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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-08 UESB (Universidade Estadual Sudoeste da Bahia) FAPESB (FundacAo de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Key Message First study of mepiquat chloride as a growth regulator inEucalyptus. Application of mepiquat chloride inEucalyptusclones at planting may promote drought resistance. The reduction of available areas has pushedEucalyptusaway to marginal areas with low water availability. Management practices such as the application of growth retardants may have potential to modify plant morphological and physiological features, increasing their drought tolerance. Trying to understand the drought tolerance mechanisms ofEucalyptusclones, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different mepiquat chloride (MC) concentrations toEucalyptusclones on morphological and physiological changes. Commercial clones ofE. grandisxE. urophyllahybrid were planted in 20 L pots in a complete randomized block design with eight replications and four treatments. The treatments consisted of three concentrations of MC: 250, 500 and 1000 mg L(-1)of MC. The control treatment consisted of a non-MC application (0 mg L(-1)of MC). Evaluations of morphological and physiological parameters were carried out for 35 days after the MC application. Results indicated morphophysiological changes after the MC application.Eucalyptusclones increased root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), number of leaves and secondary branches, and decreased height. MC application modified the physiological plant system improving intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and SPAD index, and decreasing transpiration rates (E) and stomatal conductance (gs). RDM, TDM, E, WUE(i)and SPAD index improved when 250 and 500 mg L-1MC concentration were applied. Our results suggest that MC application may promote drought resistance toEucalyptusclones. Univ Fed Lavras, Dept Forest Sci, Lavras, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Sudoeste Bahia UESB, Dept Crop & Anim Sci, Vitoria Da Conquista, BA, Brazil Univ Estadual Minas Gerais, Dept Agron, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Agron, Agr, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Agron, Agr, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Introduction: Late preterm infants (LPIs) are at greater risk for short- and long-term morbidity compared with term infants. However, little is known about whether breastfeeding can reduce the adve...

Atualmente, os serviços ambientais relativos aos sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) estão fundamentados em aspectos qualitativos. Entretanto, para que ocorra a consolidação do pagamentos por tais serviços, os diversos fatores que condicionam os SAFs necessitam ser caracterizados. Este estudo teve comoobjetivos analisar se o estoque de biomassa individual de cafeeiros é afetado porSAFs caracterizados por manejo e arranjos distintos dos cafeeiros arábica e das grevíleas, além de verificar se haveria possibilidade de ajuste de equações alométricas para estimar a biomassa seca dos cafeeiros.O experimento foi conduzido em sistemas de cultivo de café (Coffea arabica L.) sob manejo orgânico e convencional arborizado por grevíleas (Grevillea robusta A. Cunn.), localizados nas regiões do Planalto da Conquista e Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. A partir da determinação da biomassa pelo método destrutivo da simples separação, foram estabelecidas equações de estimativa do estoque de biomassa individual dos cafeeiros. Concluiu-se que o sistema de manejo orgânico e convencional são fatores de menor impacto para o acúmulo de biomassa e carbono em relação à fatores como a densidade de cafeeiros e o arranjo das grevíleas. O menor adensamento de cafeeiros é fator que determina a superioridade dos estoques de biomassa individual.A densidade de cafeeiros e arranjo das grevíleas são fatores que determinam modelos alométricos diferenciados para a estimativa de biomassa dos cafeeiros.

Preschool children in Asian countries, including Japan, sleep for a shorter duration at night than those in Europe and the USA. We examined the effects of the nighttime sleep duration on behavioral development in early childhood in Japan.We used data from a large Japanese nationwide, population-based, longitudinal survey that began in 2001. We restricted the study participants to children born after 37 gestational weeks, with a birth weight ≥ 2500 g and singleton births (n = 41 890). The nighttime sleep duration was examined at 2.5 years old. Responses to survey questions regarding age-appropriate behavior at 5.5 years old were used as indicators of behavioral development. We conducted logistic regression analyses with adjustment for confounding factors, with ≥11 h of nighttime sleep as the reference group.The odds ratios for children who had ≤9 h of nighttime sleep, which was associated with being unable to listen with fidgeting and being unable to remain patient, were 1.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.39) and 1.27 (1.16-1.38), respectively. Children who had an irregular nighttime sleep duration were associated with age-appropriate behavioral inabilities. These results were similar in children who usually and sometimes took naps to those before stratification by the frequency of napping.A short nighttime sleep duration especially affects hyperactivity and impulsivity. An irregular nighttime sleep duration increases the inability to perform overall age-appropriate behaviors more than a short sleep duration. Ensuring a regular and sufficient nighttime sleep duration in early childhood is important for healthy behavioral development.

Dietary intake of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is beneficial for health control. We recently identified 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EpETE) as a lipid metabolite endogenously generated from eicosapentaenoic acid that exhibits potent anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, chemically synthesized 17,18-EpETE is enantiomeric due to its epoxy group-17(S),18(R)-EpETE and 17(R),18(S)-EpETE. In this study, we demonstrated stereoselective differences of 17(S),18(R)-EpETE and 17(R),18(S)-EpETE in amelioration of skin contact hypersensitivity and found that anti-inflammatory activity was detected in 17(S),18(R)-EpETE, but not in 17(R),18(S)-EpETE. In addition, we found that cytochrome P450 BM-3 derived from Bacillus megaterium stereoselectively converts EPA into 17(S),18(R)-EpETE, which effectively inhibited the development of skin contact hypersensitivity by inhibiting neutrophil migration in a G protein-coupled receptor 40-dependent manner. These results suggest the new availability of a bacterial enzyme to produce a beneficial lipid mediator, 17(S),18(R)-EpETE, in a stereoselective manner. Our findings highlight that bacterial enzymatic conversion of fatty acid is a promising strategy for mass production of bioactive lipid metabolites.

