Search

Nuclear parton distribution functions (NPDFs) are determined by global analyses of experimental data on structure-function ratios F_2^A/F_2^{A'} and Drell-Yan cross-section ratios \sigma_{DY}^A/\sigma_{DY}^{A'}. The analyses are done in the leading order (LO) and next-to-leading order (NLO) of running coupling constant \alpha_s. Uncertainties of the NPDFs are estimated in both LO and NLO for finding possible NLO improvement. Valence-quark distributions are well determined, and antiquark distributions are also determined at x<0.1. However, the antiquark distributions have large uncertainties at x>0.2. Gluon modifications cannot be fixed at this stage. Although the advantage of the NLO analysis, in comparison with the LO one, is generally the sensitivity to the gluon distributions, gluon uncertainties are almost the same in the LO and NLO. It is because current scaling-violation data are not accurate enough to determine precise nuclear gluon distributions. Modifications of the PDFs in the deuteron are also discussed by including data on the proton-deuteron ratio F_2^D/F_2^p in the analysis. A code is provided for calculating the NPDFs and their uncertainties at given x and Q^2 in the LO and NLO., Comment: 15 pages, LaTeX, 22 eps files, to appear in PRC. A code for calculating our nuclear parton distribution functions and their uncertainties can be obtained from http://research.kek.jp/people/kumanos/nuclp.html

Fragmentation functions of pion, kaon, and nucleon are determined by global analyses of hadron-production data in $e^+e^-$ annihilation. It is particularly important that uncertainties of the fragmentation functions are estimated for the first time. We found that light-quark and gluon fragmentation functions have large uncertainties, so that one should be careful in using these functions for hadron-production processes in heavy-ion collisions and lepton scattering. The analysis is extended to possible exotic hadron search by fragmentation functions. We found that internal structure of $f_0 (980)$, such as $s\bar s$ or tetraquark configuration, can be determined by noting differences between favored and disfavored fragmentation functions., Comment: 3 pages, 3 eps figures, to appear in the proceedings of INPC2007 (International Nuclear Physics Conference), Tokyo, Japan, June 3-8, 2007

Fragmentation functions are determined for the pion, kaon, and proton by analyzing charged-hadron production data in electron-positron annihilation. It is important that uncertainties of the determined fragmentation functions are estimated in this analysis. Analysis results indicate that gluon and light-quark functions have large uncertainties especially at small Q^2. We find that next-to-leading-order (NLO) uncertainties are significantly reduced in comparison with leading-order (LO) ones in the pion and kaon. The fragmentation functions are very different in various analysis groups. However, all the recent functions are roughly within the estimated uncertainties, which indicates that they are consistent with each other. We provide a code for calculating the fragmentation functions and their uncertainties at a given kinematical point of z and Q^2 by a user., Comment: 4 pages, LaTeX, 6 eps files, to be published in proceedings of 42nd Rencontres de Moriond on QCD and high energy hadronic interactions, La Thuile, Italy, 17-24 Mar 2007. A code for calculating the fragmentation functions and their uncertainties can be obtained from http://research.kek.jp/people/kumanos/ffs.html

Structural features of the charge/orbital ordering (CO/OO) in single-layered manganites Pr1-xCa1+xMnO4 have been investigated systematically by transmission electron microscopy. Analyses of electron diffraction patterns as well as dark-field images have revealed that the CO/OO shows a striking asymmetric behavior as the hole doping x deviates from x = 0.5. The modulation wavenumber linearly decreases with increasing x in the over-hole-doped (x > 0.5) crystals, while much less dependent on x in the under-hole-doped (x < 0.5) crystals. A temperature-induced incommensurate-commensurate crossover is observed in 0.35 < x < 0.5 and x = 0.65. The correlation length of CO/OO in x = 0.3 was proven to become shorter than that in x > 0.3., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

