Matthew R., Weatherhead, Jill, Weber, David J., Weiden, Michael D., Weinberg, Geoffrey A., Weiss, Louis M., Wellems, Thomas E., White, A. Clinton, Jr., Whitley, Richard J., Wiersinga, Willem Joost, Williams, Brett, Wilson, Walter R., Winslow, Dean L., Winthrop, Kevin L., Wong, Karen K., Wortmann, Glenn W., Wright, William F., Wyles, David L., Young, Jo-Anne H., Young, Vincent Bensan, Yun, Nadezhda, Zimmerli, Werner, Zinner, Stephen H., and Zurlo, John J.

Published
2021
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78. Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurocysticercosis: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)

Author

White, A. Clinton, primary, Coyle, Christina M., additional, Rajshekhar, Vedantam, additional, Singh, Gagandeep, additional, Hauser, W. Allen, additional, Mohanty, Aaron, additional, Garcia, Hector H., additional, and Nash, Theodore E., additional

Published
2018
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86. Contributors

Author

Abrams, Charles S., Adler, Ronald S., Akin, Cem, Aksamit, Allen J., Jr., Al-Awqati, Qais, Allos, Ban Mishu, Anderson, Jeffrey L., Angus, Derek C., Appel, Gerald B., Appelbaum, Frederick R., Armitage, James O., Armstrong, Deborah K., Arnaout, M. Amin, Arnold, Robert M., Atkins, David, Atkinson, John P., Ayanian, John Z., Baddour, Larry M., Bagby, Grover C., Bain, Barbara J., Bajorin, Dean F., Baloh, Robert W., Bangham, Charles R.M., Barasch, Jonathan, Barbano, Richard L., Barrett, Bruce, Bartholomew, John R., Bartleson, J.D., Barton, Mary, Basner, Robert C., Bass, Anne R., Baum, Stephen G., Bauman, Julie E., Bausch, Daniel G., Bayer, Arnold S., Bazari, Hasan, Bazarian, Jeffrey J., Beigel, John H., Bel, Elisabeth H., Beller, George A., Berger, Joseph R., Berk, Paul D., Berliner, Nancy, Bernat, James L., Bierman, Philip J., Biesecker, Leslie G., Bishop, Michael R., Biundo, Joseph J., Blankson, Joel N., Blattner, William A., Bleck, Thomas P., Bloch, Karen C., Blom, Henk J., Bodamer, Olaf A., Boden, William E., Boivin, Guy, Bolognia, Jean, Bonnez, William, Bonomo, Robert A., Booth, Sarah L., Bosque, Patrick J., Breakwell, Lucy, Brenner, David J., Brochard, Laurent, Brook, Itzhak, Brunetti, Enrico, Bryant, Amy E., Buchner, David M., Buffet, Pierre A., Bushinsky, David A., Bykerk, Vivian P., Byrd, John C., Calabresi, Peter A., Calfee, David P., Camaschella, Clara, Camilleri, Michael, Cappellini, Maria Domenica, Carabello, Blase A., Carvalho, Edgar M., Catherino, William H., Cauley, Jane A., Chalasani, Naga P., Chambers, Henry F., Chang, Larry W., Chen, Lin H., Chen, Sharon C-A, Cheshire, William P., Jr., Chockalingam, Arun, Christiani, David C., Chu, Edward, Cieslak, Theodore J., Cioffi, George A., Clancy, Carolyn M., Clauss, Heather E., Clauw, Daniel J., Clemmons, David R., Cohen, David, Cohen, Jeffrey, Cohen, Myron S., Cohen, Steven P., Cohn, Steven L., Connors, Joseph M., Cook, Deborah J., Cooper, David S., Craft, Joseph, Crandall, Jill P., Croft, Simon L., Crow, Mary K., Crump, John A., Cudkowicz, Merit E., Cullen, Mark R., Cunningham-Rundles, Charlotte, Damon, Inger K., Daniels, Troy E., Dart, Richard, Davidson, Nancy E., DeAngelis, Lisa M., DeCamp, Malcolm M., Rio, Carlos Del, DeLuca, Gabriele C., Denning, David W., Deuster, Patricia A., Diasio, Robert B., Diemert, David J., Digre, Kathleen B., Doroshow, James. H., Douglas, John M., Jr., Drazen, Jeffrey M., Drekonja, Dimitri, Dreskin, Stephen C., Drew, W. Lawrence, Drusano, George L., DuBose, Thomas D., Jr., Dumler, J. Stephen, DuPont, Herbert L., Duvic, Madeleine, Edwards, Kathryn M., Edwards, N. Lawrence, Einhorn, Lawrence H., Eliopoulos, George M., Elliott, Perry M., Ellner, Jerrold J., Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Ernst, Joel D., Everson, Gregory