We have shown previously that the lysosomal a3 isoform of the a subunit of vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) interacts with inactive (GDP-bound form) Rab7, a small GTPase that regulates late endosome/lysosome trafficking, and that a3 recruits Rab7 to secretory lysosomes in mouse osteoclasts. This is essential for outward trafficking of secretory lysosomes and thus for bone resorption. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the recruitment of Rab7 by a3 remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we showed that a3 interacts with the Mon1A-Ccz1 complex, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab7, using HEK293T cells. The interaction was mediated by the amino-terminal half domain of a3 and the longin motifs of Mon1A and Ccz1. Exogenous expression of the GEF promoted the interaction between a3 and Rab7. Mon1A mutants that interact inefficiently with Rab7 interacted with a3 at a similar level to wild-type Mon1A. Lysosomal localization of endogenous Ccz1 was abolished in osteoclasts lacking a3. These results suggest that the lysosomal a3 isoform of V-ATPase interacts with Mon1A-Ccz1, and that a3 is important for Mon1A-Ccz1 localization to secretory lysosomes, which mediates Rab7 recruitment to the organelle.

The incidence of allergic diseases is increasing, and research on their epidemiology, pathophysiology, and the prevention of onset is urgently needed. The onset of allergic disease begins in infancy with atopic dermatitis and food allergy and develops into allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis in childhood; the process is defined as “atopic march”. Atopic march is caused by multiple immunological pathways, including allergen exposure, environmental pollutants, skin barrier dysfunction, type 2 inflammation, and oxidative stress, which promote the progression of atopic march. Using recent evidence, herein, we explain the involvement of allergic inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress in the process of atopic march, its epidemiology, and methods for prevention of onset.

We examined the association between early childhood exposure to maternal smoking and behavioral issues at 8 years old using a large nationwide population-based longitudinal survey in Japan that began in 2001. We included 46,737 children with information about maternal smoking taken from the 6-month survey. We used logistic regression analysis to examine the hypothesis. Early childhood exposure to maternal smoking increased the risk of behavioral problems related to attention and aggressive or disruptive behavior. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.37 (1.22-1.54) for inability to wait their turn during play and 1.40 (1.27-1.55) for destroying toys and, compared with children of nonsmoking mothers. Children of mothers who were heavy smokers were more likely to develop behavioral problems than others. Stopping early childhood exposure to maternal exposure can protect children's neurodevelopment.

The aim of this study was to verify if a growth reduction of yellow passion fruit seedlings’ growth morphophysiology and quality could be changed by paclobutrazol applied through seedling immersion. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with seedlings grown in polyethylene tubes (290 cm3), with substrate. At 40 days after sowing, the seedlings were immersed in an aqueous solution of paclobutrazol at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L-1. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with five treatments (paclobutrazol concentrations) and four replicates. At 15 and 30 days after treatment, growth characteristics were evaluated. At the end of the assay, destructive evaluations related to mass determination, total leaf area, and seedling quality index were performed. Paclobutrazol treatment induced restrictions in seedling growth, except for fresh and dry mass of root and total fresh mass. Based on these characteristics, the increase in values induced by paclobutrazol was verified. The seedling quality, defined by the major value of the Dickson quality index and a smaller robustness index, was higher when submitted to paclobutrazol treatment. The aim of this study was to verify if a growth reduction of yellow passion fruit seedlings’ growth morphophysiology and quality could be changed by paclobutrazol applied through seedling immersion. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with seedlings grown in polyethylene tubes (290 cm3), with substrate. At 40 days after sowing, the seedlings were immersed in an aqueous solution of paclobutrazol at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L-1. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with five treatments (paclobutrazol concentrations) and four replicates. At 15 and 30 days after treatment, growth characteristics were evaluated. At the end of the assay, destructive evaluations related to mass determination, total leaf area, and seedling quality index were performed. Paclobutrazol treatment induced restrictions in seedling growth, except for fresh and dry mass of root and total fresh mass. Based on these characteristics, the increase in values induced by paclobutrazol was verified. The seedling quality, defined by the major value of the Dickson quality index and a smaller robustness index, was higher when submitted to paclobutrazol treatment.

Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase), initially identified in yeast and plant vacuoles, pumps protons into the lumen of organelles coupled with ATP hydrolysis. The mammalian counterpart is found ubiquitously in endomembrane organelles and the plasma membrane of specialized cells such as osteoclasts. V-ATPase is also present in unique organelles such as insulin secretory granules, neural synaptic vesicles, and acrosomes of spermatozoa. Consistent with its diverse physiological roles and unique localization, the seven subunits of V-ATPase have 2–4 isoforms that are organelle- or cell-specific. Subunits of the enzyme function in trafficking organelles and vesicles by interacting with small molecule GTPases. During osteoclast differentiation, one of the four isoforms of subunit a, a3, is indispensable for secretory lysosome trafficking to the plasma membrane. Diseases such as osteopetrosis, renal acidosis, and hearing loss are related to V-ATPase isoforms. In addition to its role as an enzyme, V-ATPase has versatile physiological roles in eukaryotic cells.

The use of shading and paclobutrazol in coffee plants can be an important cultivation strategy to mitigate the negative effects of high solar radiation and atmospheric temperature. Therefore, the levels of photosynthetic pigments and foliar gas exchanges of young coffee plants submitted to doses of paclobutrazol were evaluated, in environments with artificial light restriction. Five experiments were performed: one in full sunlight and four in artificially shaded environments with black polyethylene meshes at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% levels of light restriction. In each of these environments, an experiment was carried out, consisting of five treatments, defined by the application of paclobutrazol via substrate, at doses of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg of active ingredient per plant. Joint analysis of experiments and analysis of variance of the regression were made, for the study of levels of shading and doses of paclobutrazol. The light restriction optimized the photosynthetic apparatus of the plants, mainly at levels close to 60%, and considerably favored leaf gas exchanges of arabica coffee. The application of paclobutrazol in the studied dosages resulted in little or no effect on photosynthetic pigment contents and did not influence leaf gas exchanges of coffee plants.