Fragmentation functions and their uncertainties are determined for pion, kaon, and proton by a global $\chi^2$ analysis of charged-hadron production data in electron-positron annihilation and by the Hessian method for error estimation. It is especially important that the uncertainties of the fragmentation functions are estimated in this analysis. The results indicate that the fragmentation functions, especially gluon and light-quark fragmentation functions, have large uncertainties at small $Q^2$. There are large differences between widely-used functions by KKP (Kniehl, Kramer, and P\"otter) and Kretzer; however, they are compatible with each other and also with our functions if the uncertainties are taken into account. We find that determination of the fragmentation functions is improved in next-to-leading-order (NLO) analyses for the pion and kaon in comparison with leading-order ones. Such a NLO improvement is not obvious in the proton. Since the uncertainties are large at small $Q^2$, the uncertainty estimation is very important for analyzing hadron-production data at small $Q^2$ or $p_T$ ($Q^2, p_T^2 << M_Z^2$) in lepton scattering and hadron-hadron collisions. A code is available for general users for calculating obtained fragmentation functions., Comment: 16 pages, 15 figures, revtex. to be published in Phys. Rev. D

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) observations at very high energies (VHE, E > 100 GeV) can impose tight constraints on some GRB emission models. Many GRB afterglow models predict a VHE component similar to that seen in blazars and plerions, in which the GRB spectral energy distribution has a double-peaked shape extending into the VHE regime. VHE emission coincident with delayed X-ray flare emission has also been predicted. GRB follow-up observations have had high priority in the observing program at the Whipple 10m Gamma-ray Telescope and GRBs will continue to be high priority targets as the next generation observatory, VERITAS, comes on-line. Upper limits on the VHE emission, at late times (>~4 hours), from seven GRBs observed with the Whipple Telescope are reported here., Comment: Accepted for publication in the January 20, 2007 volume of the Astrophysical Journal, 655, 396

Single Crystals of Nd$_{1-x}$Ca$_{1+x}$MnO$_{4}$ have been prepared by the traveling floating-zone method, and possible evidence of a charge -orbital density wave in this material presented earlier [PRB68,092405 (2003)] using High Resolution Electron Microscopy [HRTEM] and Electron Diffraction [ED]. In the current note we present direct evidence of charge-orbital ordering in this material using heat capacity measurements. Our heat capacity measurements indicate a clear transition consistent with prior observation. We find two main transitions, one at temperature $T_{_H}^{HC}=310-314$ K, and other in the vicinity of $T_{_A}^{HC}=143$ K. In addition, we may also conclude that there is a strong electron-phonon coupling in this material. In order to further study and confirm theseanomalies we have performed dc magnetization measurements. The dc magnetic measurements confirm these two transitions. Again,we find two main transitions, one at temperature $T_{_H}^{M}=318-323$ K, and other at around $T_{_A}^{M}=164$ K., Comment: 24 pages, 17 figures

Fragmentation functions are determined for pions, kaons, and nucleons by a global analysis of charged-hadron production data in electron-positron annihilation. The optimum functions are obtained in both leading order (LO) and next-to-leading order (NLO) of alpha_s. It is important that uncertainties of the fragmentation functions are estimated in this work by the Hessian method. We found that the uncertainties are large at small Q^2 and that they are generally reduced in the NLO in comparison with the LO ones. We supply a code for calculating the fragmentation functions and their uncertainties for the pions, kaons, and nucleons at given z and Q^2., Comment: 4 pages, LaTeX, 5 eps files, to be published in AIP proceedings of the 17th International Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), Oct. 2-7, 2006, Kyoto, Japan

We report on observations of the sky region around the unidentified TeV gamma-ray source TeV J2032+4130 carried out with the Whipple Observatory 10 m atmospheric Cherenkov telescope for a total of 65.5 hrs between 2003 and 2005. The standard two-dimensional analysis developed by the Whipple collaboration for a stand-alone telescope reveals an excess in the field of view at a pre-trials significance level of 6.1 standard deviations. The measured position of this excess is alpha(2000) =20 h 32 m 27 s, delta(2000) = 41 deg 39 min 17 s. The estimated integral flux for this gamma-ray source is about 8% of the Crab-Nebula flux. The data are consistent with a point-like source. Here we present a detailed description of the standard two-dimensional analysis technique used for the analysis of data taken with the Whipple Observatory 10 m telescope and the results for the TeV J2032+4130 campaign. We include a short discussion of the physical mechanisms that may be responsible for the observed gamma-ray emission, based on possible association with known astrophysical objects, in particular Cygnus OB2., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