T., Evoli, Amelia, Falagas, Matthew E., Falk, Gary W., Fang, James C., Feder, Gene, Feller-Kopman, David J., File, Thomas McDonald, Jr., Firestein, Gary S., Fishman, Glenn I., Fleisher, Lee A., Flint, Paul W., Fogel, Evan L., Forsmark, Chris E., Fournier, Pierre-Edouard, Fowler, Vance G., Jr., Franco, Manuel A., Freedman, David O., French, Martyn A., Freund, Karen M., Galgiani, John N., Gallagher, Patrick G., Ganz, Leonard, Garan, Hasan, Garcia-Tsao, Guadalupe, Geisler, William M., George, Tony P., Gepstein, Lior, Gerber, Susan I., Gerding, Dale N., Gertz, Morie A., Ghanem, Khalil G., Gill, Christopher J., Ginsberg, Jeffrey S., Ginsburg, Geoffrey S., Glesby, Marshall J., Gnann, John W., Jr., Golden, Matthew R., Goldman, David L., Goldman, Lee, Goldstein, Larry B., Gore, Richard M., Gotlib, Jason, Gotuzzo, Eduardo, Grammer, Leslie C., Grasemann, Hartmut, Grayson, M. Lindsay, Greenberg, Harry B., Greenberg, Steven A., Greer, David M., Griggs, Robert C., Grinberg, Lev M., Grossman, Daniel, Guay-Woodford, Lisa M., Gulick, Roy M., Gupta, Rajesh, Hadigan, Colleen, Hagman, Melissa M., Hagspiel, Klaus D., Handsfield, H. Hunter, Harris, Raymond C., Hayden, Frederick G., Hecht, Frederick M., Heimburger, Douglas C., Hensrud, Donald D., Hewlett, Erik L., Hift, Richard J., Hill, David R., Hill, Nicholas S., Hillyer, Christopher D., Hoit, Brian D., Holland, Steven M., Hollenberg, Steven M., Hook, Edward W., III, Howard, Jo, Hunter, David J., Hussain, Khalid, Iannuzzi, Michael C., Inman, Robert D., Inouye, Sharon K., Ison, Michael G., Jacobson, Karen R., Jaff, Michael R., Jen, Joanna C., Jensen, Dennis M., Jensen, Michael D., Jensen, Robert T., Joffe, Alain, Johnson, Stuart, Jones, Robin L., Jones, Sian, Jonklaas, Jacqueline, Jordan, Richard C., Kahi, Charles J., Kamya, Moses R., Kao, Louise W., Kaplan, Steven A., Kastner, Daniel L., Katzka, David A., Katzman, Debra K., Kauffman, Carol A., Kaushansky, Kenneth, Kaye, Keith S., Keating, Armand, Kelley, Robin K., Kern, Morton J., Keusch, Gerald T., Khuri, Fadlo R., Kirchhoff, Louis V., Kirtane, Ajay J., Klion, Amy D., Knopman, David S., Ko, Christine J., Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P., Koppel, Barbara S., Korenblat, Kevin M., Korf, Bruce R., Kortepeter, Mark G., Kottilil, Shyamasundaran, Kovacs, Joseph A., Kovacs, Thomas O., Kowdley, Kris V., Kraft, Monica, Kramer, Christopher M., Krasnewich, Donna M., Kratz, Alexander, Kraus, Virginia Byers, Kraus, William E., Krause, Peter J., Kroshinsky, Daniela, Kuemmerle, John F., Kuipers, Ernst J., Laheru, Daniel, Landry, Donald W., Lang, Anthony E., Lange, Richard A., Lederle, Frank A., Lee, William M., Leggett, James E., Levine, Glenn N., Levine, Marc S., Levine, Stephanie M., Lichtenstein, Gary R., Liebmann, Jeffrey M., Lim, Henry W., Lima, Aldo A.M., Ling, Geoffrey S.F., Link, Mark S., Lloyd-Jones, Donald M., Lorber, Bennett, Louie, Arnold, Lucey, Daniel R., Lyness, Jeffrey M., MacKenzie, C. Ronald, MacMillan, Harriet L., Madoff, Robert D., Maldarelli, Frank, Malhotra, Atul, Manary, Mark J., Manu, Peter, Marcos, Luis A., Marelli, Ariane J., Mariette, Xavier, Marks, Andrew R., Marr, Kieren A., Marrie, Thomas J., Martin, Paul, Martinez, Fernando J., Mason, Joel B., Masur, Henry, Mathers, Amy J., Matteson, Eric L., Matthay, Michael A., Mayer, Emeran A., Mayer, Stephan A., McCool, F. Dennis, McInnes, Iain, McKenna, William J., McLaughlin, Vallerie, McMurray, John J.V., McQuaid, Kenneth R., Mead, Paul S., Means, Robert T., Jr., Meintjes, Graeme, Melton-Meaux, Genevieve B., Merrick, Samuel T., Michel, Marc, Mink, Jonathan W., Mitch, William E., Molitoris, Bruce A., Montoya, José G., Moy, Ernest, Mukherjee, Debabrata, Murr, Andrew H., Musher, Daniel M., Myerburg, Robert J., Nadeau, Kari C., Naides, Stanley J., Nash, Theodore