Background Previous studies showed that preterm birth increased the risk for hospital admissions in infancy and childhood due to some acute diseases. However, the risk of preterm children developing Kawasaki disease remains unknown. In the present study, we investigate whether preterm birth increased the morbidity of Kawasaki disease. Methods We included 36,885 (34,880 term and 2005 preterm) children born in 2010 in Japan. We examined the association between preterm birth and hospitalization due to Kawasaki disease using a large nationwide survey in Japan. Results In log-linear regression models that were adjusted for children's characteristics (sex, singleton birth, and parity), parental characteristics (maternal age, maternal smoking, paternal smoking, maternal education, and paternal income), and residential area, preterm infants were more likely to be hospitalized due to Kawasaki disease (adjusted risk ratio: 1·55, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.39). We then examined whether breastfeeding status modified the potential adverse effects of preterm birth on health outcome. Preterm infants with partial breastfeeding or formula feeding had a significantly higher risk of hospitalization due to Kawasaki disease compared with term infants with exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions Preterm infants were at a high risk for Kawasaki disease, and exclusive breastfeeding might prevent this disease among preterm infants. Impact Previous studies showed that preterm birth increased the risk for hospital admissions in infancy and childhood due to some acute diseases, however, the risk of preterm children developing Kawasaki disease remains unknown. This Japanese large population-based study showed that preterm infants were at a high risk for Kawasaki disease for the first time. Furthermore, this study suggested that exclusively breastfeeding might prevent Kawasaki disease among preterm infants.

研究グループは、自ら確立したヒトiPS細胞株由来腸管上皮細胞を用いたヒトノロウイルス増殖系を用いて、pHを酸性、もしくはアルカリ性に傾けた消毒用アルコールに、ヒトノロウイルスをほぼ完全に不活化しうる効果があることを確認しました。pHの調整には食品添加物として用いられるクエン酸(市販のレモン果汁でも可)や重曹を用いることができるため、今回の研究成果は、抗ヒトノロウイルス活性を持つ手指消毒薬の開発、検証に役立つことが期待されます。, Alcohol-based disinfectants are widely used for the sanitization of microorganisms, especially those that cause infectious diseases, including viruses. However, since the germicidal mechanism of alcohol is lipolysis, alcohol-based disinfectants appear to have a minimal effect on non-enveloped viruses, such as noroviruses. Because there is no cultivation method for human norovirus (HuNoV) in vitro, murine norovirus and feline calicivirus have been used as surrogates for HuNoV to analyze the efficacy of disinfectant regents. Therefore, whether these disinfectants and their conditions are effective against HuNoVs remain unknown. In this study, we report that ethanol or isopropanol alone can sufficiently suppress GII.4 genotype HuNoV replication in human iPSC-derived intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally, pH adjustments and salting-out may contribute toward the virucidal effect of alcohol against other HuNoV genotypes and cancel the impediment of organic substance contamination, respectively. Therefore, similar to sodium hypochlorite, alcohol-based disinfectants containing electrolytes can be used for HuNoV inactivation.

The Neotropical coffee leaf miner is a key coffee pest and in the state of Bahia, one of the major coffee-producing states in the country. The insect finds favorable conditions for its development, causing production losses and intensive use of insecticides. Thus, the objective of the study was to analyze aspects of the profile of coffee crops and the management of the leaf miner, including the use of insecticide for the western and highland regions of Bahia. Data were obtained through questionnaires applied to coffee growers and/or production technicians and included information on the total area, area with coffee, and native vegetation, type of cultivation, cultivars, pest monitoring, methods of control and use, insecticide rotation, and doses used. Descriptive statistical analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and canonical correlations indicated differences between farm size, and areas with coffee and native vegetation. Chemical pest control prevails as a management strategy in all farms. The results are important for managing the coffee leaf miner while providing an overview and diagnosis of insecticide use in coffee production in the state of Bahia. An increase in the application of systemic insecticides took place in recent years, similarly (same active ingredients) among most coffee growers. This fact increases the risk of selecting populations resistant to insecticides, compromising the management of the leaf miner in the regions.

Safety assessment methods for evaluating the effect of an aircraft impacting a reinforced concrete (RC) structure at a nuclear power plant are required. The damage behavior of an RC wall during aircraft impact would be simulated by finite element analysis (FEA). A model for simulating an aircraft and the RC used in the walls of a concrete structure should be established before an impact simulation is conducted. However, many concrete models are usually installed in commercial FEA codes. In this study, concrete models were investigated, and a model that is appropriate for simulating experimental fracture behavior was suggested. Validation of the concrete model was confirmed by conducting simulations of quasi-static and impact loading. The material properties of concrete models were identified from experimental results of previous literature. The applicability of a concrete model for quasi-static loading and impact loading were investigated by comparing the experimental results. First, quasi-static simulation of an RC beam specimen is subjected to a three-point bending load. The load-displacement curve and damage behavior of an RC beam specimen was compared with the experimental result. Next, impact simulations were conducted of a F4 fighter engines (GE-J79) missile impacting into three different wall thicknesses of 900, 1150, and 1600 mm and then compared the damage to the wall in the simulation with the experimental results conducted at Sandia National Laboratory around 1990. The results of simulated load and damage behavior of the RC beam specimen and the damage behavior of the RC walls agreed with the experimental results. The concrete models can be used to simulate the damage behavior on an RC wall subjected to impact loading.

The objective of this study was to estimate the carbon stock in the different designs of biodiverse agroforestry systems (AFSs) in the region of the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of Pratigi, Bahia, Brazil. Phytosociology aspects related to the potentiality of carbon stock of 10 farms were evaluated using plots of 10 x 50 m allocated in each AFS, inventorying 928 individuals of 17 families and 37 species, established in 2013. The biomass above and below the soil of the arboreal individuals were estimated by indirect method, using specific allometric equations for each species or group of species, with diameter above 1 cm. Carbon stock (CS) was estimated from the biomass. Cacao (Theobroma cacao) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) were the dominant species in all of the designs, which also contained fruit trees, and native and exotic shade trees. There was variation of the estimate of carbon stock (8.01-1.42 Mg ha-1) between the types of AFSs. The designs with a larger relative density of fruit and shade trees led to larger carbon storage, influenced by the wealth and diversity of species in the initial phase of establishment of biodiverse AFSs.