We report on Sb nuclear-quadrupole-resonance (NQR) study in filled-skutterudite compounds (Pr_1-xLa_x)Os_4Sb_12. The Sb-NQR spectra have split into two sets, arising from different Sb_12 cages containing either Pr or La, which enables us to measure two kinds of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time T_1^Pr and T_1^La. In the normal state, the temperature (T) dependence of 1/T^Pr_1T showed almost the same behavior as that for PrOs_4Sb_12 regardless of. In contrast, 1/T^La_1T markedly decreases with increasing La concentration. In the superconducting state for x=0.05 and 0.2, 1/T_1^Pr exponentially decreases down to T=0.7 K with no coherence peak below T_c as well as in PrOs_4Sb_12. A remarkable finding is that the residual density of states at the Fermi level below T_c is induced by La substitution for Pr. These results are proposed to be understood in terms of a multiband-superconductivity model that assumes a full gap for part of the FS and the presence of point nodes for a small 4f^2-derived FS inherent in PrOs_4Sb_12. For x=0.8 and 1,1/T^La_1 exhibits a coherence peak and the nodeless energy gap characteristic for weak-coupling s-wave superconductors. With increasing Pr content, T_c and the energy gap increases. The novel strong-coupling superconductivity in PrOs_4Sb_12 is inferred to be mediated by the local interaction between 4f^2-derived crystal-electric-field states with the electric quadrupole degree of freedom and conduction electrons. This coupling causes a mass enhancement of quasi-particles for a part of FS and induces a small FS, which is responsible for point nodes in the superconducting gap function. Note that the small FS does not play any primary role for the strong-coupling superconductivity in PrOs_4Sb_12., Comment: 9 pages, 11 figure. to be published in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn

Heat Capacity of needle-like [length=5mm, diameter=1 mm] $\beta$-FeSi$_{2}$ single crystal, grown by chemical vapor transport has been measured. Two anomalies are found, a broad deviation centered around 160 K and a clear deviation at a temperature of 255 K approximately. We have attempted to relate these to the anomalies previously reported in the case of the resistivity data. The Transient Thermoelectric Effect [TTE] results lead us to the inference that the system under goes from single carrier system to at least two carrier system at 220 K-our heat capacity results seem to provide further independent evidence for this transition in this system., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

We investigate a possible explanation for the NuTeV anomaly in terms of a nuclear correction difference between u_v and d_v distributions. Analyzing deep elastic scattering and Drell-Yan data for nuclear targets, we try to determine the correction difference and its effect on the anomaly. We find that the difference cannot be precisely determined at this stage due to the lack of data which are sensitive to the difference. Therefore, it is difficult to draw a solid conclusion about its effect although the anomaly could be explained, at least partially, by this kind of nuclear correction., Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, to be published in the proceedings of the XVIIth Particles and Nuclei International Conference (PANIC), Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, October 24-28, 2005

Misfit-layered (ML) cobalt oxides of the general formula of [MmA2Om+2]qCoO2 have been proven to be efficient thermoelectric materials as the structure is capable in accommodating the two seemingly contradictory characteristics of high electrical conductivity and large thermo-electric power. They are also potential hosts for other oxymoron-like functions. The known phases all contain one or two square-planar MO (M = Co, Bi, Pb, Tl, etc.) layers sandwiched together with AO (A = Ca, Sr, Ba, etc.) planes of square symmetry and CoO2 layers of hexagonal symmetry. Here we report realization of the simplest (m = 0) ML phase forming in the Sr-Co-O system with the cation ratio, Sr/Co = 1. Atomic-resolution TEM imaging confirms for the new phase the parent three-layer crystal structure, SrO-SrO-CoO2, which is compatible with the formula of [Sr2O2]qCoO2. Electron diffraction reveals that the phase is rather commensurate, i.e. the "misfit parameter" q is 0.5. Nevertheless, in terms of the transport-property characteristics the new ML parent is comparable to its earlier-established and more complex derivatives., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Chemistry of Materials