E., Nath, Avindra, Neal-Perry, Genevieve, Neff, Anne T., Neilson, Eric G., Nelson, Christina A., Nelson, Lewis S., Nestler, Eric J., Newman, Anne B., Nicolle, Lindsay E., Nieman, Lynnette K., Nocturne, Gaetane, O’Connor, Christopher M., O’Connor, Francis G., O’Connor, Patrick G., O'Dell, James R., O'Donnell, Anne E., Oh, Jae K., Okhuysen, Pablo C., Okun, Michael S., Olgin, Jeffrey E., Olsen, Nancy J., Orenstein, Walter A., O'Shea, John J., Osmon, Douglas R., Otto, Catherine M., Ottolini, Martin G., Pappas, Peter G., Park, Ben Ho, Pasricha, Pankaj Jay, Patel, Manisha, Patel, Robin, Paterson, David L., Pawlotsky, Jean-Michel, Payne, Thomas H., Pearson, Richard D., Perl, Trish M., Pesce, Michael A., Petersen, Brett W., Petri, William A., Jr., Pfeffer, Marc A., Pisetsky, David S., Powell, Frank, Pyeritz, Reed E., Quinn, Thomas C., Racaniello, Vincent R., Radhakrishnan, Jai, Radich, Jerald, Rafailidis, Petros I., Raghu, Ganesh, Ragni, Margaret V., Raja, Srinivasa N., Rajkumar, S. Vincent, Ralston, James D., Ralston, Stuart H., Raoult, Didier, Ratner, Adam J., Reboli, Annette C., Reddy, K. Rajender, Redelmeier, Donald A., Reef, Susan E., Reilly, John, Reller, Megan E., Resnick, Neil M., Reuben, David B., Robinson, Jennifer G., Rogatsky, Inez, Rogers, Joseph G., Rolain, Jean-Marc, Rollins, Barrett J., Romero, José R., Rosene-Montella, Karen, Rosenthal, Philip J., Russell, James A., Rustgi, Anil K., Rusyniak, Daniel E., Sakoulas, George, Salata, Robert A., Salmon, Jane E., Salvana, Edsel Maurice T., Santoro, Nanette, Santos, Renato M., Santucci, Peter A., Savard, Patrice, Sawka, Michael N., Scanlon, Paul D., Schafer, Andrew I., Schaffner, William, Scheld, W. Michael, Schiff, Manuel, Schilsky, Michael L., Schooley, Robert T., Schriger, David L., Schuchter, Lynn M., Schulman, Sam, Schwartz, Lawrence B., Seas, Carlos, Seifert, Steven A., Seifter, Julian Lawrence, Selcen, Duygu, Semrad, Carol E., Shamoon, Harry, Shaw, Pamela J., Shaz, Beth H., Sheridan, Robert L., Sherman, Stuart, Shieh, Wun-Ju, Shy, Michael E., Sidransky, Ellen, Siegel, Richard M., Sifri, Costi D., Siliciano, Robert F., Simberkoff, Michael S., Simel, David L., Skorecki, Karl, Slutsky, Arthur S., Small, Eric J., Smetana, Gerald W., Smith, Gordon, Sobieszczyk, Magdalena E., Southwick, Frederick S., Spiegel, Allen M., Spiera, Robert, Spinola, Stanley M., Stabler, Sally P., Stanford, Stephanie M., Stark, Paul, Steensma, David P., Steiner, Theodore S., Stephens, David S., Stevens, David A., Stevens, Dennis L., Stoller, James K., Stone, John H., Stone, Richard M., Strikas, Raymond A., Su, Edwin P., Sutter, Roland W., Swerdloff, Ronald S., Swygard, Heidi, Sykes, Megan, Talbot, H. Keipp, Tanofsky-Kraff, Marian, Tarlo, Susan M., Teirstein, Paul S., Telford, Sam R., III, Thakker, Rajesh V., Therrien, Judith, Thompson, George R., III, Tosti, Antonella, Trehan, Indi, Turner, Ronald B., Valeri, Anthony Michael, Varga, John, Vaughn, Bradley V., Venook, Alan P., Verbalis, Joseph G., Victor, Ronald G., Vincent, Angela, Vincent, Tonia L., Wachter, Robert M., Wagner, Edward H., Walsh, Edward E., Walsh, Thomas J., Walston, Jeremy D., Walter, Roland B., Wang, Christina, Ware, Lorraine B., Warren, Cirle A., Watson, John T., Weber, Thomas J., Weinberg, Geoffrey A., Weinstein, David A., Weinstein, Robert S., Weiss, Roger D., Weiss, Roy E., Weitz, Jeffrey I., Wenzel, Richard P., Werth, Victoria P., West, Sterling G., White, A. Clinton, Jr., White, Christopher J., White, Julian, White, Perrin C., Whitley, Richard J., Whyte, Michael P., Wiebe, Samuel, Wiener-Kronish, Jeanine P., Wilber, David J., Winikoff, Beverly, Winter, Jane N., Wolin, Edward M., Wormser, Gary P., Young, Neal S., Young, Vincent B., Young, William F., Jr., Yu, Alan S.L., Zaidi, Anita K.M., Zaki, Sherif, Ziegler, Thomas R., and Zimetbaum, Peter