Inhibiting seedling vegetative growth may be a strategy for improving modulation against biotic and abiotic stresses after transplanting. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological responses of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seedlings to growth inhibition resulted from the application of an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using seedlings grown in 290 cm3 polyethylene tubes. At 40 days after emergence, trays containing the seedlings were immersed in solutions at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg (Paclobutrazol) PBZ L-1 up to substrate saturation. These five treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with four replicates. At 15, 30 and 45 days after PBZ application (DAA), basal stem diameter was measured; at 45 DAA, stem diameter, individual leaf area, specific leaf area, root diameter and root volume were measured, lignin content and the anatomy of leaves, stems, and roots were analyzed. Triazole-induced anatomical alterations in stems, leaves and roots cause morphological traits and intensify the specific reagent staining of phenolic compounds and lignin in yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seedlings.

PRODUTIVIDADE E TOLERÂNCIA DO FEIJÃO CAUPI AO ESTRESSE SALINO CRISTIANO TAGLIAFERRE1; DIOGO ULISSES GOMES GUIMARÃES2; LORENA JÚLIO GONÇALVES3; CARLOS HENRIQUES FARIAS AMORIM1; SYLVANA NAOMI MATSUMOTO4 E LUCIALDO OLIVEIRA D’ARÊDE5 1Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Solos da Universidade Estadual Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB); Estrada do Bem Querer, km 04, Caixa Postal 95; CEP 45031-900, Vitória da Conquista – BA, tagliaferre@yahoo.com.br;2Rua José do patrocínio, 267, Alto maron, Vitória da Conquista-BA, diogoulisses1@hotmail.com;3Universidade Estadual Sudoeste da Bahia; Estrada do Bem Querer, km 04, Caixa Postal 95; CEP 45031-900, Vitória da Conquista – BA , lorenagoncalves.agro@gmail.com;1Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Solos da Universidade Estadual Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB); Estrada do Bem Querer, km 04, Caixa Postal 95; CEP 45031-900, Vitória da Conquista – BA, chfamorim@gmail.com.;4Departamento de Fitotecnia e Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB); Estrada do Bem Querer, km 04, Caixa Postal 95; CEP 45031-900, Vitória da Conquista – BA , snaomi@uesb.edu.br;5Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas, IFAM, Rua Santos Dumont, s/n, Vila Verde. Tabatinga-AM, lucialdo@hotmail.com. 1 RESUMO A salinidade do solo constitui um dos principais problemas abióticos que afetam negativamente a produtividade das culturas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade e a tolerância do feijão caupi em resposta à salinidade do solo decorrentes da irrigação com água salina com diferentes frações de lixiviação. Este estudo foi realizado com uso de lisímetros de drenagem, montado no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos com água salina constaram de seis frações de lixiviação (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%) da lâmina de irrigação aplicada e um irrigado com água doce. Com os valores de produtividade da cultura determinou-se a produção relativa empregando-se a metodologia da reta segmentada, para determinar a salinidade limiar, a declividade da reta e o Indice Diário de Estresse Hídrico (WSDI). A produção relativa decresceu 24,76% por aumento unitário da condutividade elétrica (CE) acima da salinidade limiar que foi de 0,9; a produção relativa do caupi diminuiu em 3,57% por aumento unitário do WSDI e ambos os métodos utilizados na avaliação da sensibilidade da cultura à salinidade se mostraram adequados e precisos. Palavras chave: Fração de lixiviação; irrigação; estresses abióticos. TAGLIAFERRE, C.; GUIMARÃES, D. U. G.; GONÇALVES, L. J.; AMORIM, C. H. F.; MATSUMOTO, S. N.; D’ARÊDE, L. O.PRODUCTIVITY AND TOLERANCE OF COWPEA BEAN TO STRESS SALINE 2 ABSTRACT Soil salinity is one of the main abiotic problems that negatively affect crop productivity. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the productivity and tolerance of cowpea in response to the salinity of the soil resulting from irrigation with saline water with different leaching fractions. This study was carried out using drainage lysimeters, in protected environment, in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replicates. The treatments with saline water consisted of six leaching fractions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%) of the applied irrigation blade and one irrigated with fresh water. The relative yield was determined using the segmented line methodology to determine threshold salinity, line slope, and daily water stress index (WSDI). The relative production decreased by 24.76% per unit increase of the electrical conductivity (CE) above the salinity threshold which was 0.9; the relative production of cowpea decreased by 3.57% per WSDI unit increase and both methods used in assessing crop sensitivity to salinity were adequate and accurate. Keywords: Leaching fraction, irrigation, abiotic stress.

To investigate the dynamics of body mass index (BMI) and height changes in childhood leading to obesity in adolescents. BMI Z-scores were calculated using the LMS (lambda–mu–sigma) method based on yearly height and weight information (age 1.5–15 years) from a nationwide Japanese birth cohort that started in 2001 (n = 26,711). We delineated the trajectories of BMI and height changes leading to obesity at age 15 years using mixed effect models. Children who became obese at the age of 15 years kept relatively high BMI z-scores through childhood for both genders, and had an increasing trend over time as opposed to the normal weight group, with an increasing slope during puberty. Early adiposity rebound was associated with overweight or obesity at the age of 15 years. Age at peak height velocity (APHV) occurred earlier in the obese/overweight group at age 15 years than in the normal weight group, and occurred later in the underweight group. Obese adolescents experienced early adiposity rebound timing and maintained a serial BMI z-score increase throughout childhood, with a greater slope at puberty. An earlier peak in height gain during puberty may have contributed to the observed patterns of BMI change.