We found a new cobalt oxide (CaOH)1.14CoO2 by utilizing the high-pressure technique. X-ray and electron diffraction studies revealed that the compound has layer structure which consists of CdI2-type CoO2 layers and rock-salt-type double CaOH atomic layers. The two subcells have incommensurate periodicity along the a-axis, resulting in modulated crystal structure due to the inter-subcell interaction. The structural modulation affects carrier conduction through the potential randomness. We found that the two-dimensional (2-D) variable-range hopping (VRH) regime with hole conduction is dominant at low temperature for this compound, and that the conduction mechanism undergoes crossover from the 2-D VRH regime to thermal activation-energy type one with increasing temperature. Based on the experimental results of resistivity, thermoelectric power, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements, we suggested a possible electronic-band structure model to explain these results. The cobalt t2g-derivative band crosses Fermi energy level near the band edge, yielding small finite density of localized states at the Fermi level in the band. The observed resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, large Pauli paramagnetic component in the magnetic susceptibility and comparatively small Sommerfeld constant in the specific heat are principally attributed to the holes in the t2g-derivative band. We estimated the Wilson ratio to be about 2.8, suggesting the strong electron correlation realized in this compound., Comment: 32 pages, 12 figures

Single Crystals of Nd$_{1-x}$Ca$_{1+x}$MnO$_{4}$ have been prepared by the travelling floating-zone method, and possible evidence of a charge -orbital density wave in this material presented earlier [PRB68,092405 (2003)] using High Resolution Electron Microscopy [HRTEM] and Electron Diffraction [ED]. In the current note we present direct evidence of charge-orbital ordering in this material using heat capacity measurements. Our heat capacity measurements indicate a clear transition consistent with prior observation. We find two main transitions, one at temperature $T_{_H}=310-314$ K, and other at $T_{_A}=143$ K. In addition, we may also conclude that there is a strong electron-phonon coupling in this material., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures

In this sturdy, we determine the roles of two successive phase transitions in the new spin-Peierls system TiOBr by electron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction analyses. Results show an incommensurate superstructure along the h- and k-directions between Tc1=27K and Tc2=47K, and a twofold superstructure which is related to a spin-Peierls lattice distortion below Tc1. The diffuse scattering observed above Tc2 indicates that a structural correlation develops at a high temperature. We conclude that Tc2 is a second-order lock-in temperature, which is related to the spin-Peierls lattice distortion with the incommensurate structure, and that Tc1 is from incommensurate to commensurate phase transition temperature accompanying the first-order spin-Peierls lattice distortion., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures

We investigated a nuclear modification difference between up- and down-valence quark distributions by analyzing structure function F_2 and Drell-Yan cross-section ratios. Although nuclear modifications of the valence-quark distributions themselves are rather well determined, it is difficult to find their difference from the present data. We estimated such an effect on the NuTeV sin^2 theta_W value and its uncertainty by the Hessian method. At this stage, it is not large enough to explain the whole NuTeV anomaly. However, the modification difference cannot be precisely determined, so that further studies are needed., Comment: 3 pages, LaTeX, 1 eps file, to be published in Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Neutrino Factories and Superbeams (NuFact04)

We investigate a possible nuclear correction to the NuTeV measurement of the weak-mixing angle sin^2 theta_W. In particular, a nuclear modification difference between u_v and d_v distributions contributes to the NuTeV measurement with the iron target. First, the modification differenceis determined by a chi^2 analysis so as to reproduce nuclear data on the structure function F_2 and Drell-Yan processes. Then, taking the NuTeV kinematics into account, we calculate a contribution to the sin^2 theta_W determination. In addition, its uncertainty is estimated by the Hessian method. Although the uncertainty becomes comparable to the NuTeV deviation, the effect is not large enough to explain the whole NuTeV sin^2 theta_W anomaly at this stage. However, it is difficult to determine such a nuclear modification difference, so that we need further investigations on the difference and its effect on the NuTeV anomaly., Comment: 6 pages,3 figures