Published
2020
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87. Contributors

Author

Aagaard, Kjersti, Abdallah, Marie, Abrahamian, Fredrick M., Agnihotri, Shruti, Ahmed, Sana S., Allos, Ban Mishu, Alqahtani, Saleh A., Anderson, Jeffrey L., Andes, David R., Andrews, Jason R., Aoki, Fred Y., Apicella, Michael A., Araos, Rafael, Ard, Kevin L., Arias, Cesar A., Aronoff, David M., Aronson, Naomi E., Augenbraun, Michael H., Auwaerter, Paul G., Averhoff, Francisco, Azar, Dimitri T., Babu, Tara M., Bachmann, Laura Hinkle, Baddour, Larry M., Baden, Lindsey R., Baker, Carol J., Ballard, Sarah-Blythe, Barber, Gerard R., Barnes, Scott D., Barouch, Dan H., Barrett, Alan D., Barshak, Miriam Baron, Bartelt, Luther A., Basavaraju, Sridhar V., Batteiger, Byron E., Baum, Stephen G., Bayer, Arnold S., Beckham, J. David, Beekmann, Susan E., Beigi, Richard H., Bennett, John E., Berbari, Elie F., Bertino, Joseph S., Jr., Bhimraj, Adarsh, Birch, Torrey Boland, Birdsall, Holly H., Blackburn, Brian G., Blanton, Lucas S., Blaser, Martin J., Blazes, David L., Bleck, Thomas P., Blijlevens, Nicole M.A., Blyth, Dana M., Boggild, Andrea K., Bogoch, Isaac I., Bonnez, William, Boothroyd, John C., Borio, Luciana L., Bosque, Patrick J., Braden, Christopher R., Branche, Angela R., Britt, William J., Brook, Itzhak, Brouwer, Matthijs C., Brown, Kevin E., Brown, Patricia, Brown-Elliott, Barbara A., Bruhn, Roberta L., Bryant, Amy E., Burd, Eileen M., Burns, Jane C., Bush, Larry M., Casadevall, Arturo, Caserta, Mary T., Castagnola, Elio, Chaisson, Richard E., Chapman, Stephen J., Chappell, Catherine A., Chappell, James D., Chen, Lea Ann, Chen, Sharon C-A., Chiang, Augusto Dulanto, Chopra, Sanjiv, Chow, Anthony W., Clancy, Cornelius J., Clark, Richard B., Cohen, Jeffrey I., Cohen, Myron S., Cohen, Yehuda Z., Cohen-Poradosu, Ronit, Cohn, Susan E., Colton, Benjamin, Connors, Mark, Copeland, Nathanial K., Corey, Lawrence, Cosgrove, Sara E., Cottrell, Mackenzie L., Cover, Timothy L., Cox, Heather L., Crass, Ryan L., Cunha, Cheston B., Curran, James W., Currie, Bart J., D'Agata, Erika, Daly, Jennifer S., Damon, Inger K., Darouiche, Rabih O., Dawid, Suzanne, Deepe, George S., Jr., Dekker, John P., del Rio, Carlos, DeLeo, Frank R., DeMuri, Gregory P., Dermody, Terence S., Dewar, Robin, Diaz, James H., Dieffenbach, Carl W., Dienstag, Jules L., Doi, Yohei, Dolin, Raphael, Donowitz, Gerald R., Donskey, Curtis J., Dormitzer, Philip R., Dumler, J. Stephen, Dupnik, Kathryn, DuPont, Herbert L., Durack, David T., Durand, Marlene L., Duval, Xavier, Edelstein, Paul H., Edwards, John E., Jr., Edwards, Morven S., Ellison, Richard T., III, Embry, Alan C., Endy, Timothy P., Engleberg, N. Cary, Englund, Janet A., Erdem, Hakan, Ernst, Peter B., Fairhurst, Rick M., Fairley, Jessica K., Falkow, Stanley, Falsey, Ann R., Fauci, Anthony S., Fekete, Thomas, Fey, Paul D., Fine, Steven M., Fitzgerald, Daniel W., Flores, Anthony R., Fournier, Pierre-Edouard, Fowler, Vance G., Jr., Freedman, David O., Friedlander, Arthur M., Galgiani, John N., Gallin, John I., Gallo, Robert C., Gandhi, Monica, Garrett, Wendy S., Gauthier, Gregory M., Gaydos, Charlotte A., Gea-Banacloche, Juan C., Geisbert, Thomas W., Gelfand, Jeffrey A., Gelone, Steven P., Gerding, Dale N., Gershon, Anne A., Gilsdorf, Janet R., Giri, Pushpanjali, Gold, Howard S., Goldstein, Ellie J.C., González-Marín, Ángel, Graman, Paul S., Grayson, M. Lindsay, Greenberg, David, Greene, Matthew H., Griffin, Patricia M., Griffith, David E., Guerrant, Richard L., Gul, Hanefi C., Haake, David A., Haas, David W., Haidar, Ghady, Hallak, Joelle, Halperin, Scott A., Hammerschlag, Margaret R., Haque, Rashidul, Harris, Jason B., Hartzell, Joshua D., Hasbun, Rodrigo, Hawkins, Claudia, Hay, Roderick J., Henderson, David K., High, Kevin P., Hill, Adrian V.S., Hinman, Alan R., Hirsch, Martin S., Hochman, Sarah, Hoen, Bruno, Hohl, Tobias M., Holland, Steven M., Holland, Thomas L., Holzman, Robert S., Hooper, David C., Hooton, Thomas M., Hoover, Susan E., Horowitz, Harold W., Horton, James M., Hospenthal, Duane R., Hotez, Peter J., Hynes, Noreen A., Iovine, Nicole M., Ison, Michael G., Jaggi, Preeti, Janda, J. Michael, Janoff, Edward N., Jernigan, Daniel, Johannsen, Eric C., Johnson, Jennie E., Juliano, Jonathan J., Kamboj, Mini, Kasper, Dennis L., Kaye, Donald, Kaye, Keith S., Kaye, Kenneth M., Kazura, James W., Keystone, Jay S., Khabbaz, Rima F., Khan, David A., Khudyakov, Yury, Kim, Rose, King, Charles H., Kirchhoff, Louis V., Kirkpatrick, Beth D., Kiyono, Hiroshi, Klein, Bruce S., Klompas, Michael, Knoll, Bettina M., Knowlton, Kirk U., Koehler, Jane E., Kohlhoff, Stephan A., Könönen, Eija, Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P., Koralnik, Igor J., Korpe, Poonum S., Koshy, Anita A., Kovacs, Joseph A., Kroger, Andrew T., Kuehnert, Matthew J., Kumar, Nalin M., Kuruvilla, Merin