The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal relationship between shorter or irregular sleep duration (SD) in early childhood and increased risk of injury at primary school age using data from a nationwide survey in Japan. We categorized SD into seven groups: 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 9 hrs, 10 or 11 h, &gt, 12 h, and irregular, based on questionnaire responses collected at 5.5 years old. The relationship between SD and incidence of injury at 5.5–nine years of age is shown. In addition, we completed a stratified analysis on children with or without problematic behavior at eight years old. We included 32,044 children, of which 6369 were classified as having an injury and 25,675 as not having an injury. Logistic regression model showed that shorter or irregular SD categories were associated with an increased adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for injuries (6 h: aOR 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–1.66, 7 h: aOR 1.10, 95% CI, 0.98–1.23, 8 h: aOR 1.13, 95% CI, 1.02–1.26, irregular: aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.10–1.43). The same tendency was observed with shorter or irregular SD in subgroups with or without behavioral problems. Shorter or irregular sleep habits during early childhood are associated with injury during primary school age.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar os registros de Indicação Geográfica depositados no Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial – INPI. Há duas modalidades de Indicações Geográficas: a Indicação de Procedência (IP) e a Denominação de Origem (DO) e no Brasil, o INPI é responsável pela análise, acompanhamento dos processos e concessão do registro. A fim de obter dados a cerca do cenário brasileiro das IGs, foi empregada uma abordagem qualitativa fazendo uso da revisão de literatura como procedimento técnico. Após a revisão de literatura, foi realizada a análise de dados de Indicação Geográfica (IG) da base de registros concedidos no território nacional até o mês de Julho de 2021 pelo INPI observando diferentes informações como: número de concessões de IG numa linha do tempo, a sua distribuição pelos estados, mais especificamente foram analisadas as IGs referentes ao agronegócio, DO e ou IP e, para finalizar, dentre estas, as Indicações Geográficas da cafeicultura. Como resultado a pesquisa mostra que, a primeira IG foi concedida em 2002 na modalidade IP onde “Vale dos Vinhedos” passou a ser reconhecido como nome geográfico e atualmente o país já totaliza 86 Indicações Geográficas, sendo elas, 19 na modalidade Denominação de Origem e 67 na modalidade Indicação de Procedência. O Brasil possui 12 Indicações Geográficas de Café, dentre elas 4 DOs e 8 IPs. Apenas um destes registros é na Bahia onde há regiões potenciais para futuras IGs como a Chapada Diamantina e Planalto da Conquista.

This experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating physiological and agronomic characteristics of cassava genotypes in the municipality of Cândido Sales, State of Bahia, Brazil, between October 2010 and August 2012. Complete randomized block design was used, with three replications and 28 treatments formed by genotypes Amansa Burro, Aramaris, Bom Jardim, Bromadeira, Caipira, Caitite, Caravela, Kiriris, Lagoao, Lavra Velha, Malacacheta, Mulatinha, Parazinha, Peru, Poti Branca, Salangor, Sergipe, Sergipe, Simbe, Tapioqueira, Tussuma, Verdinha, 2006-4, 2006-5, 2006-8, 2006-10 and 2006-12, coming from UESB, EMBRAPA and farmers in the region. Sergipe genotype is present in two treatments, one planted with cuttings collected from local farmers only called Sergipe, and another called Sergipe MR planted with cuttings originated from the rapid multiplication method. The crop spacing used was 1.0 x 0.6 m and each plot composed by 60 plants, being 26 plants considered useful. The evaluations were performed at the end of the first crop cycle, in July 2011, and the harvest in August 2012, twenty-two months after planting. The higher total leaf area and the high photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the plants canopy at the end of the first crop cycle were correlated to an increase of productivity of shoot and dry weight of root. There was no change in leaf water potential among the genotypes. The genotypes Caipira, Poti Branca, Verdinha and Sergipe from cuttings obtained by the rapid multiplication method showed high productivity for tuberous roots associated to a higher dry matter values. A greater starch yield was observed in genotypes 2006-5, Verdinha, Malacacheta, Poti Branca, Caipira, 2006-10, Sergipe MR, Parazinha and Mulatinha, thus, they might be future alternatives for regional cultivation for industrial production. Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, water potential, leaf area, varieties, tuberous root, starch.

Human noroviruses cause an estimated 685 million infections and 200 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although vaccines against GII.4 and GI.1 genotypes are under development, no information is available regarding vaccines or monoclonal antibodies to other noroviral genotypes. Here, we developed 2 variable-domain llama heavy-chain antibody fragment (VHHs) clones, 7C6 and 1E4, against GII.4 and GII.17 human noroviruses, respectively. Although 7C6 cross-reacted with virus-like particles (VLPs) of GII.17, GII.6, GII.3, and GII.4, it neutralized only GII.4 norovirus. In contrast, 1E4 reacted with and neutralized only GII.17 VLPs. Both VHHs blocked VLP binding to human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells and carbohydrate attachment factors. Using these 2 VHHs, we produced a heterodimeric VHH fragment that neutralized both GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses. Because VHH fragments are heat- and acid-stable recombinant monoclonal antibodies, the heterodimer likely will be useful for oral immunotherapy and prophylaxis against GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses in young, elderly, or immunocompromised persons.

Background: Although breastfeeding has been well-established as the preferred method for infant nutrition, its prophylactic effects on food allergy remain controversial. Infantile eczema has been linked to food allergy via percutaneous sensitization; however, this relationship has not been considered in previous studies. We aimed to uncover the prophylactic effects of breastfeeding on food allergy, focusing on eczema-mediated percutaneous sensitization. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on 46,616 children from the Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century in Japan, begun in 2001. We classified participants into three groups based on infant feeding practices (exclusive breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding including only colostrum, and formula feeding only) and used information from at least one outpatient visit for food allergy during two observation periods (age 6–18 months and age 6–66 months) as health outcomes. We performed log-binomial regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders and stratified analysis according to infantile eczema status. Results: Compared with formula feeding, partial breastfeeding including only colostrum reduced the risk of food allergy only in children with infantile eczema, (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.96 for age 6–66 months), whereas exclusive breastfeeding increased this risk in those without infantile eczema (RR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.40, 4.15, age 6–66 months). The prophylactic effects of breastfeeding on food allergy in the infantile eczema group increased with shorter breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: Our results showed that breastfeeding, especially colostrum, had prophylactic effects on food allergy only among high-risk children with infantile eczema whereas prolonged breastfeeding increased the risk of food allergy. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Cohort, Colostrum, Eczema, Food allergy

The a3 isoform of vacuolar-type proton-pumping ATPase (V-ATPase) is essential for bone resorption by osteoclasts. Although more than 90 mutations of the human a3 gene have been identified in patients with infantile malignant osteopetrosis, it is unclear whether they lead to osteoclast dysfunction. We have established an in vitro assay to induce osteoclasts from spleen macrophages derived from a3-knockout mice. Here, we examined the effects of these mutations in a3-knockout osteoclasts. We were interested in four mutations, two short deletions and two missense mutations, previously identified in the a3 cytosolic domain. a3 harboring either of the two short deletions was hardly expressed in osteoclasts and calcium phosphate resorption was impaired. On the other hand, osteoclasts expressing a3 with either of the two missense mutations exhibited no defects. Specifically, expression levels of the mutant proteins, V-ATPase assembly, and calcium phosphate resorption activity were similar to those of the wild type. Moreover, these missense mutants interacted with Rab7, a small GTPase that regulates lysosomal trafficking. These results suggest that the short deletions impair a3 expression and thus disrupt V-ATPase subunit assembly essential for bone resorption, while the missense mutations do not cause osteoclast dysfunction without an additional mutation(s) or impair resorption of bone, but not of calcium phosphate.

