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Background: Nutritional status and sarcopenia affects the prognosis of head and neck cancers including hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer patients tend to exhibit sarcopenia, which is associated with poor treatment outcomes. This study aims to determine the correlation between nutritional status and sarcopenia, and their prognostic role in surgically treated hypopharyngeal cancer. Materials and Methods: Patients who had been diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma originating from the hypopharynx and underwent surgery between January 2009 and December 2019 were enrolled in this study. The median neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) of the cohort were considered the cut‐off values. Sarcopenia was evaluated by measuring skeletal muscle index (SMI) at the third lumbar vertebra. Clinical and serological factors predictive of survival outcomes were evaluated. Results: Patients with high PNI showed better 5‐year Overall survival (OS) (52.8% vs. 27.2%, p = 0.001) and disease‐free survival (DFS) (59.6% vs. 44.6%, p = 0.033) than those with low PNI. Likewise, patients with low SMI showed worse 5‐year OS (25.0% vs. 60.9%, p = 0.002) and DFS (42.4% vs. 68.7%, p = 0.034) than patients with high SMI. Among the patients with high PNI, those with sarcopenia displayed significantly worse OS than those with high SMI (78.0% vs. 34.4%, p = 0.049). High PNI with high SMI presented better overall (p = 0.010) and DFS (p = 0.055) than any other group. Conclusions: Both sarcopenia and PNI were associated with the prognosis of hypopharyngeal cancer. Considering that PNI and sarcopenia indicate the nutritional status, nutritional status may be a significant risk factor. Therefore, nutritional support that ameliorates sarcopenia may improve survival outcomes in surgically treated patients with hypopharyngeal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal anode (LMA) emerges as a promising candidate for lithium (Li)‐based battery chemistries with high‐energy‐density. However, inhomogeneous charge distribution from the unbalanced ion/electron transport causes dendritic Li deposition, leading to "dead Li" and parasitic reactions, particularly at high Li utilization ratios (low negative/positive ratios in full cells). Herein, an innovative LMA structural model deploying a hyperporous/hybrid conductive architecture is proposed on single‐walled carbon nanotube film (HCA/C), fabricated through a nonsolvent induced phase separation process. This design integrates ionic polymers with conductive carbon, offering a substantial improvement over traditional metal current collectors by reducing the weight of LMA and enabling high‐energy‐density batteries. The HCA/C promotes uniform lithium deposition even under rapid charging (up to 5 mA cm−2) owing to its efficient mixed ion/electron conduction pathways. Thus, the HCA/C demonstrates stable cycling for 200 cycles with a low negative/positive ratio of 1.0 when paired with a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode (areal capacity of 5.0 mAh cm−2). Furthermore, a stacked pouch‐type full cell using HCA/C realizes a high energy density of 344 Wh kg−1cell/951 Wh L−1cell based on the total mass of the cell, exceeding previously reported pouch‐type full cells. This work paves the way for LMA development in high‐energy‐density Li metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the emergence of atezolizumab and bevacizumab (A + B) as standard first-line systemic therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a comprehensive understanding of the clinical significance of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remains limited. We aimed to assess the impact of irAEs on patients with HCC undergoing A + B treatment. Methods: This multicentre retrospective study included consecutive patients with HCC who were treated with the A + B regimen from September 2020 to December 2022. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the severity of irAEs, ranging from those without any experience of irAEs to those with severe irAEs. Results: This study included 150 patients with HCC, with a mean age of 63.3 years. Among them, 93.3% of patients were classified as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C, 52.0% had portal vein tumour thrombosis (PVTT), and 60.7% extrahepatic spread. Patients were classified as follows: group 1 (n = 84) had no irAEs, group 2 (n = 37) had mild irAEs (grade 1-2), and group 3 (n = 29) had severe irAEs (grade ≥3). The median overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and time-to-treatment discontinuation (TTD) were 13.6, 5.7, and 3.6 months, respectively. Group 2 demonstrated significantly superior OS compared to group 1 (9.5 months) and group 3 (5.6 months), with a median OS of 23.0 months (p < 0.001). Furthermore, group 2 demonstrated significantly better outcomes in terms of PFS and TTD compared to both group 1 and group 3 (p < 0.001 for both). Multivariate analysis identified mild irAEs (hazard ratio [HR], 0.353; p = 0.010), ALBI grade 1 (HR, 0.389; p = 0.006), Child-Pugh class A (HR, 0.338; p = 0.002), and the absence of PVTT (HR, 0.556; p = 0.043) as independent predictors of better OS. Conclusion: Our study highlights the significant impact of irAE severity on the outcomes of patients with HCC receiving A + B. Notably, the occurrence of mild irAEs was independently associated with favourable survival, suggesting their potential role as surrogate indicators of HCC prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As people age, the risk and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), along with cholesterol levels, tend to increase. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies on serum lipids and CRC have produced conflicting results. We previously demonstrated that the reduction of squalene epoxidase (SQLE) due to accumulated cholesterol within cells accelerates CRC progression through the activation of the β‐catenin pathway. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which age‐related cholesterol accumulation within tissue accelerates CRC progression and to assess the clinical significance of SQLE in older individuals with elevated CRC risk. Using machine learning‐based digital image analysis with fluorescence‐immunohistochemistry, we assessed SQLE, GSK3βpS9 (GSK3β activity inhibition through serine 9 phosphorylation at GSK3β), p53 wild‐type (p53WT), and p53 mutant (p53MT) levels in CRC tissues. Our analysis revealed a significant reduction in SQLE, p53WT, and p53MT and increase in GSK3βpS9 levels, all associated with the substantial accumulation of intra‐tissue cholesterol in aged CRCs. Cox analysis underscored the significant influence of SQLE on overall survival and progression‐free survival in grade 2–3 CRC patients aged over 50. SQLE and GSK3βpS9 consistently exhibited outstanding prognostic and diagnostic performance, particularly in older individuals. Furthermore, combining SQLE with p53WT, p53MT, and GSK3βpS9 demonstrated a robust diagnostic ability in the older population. In conclusion, we have identified that individuals aged over 50 face an increased risk of CRC progression due to aging‐linked cholesterol accumulation within tissue and the subsequent reduction in SQLE levels. This study also provides valuable biomarkers, including SQLE and GSK3βpS9, for older patients at elevated risk of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface architecture generated from electrolyte additives is a key element for high performance lithium-ion batteries. Here, the authors present that a stable and spatially deformable solid electrolyte interphase mitigates interfacial degradation of Si-embedded anodes and Ni-rich cathodes.

The research, which was designed as a “pre- and post-single group” study, included patients with lower-limb amputation and aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of self-directed physical-strength training and cardiovascular exercise using a novel digital healthcare management service three times a week for 12 weeks. Muscle strength, thigh circumference, lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin levels, pulmonary function, quality of life, and physical activity level were evaluated before and after the intervention, while satisfaction was measured after the study. Among the 14 included patients, the proportion of adherence to the physical-strength training and physical-strengthening activity were 85.2% and 75.8%, respectively. The level of satisfaction with the digital healthcare management system was high. Significant changes were observed in the muscle-strength tests (dominant grip power and muscle strength of knee flexion and extension of the intact side), thigh circumference, and glycated hemoglobin levels. Further, the quality-of-life score showed improvement, although without significant differences. Individualized exercise management using the novel digital healthcare management system for lower-limb amputees could induce interest in self-care and promote physical activity and healthy behavior. Through this effect, we can expect a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and severe injuries from falling.

Electrolyte additives with multiple functions enable the interfacial engineering of Li‐metal batteries (LMBs). Owing to their unique reduction behavior, additives exhibit a high potential for electrode surface modification that increases the reversibility of Li‐metal anodes by enabling the development of a hierarchical solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This study confirms that an adequately designed SEI facilitates the homogeneous supply of Li+, nonlocalized Li deposition, and low electrolyte degradation in LMBs while enduring the volume fluctuation of Li‐metal anodes on cycling. An in‐depth analysis of interfacial engineering mechanisms reveals that multilayered SEI structures comprising mechanically robust LiF‐rich species, electron‐rich P–O species, and elastic polymeric species enabled the stable charge and discharge of LMBs. The polymeric outer SEI layer in the as‐fabricated multilayered SEI could accommodate the volume fluctuation of Li‐metal anodes, significantly enhancing the cycling stability Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells with an electrolyte amount of 3.6 g Ah−1 and an areal capacity of 3.2 mAh cm−2. Therefore, this study confirms the ability of interfacial layers formed by electrolyte additives and fluorinated solvents to advance the performance of LMBs and can open new frontiers in the fabrication of high‐performance LMBs through electrolyte‐formulation engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We primarily aimed to evaluate whether parotid incidental lesion (PIL) in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) for staging evaluation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) would represent a possibility of extrahepatic metastasis or second primary malignancy (SPM). Additionally, we explored the incidence of PIL in HCC patients and examined any associated risk factors. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with HCC who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT at our institution from 2010 to 2022. The pathological findings of PILs in HCC patients were investigated for confirmatory identification of the risk of HCC metastasis or SPM in parotid gland. Healthy controls received 18F-FDG PET/CT for health screening were also enrolled to compare the incidence of PILs with HCC patients. Various parameters associated with patient demographics and characteristics of HCC were analyzed to find the related factors of PILs. Results: A total of 17,674 patients with HCC and 2,090 healthy individuals who had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT scans were enrolled in the analyses. Among the 54 HCC patients who underwent pathological confirmation for PILs, benign primary parotid tumor was most commonly observed (n = 43 [79.6%]); however, no malignant lesions were detected, including HCC metastasis. The incidence of PILs was higher in patients diagnosed with HCC compared with the control group (485 [2.7%] vs. 23 [1.1%], p = 0.002). Analysis for the risk factors for PILs revealed that patient age, sex, and positive viral markers were significantly associated with the incidence of PILs in patients with HCC (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that PILs are more frequently identified in patients with HCC on 18F-FDG PET/CT. However, no malignant PIL, including extrahepatic metastasis of HCC, was identified. Therefore, the presence of PIL should not impede or delay the treatment process for patients with HCC. Additionally, we suggested that for future swift and straightforward differential diagnoses of PIL, the development of additional protocols within the PET/CT imaging could be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term kinetics of quantitative HBsAg levels in HBV-infected patients treated with entecavir or tenofovir, as well as the role of quantitative HBsAg in predicting functional cure (HBsAg loss) and low HBsAg levels (<2 log IU/mL) remain unclear. Of some 1661 consecutively enrolled patients newly treated with entecavir or tenofovir, we analyzed 852 patients who underwent serial HBsAg level checks every 6–12 months. The primary outcomes included long-term kinetics in HBsAg levels and the rate of functional cure and achieving low HBsAg levels. Over a mean 6.3-year follow-up, the functional cure rate was 2.28% (n = 19), and 12.9% (n = 108) achieved low HBsAg levels. A significant HBsAg level reduction was seen in the first treatment year (p < 0.05), with another stepwise decrease between year 6–7. These trends were pronounced in patients with chronic hepatitis and HBeAg-positivity compared to those with cirrhosis and HBeAg-negativity, respectively. Baseline HBsAg of ≤3 log IU/mL and the first-year HBsAg reduction were key predictors for both functional cure and low HBsAg levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings elucidate the stepwise reduction in quantitative HBsAg dynamics during high-potency NA therapy (entecavir or tenofovir) along with variations based on different conditions. We also underscore the significance of quantitative HBsAg titer in predicting functional cure and low-HBsAg levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ginsenosides, which are bioactive components in ginseng, can be converted to smaller compounds for improvement of their pharmacological activities. The conversion methods include heating; acid, alkali, and enzymatic treatment; and microbial conversion. The aim of this study was to determine the bioconversion of ginsenosides in fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). Methods: Red ginseng extract (RGE) was fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P. This study investigated the ginsenosides and their antioxidant capacity in FRGE using diverse methods. Results: Properties of RGE were changed upon fermentation. Fermentation reduced the pH value, but increased the titratable acidity and viable cell counts of lactic acid bacteria. L. plantarum KCCM 11613P converted ginsenosides Rb2 and Rb3 to ginsenoside Rd in RGE. Fermentation also enhanced the antioxidant effects of RGE. FRGE reduced 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power; however, it improved the inhibition of β-carotene and linoleic acid oxidation and the lipid peroxidation. This suggested that the fermentation of RGE is effective for producing ginsenoside Rd as precursor of ginsenoside compound K and inhibition of lipid oxidation. Conclusion: This study showed that RGE fermented by L. plantarum KCCM 11613P may contribute to the development of functional food materials. Keywords: antioxidant effect, bioconversion, ginsenoside, Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P, red ginseng extract

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe type of childhood-onset epilepsy characterized by multiple types of seizures, specific discharges on electroencephalography, and intellectual disability. Most patients with LGS do not respond well to drug treatment and show poor long-term prognosis. Approximately 30% of patients without brain abnormalities have unidentifiable causes. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and treatment of LGS remain challenging. To identify causative mutations of LGS, we analyzed the whole-exome sequencing data of 17 unrelated Korean families, including patients with LGS and LGS-like epilepsy without brain abnormalities, using the Genome Analysis Toolkit. We identified 14 mutations in 14 genes as causes of LGS or LGS-like epilepsy. 64 percent of the identified genes were reported as LGS or epilepsy-related genes. Many of these variations were novel and considered as pathogenic or likely pathogenic. Network analysis was performed to classify the identified genes into two network clusters: neuronal signal transmission or neuronal development. Additionally, knockdown of two candidate genes with insufficient evidence of neuronal functions, SLC25A39 and TBC1D8, decreased neurite outgrowth and the expression level of MAP2, a neuronal marker. These results expand the spectrum of genetic variations and may aid the diagnosis and management of individuals with LGS.