Elizabeth, LaRocque, Regina C., LaSalvia, Mary T., Leaf, Howard L., Leggett, James E., Lepak, Alexander J., Levett, Paul N., Levine, Donald P., Levison, Matthew E., Levitt, Alexandra, Lewis, Russell E., Liles, W. Conrad, Lima, Aldo A.M., Limaye, Ajit P., Lionakis, Michail S., Lipkin, W. Ian, Litman, Nathan, Luna, Ruth Ann, Lutgring, Joseph D., MacDougall, Conan, Maddocks, Susan, Madoff, Lawrence C., Magill, Alan J., Maguire, James H., Maldarelli, Frank, Markoff, Lewis, Marrazzo, Jeanne M., Marrie, Thomas J., Marth, Thomas, Martin, David H., Martin, Gregory J., Marty, Francisco M., Maslow, Melanie Jane, Masur, Henry, Mawle, Alison, Mayer, Kenneth H., McCarthy, James S., McCormack, William, McGowan, Catherine C., McIntosh, Kenneth, Mead, Paul S., Mejia, Rojelio, Mekala, Vijayashree, Messonnier, Nancy, Mikulska, Małgorzata, Miller, Robert F., Miller, Samuel I., Miller, William R., Moffa, Matthew, Moir, Susan, Montoya, José G., Moonah, Shannon N., Moore, Thomas A., Moreillon, Philippe, Morgan, Janet, Morris, J. Glenn, Jr., Munita, Jose M., Murphy, Edward L., Murphy, Timothy F., Murray, Barbara E., Murray, Clinton K., Musher, Daniel M., Mylonakis, Eleftherios, Nagel, Jerod L., Naggie, Susanna, Nannini, Esteban C., Nash, Theodore E., Nauseef, William M., Nayak, Jennifer L., Neill, Marguerite A., Nelson, George E., Nelson, Joanna K., Nesbitt, Whitney J., Nguyen, M. Hong, O'Donnell, Judith A., Ohl, Christopher A., Okhuysen, Pablo C., Onderdonk, Andrew B., Opal, Steven M., Orenstein, Walter A., Osmon, Douglas R., Oxman, Michael N., Paessler, Slobodan, Page, Andrea V., Pai, Manjunath P., Palmore, Tara N., Palraj, Raj, Pappas, Peter G., Paris, Daniel H., Parks, Tom, Parsonnet, Julie, Parta, Mark, Pasternack, Mark S., Pastula, Daniel M., Patel, Robin, Patterson, Thomas F., Pavan-Langston, Deborah, Pegues, David A., Pelton, Stephen I., Penn, Robert L., Perfect, John R., Perkins, Ryan, Perlman, Stanley, Petersen, Brett W., Petri, William A., Jr., Petti, Cathy A., Philips, Jennifer A., Philley, Julie V., Phillips, Michael, Pickering, Larry K., Piot, Peter, Pogue, Jason M., Polsky, Bruce, Pop-Vicas, Aurora, Portal-Celhay, Cynthia, Powers, John H., III, Price, Richard N., Que, Yok-Ai, Radolf, Justin D., Ram, Sanjay, Ramakrishnan, Lalita, Raoult, Didier, Ravdin, Jonathan I., Reboli, Annette C., Redel, Henry, Reitz, Marvin S., Jr., Relman, David A., Reno, Hilary E.L., Restrepo-Moreno, Ángela, Rex, John H., Rhee, Elizabeth G., Roberts, Norbert J., Jr., Romanovsky, Andrej A., Romero, José R., Rose, Stacey R., Rosenberg, Ronald, Rothman, Alan L., Roy, Craig R., Ruoff, Kathryn L., Rupp, Mark E., Rupprecht, Charles E., Russo, Thomas A., Rutala, William A., Ryan, Edward T., Sajadi, Mohammad M., Salazar, Juan C., Saleeb, Paul G., Sarria, Juan Carlos, Savoia, Maria C., Sax, Paul E., Schiffer, Joshua T., Schlossberg, David, Schneider, Thomas, Schwebke, Jane R., Sears, Cynthia L., Segal, Leopoldo N., Sendi, Parham, Sepkowitz, Kent A., Seregin, Alexey, Shulman, Stanford T., Siberry, George K., Siddiqi, Omar K., Sifri, Costi D., Simberkoff, Michael S., Simonetti, Francesco, Singh, Nina, Singh, Upinder, Smulian, A. George, Sobel, Jack D., Sohail, M. Rizwan, Sorrell, Tania C., Spellberg, Brad, MD, Steckelberg, James M., Steere, Allen C., Steinberg, James P., Stephens, David S., Stephenson, Kathryn E., Sterling, Timothy R., Stevens, David A., Stevens, Dennis L., Stoner, Bradley P., Strahilevitz, Jacob, Stratton, Charles W., IV, Strnad, Luke C., Suh, Kathryn N., Sulkowski, Mark S., Swartz, Morton N., Talati, Naasha J., Talbot, Thomas R., Tan, C. Sabrina, Tan, Ming, Tande, Aaron J., Tesini, Brenda L., Thio, Chloe Lynne, Thomas, Stephen J., Thompson, George R., III, Thorner, Anna R., Tobón-Orozco, Ángela Ma., Tramont, Edmund C., Trautner, Barbara W., Treanor, John J., Trivedi, Hirsh D., Trubiano, Jason, Tsibris, Athe M.N., Tunkel, Allan R., Tyler, Kenneth L., Uluer, Ahmet Z., Urban, Marguerite A., Ustun, Celalettin, Uyeki, Timothy M., van de Beek, Diederik, van der Poll, Tom, van der Velden, Walter J.F.M., Van, Trevor C., Vannier, Edouard, Vellozzi, Claudia, Versalovic, James, Vijayan, Vini, Viscoli, Claudio, Wald, Ellen R., Waldor, Matthew K., Walker, David H., Wallace, Richard J., Jr., Walsh, Edward E., Walsh, Stephen R., Walzer, Peter D., Wanke, Christine A., Ward, Honorine D., Warren, Cirle A., Washburn, Ronald G., Waters, Valerie, Watkins, Richard R., Watts, Matthew R., Weatherhead, Jill, Weber, David J., Weiden, Michael D., Weinberg, Geoffrey A., Weiss, Louis M., Wellems, Thomas E., White, A. Clinton, Jr., Whitley, Richard J., Wiersinga, Willem Joost, Williams, Brett, Wilson, Walter R., Winslow, Dean L., Winthrop, Kevin L., Wong, Karen K., Wortmann, Glenn W., Wright, William F., Wyles, David L., Young, Jo-Anne H., Young, Vincent Bensan, Yun, Nadezhda, Zimmerli, Werner, Zinner, Stephen H., and Zurlo, John J.