Osteoclast lysosomes secrete lytic enzymes into bone resorption lacunae, and sort the lysosomal proton pumping vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) to the plasma membrane to form the acidic environment required for bone digestion. The a3 isoform of V-ATPase is essential for outward trafficking of the secretory lysosomes and interacts physically with Rab7, a small GTPase that regulates trafficking of late endosomes and lysosomes, to recruit it to lysosomes. However, it is unclear whether organelle acidification by V-ATPase is required for the lysosome trafficking. Here, we showed that incubation of osteoclasts with the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 abolished the osteoclast-characteristic peripheral localization of secretory lysosomes, Rab7, and α-tubulin. Although bafilomycin A1 had little or no effect on Rab7 activation and its interaction with a3, treatment with the inhibitor significantly reduced the lysosomal localization of Rab7. Even constitutively active Rab7 did not localize to lysosomes in the presence of the inhibitor. These results suggest that organelle acidification by V-ATPase is required for localization of activated Rab7 to lysosomes.

The passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) is a perennial and drought resistant species that represents a new alternative crop for small farmers in rainfed conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative and physiological development of passion fruit plants derived from two propagation methods and grown at varied planting spacing. The experiment was conducted from January to June of 2012, in the Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (State University from Southwestern Bahia), in Brazil. It was carried out in a randomized block design under a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, which consisted of two propagation methods (cutting and seeds) and three planting spacing distances within a row (1.5; 3.0 and 4.0 m), however, at same distance between rows (3.0 m), with four replicates and four plants per plot. Cuttings and seeds were sampled from adult plants pre-selected in native areas from Vitória da Conquista - BA, Brazil. Growth (stem diameter and leaf area) and physiological parameters (leaf chlorophyll content, leaf water potential before dawn, relative water content and leaf gas exchange) were assessed on the 90th, 120th and 150th day after transplanting of seedlings into the field (DAT). Based on our results, we concluded that despite plants propagated via cuttings showed most favorable water status, vegetative growth and photosynthetic capacity were lower whether compared to plants obtained from seeds. RESUMO: O maracujá-do-mato (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) é uma espécie perene, resistente à seca, podendo representar uma nova alternativa de cultivo para o pequeno agricultor em condições de sequeiro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e fisiológico de plantas de maracujá-do-mato, sob diferentes condições de propagação e espaçamentos. O experimento foi conduzido no período de janeiro a junho de 2012, na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, com o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, constituído por dois métodos de propagação e três espaçamentos de plantio na linha (3,0 x 1,5; 3,0 x 3,0 e 3,0x 4,0 m) permanecendo constantes as distâncias entre as linhas de plantio de 3,0 m, com quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. As estacas e sementes foram coletadas de plantas adultas selecionadas em áreas nativas de Vitória da Conquista-BA. Foram realizadas avaliações de crescimento (diâmetro do caule e área foliar) e fisiológicas (teor de clorofila na folha, potencial hídrico foliar antemanhã, teor relativo de água e trocas gasosas foliares) aos 90, 120 e 150 dias após transplantio das mudas no campo (DAT). Nas condições em que o trabalho foi conduzido conclui-se que apesar da manutenção de status hídrico mais favorável das plantas propagadas via estaquia, o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a capacidade fotossintética são reduzidas quando comparadas aos de plantas obtidas por meio de sementes.

Dietary intake of ω3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid are beneficial for health control because ω3 fatty acids are metabolized to pro-resolution and anti-inflammatory lipid metabolites. We previously identified 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EpETE) as a new lipid metabolite endogenously generated from EPA that exhibits potent anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the chemically synthesized 17,18-EpETE is enantiomeric mixture concerning to its epoxy group, i.e., 17(S),18(R)-EpETE and 17(R),18(S)-EpETE, and the stereostructural differences in anti-inflammatory effect of 17,18-EpETE has not been clarified. Because it is necessary to identify which isomer shows physiological function to develop it as a medicine, we evaluated stereospecific effects of 17(S),18(R)-EpETE and 17(R),18(S)-EpETE in amelioration of skin contact hypersensitivity. As a result, we found that anti-inflammatory activity was detected in 17(S),18(R)-EpETE, but not 17(R),18(S)-EpETE. In addition, we found that cytochrome P450 BM-3 derived from Bacillus megaterium stereoselectively converts EPA into 17(S),18(R)-EpETE, which effectively inhibited the development of contact hypersensitivity by inhibiting neutrophil migration in a G protein-coupled receptor 40-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that immune cells (e.g., neutrophils) distinguish biological active lipid metabolites stereoselectively for the control of their activity, which is a new strategy for the development of efficient immunotherapy.

A new Japanese nuclear regulation involves estimating the possible damage to plant structures due to intentional aircraft impact. The effect of aircraft impact needs to be considered in the existing nuclear power plants. The structural damage and fuel dispersion behavior after aircraft impact into plant structures can be evaluated using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA needs validated experimental data to determine the reliability of the results. In this study, an analysis method was validated using a simple model such as a cylindrical tank. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the impact and dispersion behavior of a water-filled cylindrical tank. The simulated results were compared with the test results of the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT). The simulations were carried out using a multipurpose FEA code LS-DYNA®. The cylindrical tank was modeled using a shell element, and the tank water was modeled using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) elements. First, two analysis models were used to evaluate the effect of the number of SPH elements. One had about 300,000 SPH elements and the other had 37,000 SPH elements. The cylindrical tank ruptured in the longitudinal direction after crashing into a rigid wall, and the filled water dispersed. There were few differences in the simulated results when using different numbers of SPH elements. The VTT impact test was simulated with an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) element to consider the air drag. The analytical dispersion pattern and history of dispersion velocity ratio agreed well with the impact test results.

Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) triggers the migration of granulocytes and activated T cells; however, its role in B-cell function remains unclear. Here we report that BLT1 is required to induce the production of antigen-specific IgA against oral vaccine through mediating innate immune signals from commensal bacteria. B cells acquire BLT1 expression during their differentiation to IgA+ B cells and plasma cells in Peyer's patches and the small intestinal lamina propria, respectively. BLT1 KO mice exhibited impaired production of antigen-specific fecal IgA to oral vaccine despite normal IgG responses to systemically immunized antigen. Expression of MyD88 was decreased in BLT1 KO gut B cells and consequently led to diminished proliferation of commensal bacteria-dependent plasma cells. These results indicate that BLT1 enhances the proliferation of commensal bacteria-dependent IgA+ plasma cells through the induction of MyD88 and thereby plays a key role in the production of antigen-specific intestinal IgA.

Aircraft impact analysis is needed for a safety assessment of nuclear power plants. One of the contents which should be analysed for aircraft impact is physical damage of a concrete building and this can be estimated by a numerical simulation. In order to conduct aircraft impact analysis, simulation model which validated by some experimental data needs to be established. In 1990s, impact test using actual F4 Phantom fighter was conducted at Sandia national laboratory in U.S. and a lot of important experimental data were measured. In this paper, the numerical simulation results for this F4 Phantom impact test are introduced. The relationship between the thickness of the shell of the F4 Phantom simulation model and the deceleration of this model is indicated and the differences of the deceleration between simulation and test results are discussed. In addition, the relationship between fracture strain of the shell of the F4 Phantom simulation model and the destruction mode of this model in simulation is indicated and the differences between the destruction mode of the F4 Phantom between simulation and test results are discussed. In order to evaluate the physical damage area after the aircraft impact, it is necessary to estimate the aircraft velocity after it perforates the outer concrete wall and to calculate the decrease of the kinematic energy of the aircraft by this perforation. In this paper, several aircraft impact simulations with different concrete wall thickness are conducted and the reduction in kinematic energies of an aircraft by a perforation is estimated. Using these simulation results, the necessary numbers of concrete walls until the impacting aircraft stops is discussed.

As economic, technological and cultural change gathers pace across the world, issues of music heritage and sustainability have become ever more pressing. Discourse on intangible cultural heritage has developed in complex ways in recent years and musical practices have been transformed by safeguarding agendas. Music as Heritage takes stock of these transformations, bringing new ethnographic and historical perspectives to bear on our encounters with music heritage. The volume evaluates the cultural politics, ethics and audiovisual representation of music heritage, the methods and consequences of music transmission across national borders, and the perennial issues of revival, change and innovation. UNESCO's 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage provides an essential reference point for studies of music heritage. However, this volume also pays attention to important spheres of musical activity that lie outside of UNESCO’s reach and the reasons why some repertories of music are chosen for safeguarding while others are not. Some practices of art music in Europe explored in this book, for example, have received little attention despite being susceptible to endangerment. Developing a comparative framework that cuts across genre distinctions and disciplinary boundaries, Music as Heritage explores how music cultures are being affected by heritage discourse and the impact of international and national policies on grass roots music practices.

This study aimed to assess the impact of ethrel spraying on cassava leaf abscission at different stages of cultivar development. Two experiments were performed using randomized block designs, with 15 total treatments (three repetitions of five conditions) arranged according to the factorial scheme 3 x 5. Experiment 1 (ethrel application in the vegetative development period) consisted of three seasons (November 2013 and 2014, January and February 2014) and four concentrations of ethrel (1,500, 3,000, 4,500, and 6,000 ppm) and a control (no application); Experiment 2 (application in pre-harvest period) consisted of three periods of ethrel spraying (20, 40, and 60 days before harvest), four ethrel concentrations (1,500, 3,000, 4,500, and 6,000 ppm) and a control (without ethrel). The characteristics evaluated included the number of fallen leaves at 20 and 70 days after application, total leaf dry mass and foliar degreening. The effects of different concentrations and times of application of ethrel were significant during the first seven days. Ethrel application during the second period of vegetative development did not affect the number of fallen leaves over a period of 70 days. RESUMO. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto da aplicação de ethrel na abscisão foliar em plantas de mandioca em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quinze tratamentos, três repetições, arranjados segundo o esquema fatorial 3x5. O experimento 1(aplicação de ethrel no desenvolvimento vegetativo) consistiu de: três épocas de aplicação (novembro/2013, janeiro/2014 e fevereiro/2014) e quatro concentrações de ethrel (1.500, 3.000, 4.500 e 6.000 ppm) e uma testemunha (sem aplicação); o experimento 2 (aplicação de ethrel em pré colheita) foi constituído por três períodos de aplicação (20, 40 e 60 dias antes da colheita), quatro concentrações de ethrel (1.500, 3.000, 4.500 e 6.000 ppm) e uma testemunha (sem aplicação). As características avaliadas foram a abscisão foliar aos sete, vinte e setenta dias após aplicação, massa seca foliar total, índice de velocidade de abscisão e desverdecimento foliar. O ethrel induz elevação da velocidade de abscisão de folhas, independente do estágio de desenvolvimento da cultura da mandioca. O efeito das diferentes concentrações e épocas de aplicação de ethrel é expressivo durante os primeiros sete dias. A aplicação de ethrel durante o segundo período de desenvolvimento vegetativo não afeta o número de folhas que sofrem abscisão durante um período de 70 dias.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-04-01 Modulating the growth rates of Eucalyptus during the initial vegetative phase via plant growth regulators can improve field establishment. The objective of this study was to verify the impacts of different concentrations of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on two Eucalyptus hybrids during the initial phase of growth. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using an E. urophylla × E. grandis hybrid (AEC 1528) and a spontaneous hybrid of E. urophylla (144 AEC). Both clones were subjected to PBZ concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm active ingredient (a.i.) applied to the soil. The treatments were part of a 2 × 5 factorial design, and they were arranged into randomized blocks and consisted of five replicates. Cuttings were transplanted into 20-L pots; each pot contained one cutting and was considered an experimental unit. At90 days after the application of PBZ, the growth and development of both Eucalyptus clones subjected to all concentrations were inhibited. The inhibition effects intensified as the concentration of PBZ increased until approximately 90 to146 ppm and increased the plant sturdiness ratio (H/D; S//diameter) due to the inhibition of height caused by PBZ. Clone AEC 144 performed better than clone AEC 1528with respect to dry mass accumulation, LN and leaf area. However, clone AEC 1528 was superior with respect to resource partitioning due to a lower S/R ratio, aiding survival underwater deficit conditions. Cortez Engenharia Limitada, Avenida João Paulo 1o no 425, Bairro Nobre Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Campus Vitória da Conquista, CP 95 Faculdades Arnaldo Horácio Ferreira Rua Pará no 2280 - 7 Mimoso I Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Programa de Pós Graduação em Agronomia Fazenda Lageado, Rua José Barbosa de Barros no 1780 Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Programa de Pós Graduação em Agronomia Fazenda Lageado, Rua José Barbosa de Barros no 1780