We report global analysis results of experimental data for nuclear structure-function ratios F_2^A/F_2^{A'} and proton-nucleus Drell-Yan cross-section ratios sigma_{DY}^{pA}/sigma_{DY}^{pA'} in order to determine optimum parton distribution functions (PDFs) in nuclei. An important point of this analysis is to show uncertainties of the distributions by the Hessian method. The results indicate that the uncertainties are large for gluon distributions in the whole x region and for antiquark distributions at x>0.2. We provide a code for calculating any nuclear PDFs at given x and Q^2 for general users. They can be used for calculating high-energy nuclear reactions including neutrino-nucleus interactions, which are discussed at this workshop., Comment: 1+6 pages, LaTeX, 10 eps files, espcrc2.sty, to be published in Nucl. Phys. B Supplements, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few GeV Region (NuInt04), Gran Sasso, Italy, March 17-21, 2004. Nuclear PDF library is available at http://hs.phys.saga-u.ac.jp/nuclp.html

Nuclear parton distribution functions (NPDFs) are investigated by analyzing the data on structure functions F_2^A and Drell-Yan cross sections sigma_{DY}^{pA}. An important point of this analysis is to show uncertainties of the NPDFs by the Hessian method. The analysis indicates that the uncertainties are large for antiquark distributions at x>0.2 and gluon distributions in the whole x region. We also discuss a nuclear effect on the NuTeV sin^2 theta_W anomaly as an application., Comment: 4 pages, LaTeX, 5 eps files, dis04.cls, to be published in the proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS04), Strbske-Pleso, Slovakia, April 14-18, 2004. Nuclear PDF library is available at http://hs.phys.saga-u.ac.jp/nuclp.html

Q^2 evolution equations are important not only for describing hadron reactions in accelerator experiments but also for investigating ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. The standard ones are called DGLAP evolution equations, which are integrodifferential equations. There are methods for solving the Q^2 evolution equations for parton-distribution and fragmentation functions. Because the equations cannot be solved analytically, various methods have been developed for the numerical solution. We compare brute-force, Laguerre-polynomial, and Mellin-transformation methods particularly by focusing on the numerical accuracy and computational efficiency. An efficient solution could be used, for example, in the studies of a top-down scenario for the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays., Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX, 13 eps files, Journal of Computational Physics in press, http://hs.phys.saga-u.ac.jp

We analyze experimental data of nuclear structure-function ratios F_2^A/F_2^{A'} and Drell-Yan cross section ratios for obtaining optimum parton distribution functions (PDFs) in nuclei. Then, uncertainties of the nuclear PDFs are estimated by the Hessian method. Valence-quark distributions are determined by the F_2 data at large x; however, the small-x part is not obvious from the data. On the other hand, the antiquark distributions are determined well at x~0.01 from the F_2 data and at x~0.1 by the Drell-Yan data; however, the large-x behavior is not clear. Gluon distributions cannot be fixed by the present data and they have large uncertainties in the whole x region. Parametrization results are shown in comparison with the data. We provide a useful code for calculating nuclear PDFs at given x and Q^2., Comment: 9 pages, REVTeX, 23 eps files, Phys. Rev. C in press. Nuclear PDF library is available at http://hs.phys.saga-u.ac.jp/nuclp.html

The BL Lac object H1426+428 was recently detected as a high energy gamma-ray source by the VERITAS collaboration (Horan et al. 2002). We have reanalyzed the 2001 portion of the data used in the detection in order to examine the spectrum of H1426+428 above 250 GeV. We find that the time-averaged spectrum agrees with a power law of the shape dF/dE = 10^(-7.31 +- 0.15(stat) +- 0.16(syst)) x E^(-3.50 +- 0.35(stat) +- 0.05(syst)) m^(-2)s^(-1)TeV^(-1) The statistical evidence from our data for emission above 2.5 TeV is 2.6 sigma. With 95% c.l., the integral flux of H1426+428 above 2.5 TeV is larger than 3% of the corresponding flux from the Crab Nebula. The spectrum is consistent with the (non-contemporaneous) measurement by Aharonian et al. (2002) both in shape and in normalization. Below 800 GeV, the data clearly favours a spectrum steeper than that of any other TeV Blazar observed so far indicating a difference in the processes involved either at the source or in the intervening space., Comment: LaTeX, 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