Published
2020
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90. Mechanisms of catalysis and inhibition operative in the arginine deiminase from the human pathogen Giardia lamblia

Author

Li, Zhimin, Kulakova, Liudmila, Li, Ling, Galkin, Andrey, Zhao, Zhiming, Knipp, Markus, Nash, Theodore E., Mariano, Patrick S., Herzberg, Osnat, and Dunaway-Mariano, Debra

Subjects
Models, Molecular, Tris, Hydrolases, Stereochemistry, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Drug Discovery, Hydrolase, Escherichia coli, medicine, Animals, Giardia lamblia, Gene Silencing, Molecular Biology, Arginine deiminase, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Organic Chemistry, Active site, Kinetics, Enzyme, chemistry, Biocatalysis, biology.protein, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agmatine
Abstract

Giardia lamblia arginine deiminase (GlAD), the topic of this paper, belongs to the hydrolase branch of the guanidine-modifying enzyme superfamily, whose members employ Cys-mediated nucleophilic catalysis to promote deimination of l-arginine and its naturally occurring derivatives. G. lamblia is the causative agent in the human disease giardiasis. The results of RNAi/antisense RNA gene-silencing studies reported herein indicate that GlAD is essential for G. lamblia trophozoite survival and thus, a potential target for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of giardiasis. The homodimeric recombinant protein was prepared in Escherichia coli for in-depth biochemical characterization. The 2-domain GlAD monomer consists of a N-terminal domain that shares an active site structure (depicted by an insilico model) and kinetic properties (determined by steady-state and transient state kinetic analysis) with its bacterial AD counterparts, and a C-terminal domain of unknown fold and function. GlAD was found to be active over a wide pH range and to accept l-arginine, l-arginine ethyl ester, N(alpha)-benzoyl-l-arginine, and N(omega)-amino-l-arginine as substrates but not agmatine, l-homoarginine, N(alpha)-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester or a variety of arginine-containing peptides. The intermediacy of a Cys424-alkylthiouronium ion covalent enzyme adduct was demonstrated and the rate constants for formation (k(1)=80s(-1)) and hydrolysis (k(2)=35s(-1)) of the intermediate were determined. The comparatively lower value of the steady-state rate constant (k(cat)=2.6s(-1)), suggests that a step following citrulline formation is rate-limiting. Inhibition of GlAD using Cys directed agents was briefly explored. S-Nitroso-l-homocysteine was shown to be an active site directed, irreversible inhibitor whereas N(omega)-cyano-l-arginine did not inhibit GlAD but instead proved to be an active site directed, irreversible inhibitor of the Bacillus cereus AD.