We previously reported that Ag85B-expressing human parainfluenza type 2 virus (Ag85B-rHPIV2) was effective as a nasal vaccine against tuberculosis in mice; however, the mechanism by which it induces an immune response remains to be investigated. In the present study, we found that organogenesis of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) played a role in the induction of antigen-specific T cells and IgA antibody responses in the lung of mice intra-nasally administered Ag85B-rHPIV2. We found that expression of Ag85B was dispensable for the development of iBALT, suggesting that HPIV2 acted as an iBALT-inducing vector. When iBALT organogenesis was disrupted in Ag85B-rHPIV2-immunized mice, either by neutralization of the lymphotoxin pathway or depletion of CD11b+ cells, Ag85B-specific immune responses (i.e. IFN γ-producing T cells and IgA antibody) were diminished in the lung. Furthermore, we found that immunization with Ag85B-rHPIV2 induced neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration temporally after the immunization in the lung. Thus, our results show that iBALT organogenesis contributes to the induction of antigen-specific immune responses by Ag85B-rHPIV2 and that Ag85B-rHPIV2 provokes its immune responses without inducing long-lasting inflammation.

A new Japanese nuclear regulation requirement prepares estimating the possible damage to plant structures due to acts of terrorism, such as intentional aircraft impact. Aircraft impact needs to be considered in existing nuclear power plants. The structural damage and fuel splash behavior after aircraft impact into plant structures can be estimated using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA needs validated experimental data to determine the reliability of results. In this study, an analysis method was validated using a simple model such as a cylindrical tank. Numerical simulations were conducted to estimate the impact and splash behavior for a water-filled cylindrical tank. The simulated results were compared with the test results of the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Simulations were carried out using a multipurpose FEA code LS-DYNA®. The cylindrical tank was modeled using a shell element, and filled water was modeled using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) element. First, two analysis models were used to estimate the effect of the number of SPH elements. One was generated with about 300,000 SPH elements. The other was generated with 37,000 SPH elements. The cylindrical tank ruptured in the longitudinal direction after impact into a rigid wall, and the filled water splashed. Few differences emerged in the simulated results using different numbers of SPH elements. The impact test of the VTT was simulated with an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) element to consider the air drag. The analytical splash pattern and history of splash velocity ratio agreed well with the impact test results.

Metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid exert various physiologic actions. 17,18-Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EpETE) is a recently identified new class of antiallergic and anti-inflammatory lipid metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid, but its effects on skin inflammation and the underlying mechanisms remain to be investigated.We evaluated the effectiveness of 17,18-EpETE for control of contact hypersensitivity in mice and cynomolgus macaques. We further sought to reveal underlying mechanisms by identifying the responsible receptor and cellular target of 17,18-EpETE.Contact hypersensitivity was induced by topical application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Skin inflammation and immune cell populations were analyzed by using flow cytometric, immunohistologic, and quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Neutrophil mobility was examined by means of imaging analysis in vivo and neutrophil culture in vitro. The receptor for 17,18-EpETE was identified by using the TGF-α shedding assay, and the receptor's involvement in the anti-inflammatory effects of 17,18-EpETE was examined by using KO mice and specific inhibitor treatment.We found that preventive or therapeutic treatment with 17,18-EpETE ameliorated contact hypersensitivity by inhibiting neutrophil mobility in mice and cynomolgus macaques. 17,18-EpETE was recognized by G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40 (also known as free fatty acid receptor 1) and inhibited chemoattractant-induced Rac activation and pseudopod formation in neutrophils. Indeed, the antiallergic inflammatory effect of 17,18-EpETE was abolished in the absence or inhibition of GPR40.17,18-EpETE inhibits neutrophil mobility through GPR40 activation, which is a potential therapeutic target to control allergic inflammatory diseases.

Pex1p and Pex6p are required for the relocation of the import receptor Pex5p from the peroxisomal membrane to the cytosol. We herein show that mammalian Pex26p directly binds to Pex14p, the initial docking receptor of Pex5p, and interacts with Pex5p via Pex14p. The binding affinity of Pex26p to Pex14p is altered by Pex5p. Further evidence suggests that the N-terminal region in Pex26p acts as a scaffold protein to recruit Pex14p·Pex5p complex together with Pex1p·Pex6p complexes on peroxisomes. Pex26p binding to Pex14p was suppressed by overexpression of Pex1p and Pex6p in an ATP-dependent manner, whereas Pex14p was not competed out by Pex1p and Pex6p from Pex26p mutant defective in peroxisomal matrix protein import. These results suggested that peroxisome biogenesis requires Pex1p- and Pex6p-regulated dissociation of Pex14p from Pex26p. Pex1p homo-oligomer directly binds to Pex5p as assessed by a surface plasmon resonance-based assay. Moreover, cytosolic Pex1p is likely to maintain the functional oligomer of Pex5p. Taken together, in the peroxisomal protein import, AAA peroxins modulate the interaction between Pex26p and Pex14p on peroxisome membrane as well as Pex5p oligomer in the cytosol.