Published
2009

94. TNF-α blockade suppresses pericystic inflammation following anthelmintic treatment in porcine neurocysticercosis

Author

Mahanty, Siddhartha, Orrego Solano, Miguel Ángel, Cangalaya, Carla, Adrianzen, M. Paz, Arroyo Hurtado, Gianfranco, Calcina, Juan, Gonzalez Zariquiey, Armando Emiliano, García Lescano, Héctor Hugo, Guerra-Giraldez, Cristina, Nash, Theodore E., and Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Neurocysticercosis/complications/drug therapy/immunology/veterinary, Necrosis, Swine, Physiology, Anticestodal Agents/therapeutic use, Gene Expression, Pharmacology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dexamethasone, Praziquantel, Etanercept, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Pig Models, Immune Physiology, Taenia solium, Medicine and Health Sciences, Taenia solium/drug effects, Immune Response, Mammals, Swine Diseases, Innate Immune System, Antiparasitic Agents, Pharmaceutics, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Eukaryota, Brain, Animal Models, Interferon-gamma/genetics/immunology, Extravasation, Vascular endothelial growth factor, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Infectious Diseases, Experimental Organism Systems, Blood-Brain Barrier, Vertebrates, Cytokines, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Brain/parasitology, Etanercept/administration & dosage/adverse effects, medicine.symptom, Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.06 [https], Immunosuppressive Agents, Research Article, medicine.drug, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, Inflammatory Diseases, Immunology, 030231 tropical medicine, Inflammation, Research and Analysis Methods, Neurocysticercosis, Cytokines/genetics/immunology, Proinflammatory cytokine, Interferon-gamma, 03 medical and health sciences, Antiparasitic Agents/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Signs and Symptoms, Drug Therapy, Diagnostic Medicine, Dexamethasone/administration & dosage/adverse effects, parasitic diseases, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Gene Regulation, Praziquantel/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, business.industry, Swine Diseases/drug therapy/immunology, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Inflammation/prevention & control, Biology and Life Sciences, Anticestodal Agents, lcsh:RA1-1270, Molecular Development, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Immune System, Amniotes, business, Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Background Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the brain with the larval cyst of the tapeworm, Taenia solium. Cysticidal treatment induces parasite killing resulting in a post inflammatory response and seizures, which generally requires corticosteroid treatment to control inflammation. The nature of this response and how to best control it is unclear. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of pretreatment with etanercept (ETN), an anti-tumor necrosis factor agent, or dexamethasone (DEX), a high potency corticosteroid, on the post treatment inflammatory response in naturally infected pigs with neurocysticercosis after a single dose of the cysticidal drug praziquantel (PZQ). Methodology/Principal findings We followed the methods from a previously developed treatment model of NCC in naturally infected swine. The four study groups of infected pigs included 3 groups treated with PZQ on day 0: PZQ-treated alone (100 mg/kg PO; n = 9), pretreated with dexamethasone (DEX, 0.2 mg/kg IM administered on days -1, +1 and +3; n = 6), and pretreated with etanercept (ETN, 25 mg IM per animal on days -7 and 0; n = 6). The fourth group remained untreated (n = 3). As measured by quantitative RT-PCR, ETN pretreatment depressed transcription of a wide range of proinflammatory, regulatory and matrix protease encoding genes at 120 hr post PZQ treatment in capsules of cysts that demonstrated extravasated Evans Blue (EB) (a measure of blood brain barrier dysfunction) compared to animals not receiving ETN. Transcription was significantly depressed for the proinflammatory genes tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ; the inflammation regulating genes cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)4, interleukin (IL)-13 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β; the tissue remodeling genes matrix metalloprotease (MMP)1 and 9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMP)1 and 2, and the genes regulating endothelial function vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)1, angiopoietin (Ang)1, Ang 2, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1. In contrast, transcription was only modestly decreased in the DEX pretreated pigs compared to PZQ alone, and only for TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, TGF-β and Ang1. IL-10 was not affected by either ETN or DEX pretreatments. The degree of inflammation, assessed by semi-quantitative inflammatory scores, was modestly decreased in both ETN and DEX pretreated animals compared to PZQ treated pigs whereas cyst damage scores were moderately decreased only in cysts from DEX pretreated pigs. However, the proportion of cysts with EB extravasation was not significantly changed in ETN and DEX pretreated groups. Conclusions/Significance Overall, TNF-α blockade using ETN treatment modulated expression of a large variety of genes that play a role in induction and control of inflammation and structural changes. In contrast the number of inflammatory cells was only moderately decreased suggesting weaker effects on cell migration into the inflammatory capsules surrounding cysts than on release of modulatory molecules. Taken together, these data suggest that TNF-α blockade may provide a viable strategy to manage post-treatment pericystic inflammation that follows antiparasitic therapy for neurocysticercosis., Author summary Infection of the brain with larvae of the tapeworm Taenia solium is called neurocysticercosis (NCC), a disease with varied and serious neurological symptoms. Therapy requires antiparasitic drugs and corticosteroids to prevent seizures caused by treatment due to inflammation around dying parasites. The gene expression of the proinflammatory molecule tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is increased in NCC. We treated three groups of naturally infected pigs with an antiparasitic drug: one group was also pretreated with an anti-TNF-α inhibitor, the second one with a corticosteroid, and the third was not pretreated. All pigs were infused with Evans blue dye (EB), which leaks where the blood brain barrier is damaged by inflammation around cysts. We compared the expression of several genes involved in inflammation, healing and fibrosis and regulation of vascular function in tissues surrounding cysts. In inflamed samples showing leaked EB, the inhibition of TNF-α suppressed nearly all the genes assessed, and this suppression was significantly stronger than the moderate decrease caused by corticosteroid pretreatment on most of the genes. On microscopic examination, the inflammation observed was slightly decreased with both pretreatments in relation to the group that was not pretreated. We believe that the inflammatory route that includes TNF-α should be further explored in the search for better management of inflammation directed to degenerating cysts.

Published
2017

95. Enhanced steroid dosing reduces seizures during antiparasitic treatment for cysticercosis and early after

Author

García Lescano, Héctor Hugo, Gonzales, Isidro, Lescano Guevara, Andres Guillermo, Bustos Palomino, Javier Arturo, Pretell, E.Javier, Saavedra Pastor, Herbert, Nash, Theodore E., and The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru

Subjects
Adult, Male, Time Factors, Adolescent, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.25 [https], Neurocysticercosis, Dexamethasone, Article, Young Adult, Epilepsy, Seizures, Taenia solium, Peru, medicine, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Antiparasitic Agents, business.industry, Cysticercosis, Cestodes, Electroencephalography, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Antiparasitic agent, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Neurology, Concomitant, Anesthesia, Number needed to treat, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, Follow-Up Studies, medicine.drug
Abstract

Summary Objective Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a major cause of seizures and epilepsy in endemic countries. Antiparasitic treatment of brain cysts leads to seizures due to the host's inflammatory reaction, requiring concomitant steroids. We hypothesized that increased steroid dosing will reduce treatment-associated seizures. Methods Open-label randomized trial comparing 6 mg/day dexamethasone for 10 days (conventional) with 8 mg/day for 28 days followed by a 2-week taper (enhanced) in patients with NCC receiving albendazole. Follow-up included active seizure surveillance and brain imaging. Study outcomes were seizure days and patients with seizures, both measured in days 11–42. Additional analyses compared days 1–10, 11–21, 22–32, 33–42, 43–60, and 61–180. Results Thirty-two individuals were randomized into each study arm; two did not complete follow-up. From days 11 to 42, 59 partial and 6 generalized seizure days occurred in 20 individuals, nonsignificantly fewer in the enhanced arm (12 vs. 49, p = 0.114). The numbers of patients with seizures in this period showed similar nonsignificant differences. In the enhanced steroid arm there were significantly fewer days and individuals with seizures during antiparasitic treatment (days 1–10: 4 vs. 17, p = 0.004, and 1 vs. 10, p = 0.003, number needed to treat [NNT] 4.6, relative risk [RR] 0.1013, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01–0.74) and early after dexamethasone cessation (days 11–21: 6 vs. 27, p = 0.014, and 4 vs. 12, p = 0.021, NNT 4.0, RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12–0.92) but not after day 21. There were no significant differences in antiparasitic efficacy or relevant adverse events. Significance Increased dexamethasone dosing results in fewer seizures for the first 21 days during and early after antiparasitic treatment for viable parenchymal NCC but not during the first 11–42 days, which was the primary predetermined time of analysis.

Published
2014

96. Anti-Taenia solium monoclonal antibodies for the detection of parasite antigens in body fluids from patients with neurocysticercosis

Author

Paredes, Adriana, primary, Sáenz, Patricia, additional, Marzal, Miguel W., additional, Orrego, Miguel A., additional, Castillo, Yesenia, additional, Rivera, Andrea, additional, Mahanty, Siddhartha, additional, Guerra-Giraldez, Cristina, additional, García, Hector H., additional, and Nash, Theodore E., additional

Published
2016
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98. Neurocysticercosis: A natural human model of epileptogenesis

Author

Nash, Theodore E., primary, Mahanty, Siddhartha, additional, Loeb, Jeffrey A., additional, Theodore, William H., additional, Friedman, Alon, additional, Sander, Josemir W., additional, Singh, Gagandeep, additional, Cavalheiro, Esper, additional, Del Brutto, Oscar H., additional, Takayanagui, Osvaldo M., additional, Fleury, Agnes, additional, Verastegui, Manuela, additional, Preux, Pierre-Marie, additional, Montano, Silvia, additional, Pretell, E. Javier, additional, White, A. Clinton, additional, Gonzales, Armando E., additional, Gilman, Robert H., additional, and Garcia, Hector H., additional

Published
2014
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