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2017 EISNER AWARD NOMINEE for Best Academic/Scholarly Work In the late 1970s and early 1980s, writer-artist Frank Miller turned Daredevil from a tepid-selling comic into an industry-wide success story, doubling its sales within three years. Lawyer by day and costumed vigilante by night, the character of Daredevil was the perfect vehicle for the explorations of heroic ideals and violence that would come to define Miller's work. Frank Miller's Daredevil and the Ends of Heroism is both a rigorous study of Miller's artistic influences and innovations and a reflection on how his visionary work on Daredevil impacted generations of comics publishers, creators, and fans. Paul Young explores the accomplishments of Miller the writer, who fused hardboiled crime stories with superhero comics, while reimagining Kingpin (a classic Spider-Man nemesis), recuperating the half-baked villain Bullseye, and inventing a completely new kind of Daredevil villain in Elektra. Yet, he also offers a vivid appreciation of the indelible panels drawn by Miller the artist, taking a fresh look at his distinctive page layouts and lines. A childhood fan of Miller's Daredevil, Young takes readers on a personal journey as he seeks to reconcile his love for the comic with his distaste for the fascistic overtones of Miller's controversial later work. What he finds will resonate not only with Daredevil fans, but with anyone who has contemplated what it means to be a hero in a heartless world. Other titles in the Comics Culture series include Twelve-Cent Archie, Wonder Woman: Bondage and Feminism in the Marston/Peter Comics, 1941-1948, and Considering Watchmen: Poetics, Property, Politics.

Big on style, slight on substance: that has been a common charge over the years by critics of John Updike. In fact, however, John Updike is one of the most serious writers of modern times. Myth, as this book shows, unlocks his fictional universe and repeatedly breaks open the powerful themes in his literary parables of the gospel. Myth and Gospel in the Fiction of John Updike also includes a personal tribute to John Updike by his son David, two essays by pioneer Updike scholars Alice and Kenneth Hamilton, and an anecdotal chapter in which readers share Updike discoveries and recommendations. All in all, weight is added to the complaint that the master of myth and gospel was shortchanged by the Nobel committee.

How various mythologies challenge, enable, and inspire women artists and activists across the globe to communicate personal and historical experiences of violence is the central concern of this collection. Beginning with the observation that twentieth- and twenty-first century female writers and artists often use myth to represent their social and artistic struggles, the distinguished international scholars and writers consider mythic fabulations as spaces for contested meanings and resistant readings. The identified resistance of the mythic material to repression-working, as it were, in opposition to another celebrated drive/role of myth, that of containment-makes the use of myth particularly stimulating for twentieth-century and contemporary female artists; and it is an interest in the aesthetic and political consequences of such resistances that animates this book. Exemplifying the diverse types of engagement with myth and femininity, literary criticism, discussions of film and art, artwork, as well as original creative writing, could all be found within the boundaries of this innovative volume. Femininity, myth, and violence are here explored in contexts such as female mythopoiesis in the early twentieth century; the politics of representation in contemporary writing; revision of old myths; and creation of new myths in multicultural female experiences. Keeping the focus on the actual works of art, the editors and contributors offer scholars and teachers an inclusive way to approach literature and the arts that avoids the limits imposed by genre or national and regional boundaries.

Robinson Crusoe explores Defoe's story, the legend it captured, the universal desire which underlies the myth and a range of modern re-writings which reveal a continued fascination with the problematic character of this narrative. Whether envisaged as an heroic rejection of the old world order, a piece of pre-colonialist propaganda or a tale raising archetypal problems of'otherness'and'inequality', the mythic value of Crusoe has become a pretext over many centuries for an examination of some of the fundamental problems of existence. This collection of essays examines, from a wide range of critical and philosophical perspectives, the cultural manifestations of Robinson Crusoe in different centuries, in different media, in different genres.

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the figure of Persephone rapidly evolved from what was essentially a decorative metaphor into a living goddess who embodied the most spiritual aspects of ancient Greek religion. In the first comprehensive survey of the Persephone myth in English and American literature of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Margot Louis explores the transformation of the goddess to provide not only a basis for understanding how the study of ancient history informed the creation of a new spirituality but for comprehending the deep and bitter tensions surrounding gender that interacted with this process. Beginning with an overview of the most influential ancient texts on Persephone and references to Persephone in Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, and Romantic period writing, Louis shows that the earliest theories of matriarchy and patriarchal marriage emerged in the 1860s alongside the first English poems to explore Persephone's story. As scholars began to focus on the chthonic Mystery cults, and particularly on the Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter and Persephone, poets and novelists explored the divisions between mother and daughter occasioned by patriarchal marriage. Issues of fertility and ritual resonate in Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Willa Cather's My Antonia, while the first advance of a neo-pagan spirituality, as well as early feminist critiques of male mythography and of the Persephone myth, emerge in Modernist poems and fictions from 1908 to 1927. Informed by the latest research and theoretical work on myth, Margot Louis's fascinating study shows the development of Victorian mythography in a new light; offers original takes on Victorian representations of gender and values; exposes how differently male and female Modernists dealt with issues of myth, ritual, and ancient spirituality; and uncovers how deeply the study of ancient spirituality is entwined with controversies about gender.

A literary genre that pervades 21st-century popular culture, science fiction creates mythologies that make statements about humanity's place in the universe and embody an intersection of science, religion and philosophy. This book considers the significance of this confluence through an examination of myths in the writings of H. G. Wells, Arthur C. Clarke, Philip K. Dick and Frank Herbert. Presenting fresh insights into their works, the author brings to light the tendency of science fiction narratives to reaffirm spiritual myths.

Michael Drescher analyzes national mythologies in American and German literature. He focuses on processes of mythological resignification, a literary phenomenon carrying significant implications for questions of identity, democracy, and nationalism in Europe and America. Precise narratological analyses are paired with detailed, transnational readings of Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Gutzkow's Wally, die Zweiflerin, Brown's Clotel, and Heine's Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen. The study marries literature, mythology, and politics and contributes to the study of American and German literature at large.

Diasporic Marvellous Realism highlights the interesting switch in perspective found in contemporary literary production where the supernatural is regarded from a diasporic perspective as marvellous rather than magical. The titular term is applied to the influence of transterritorialization on the works of first- and second generation immigrant writers when approaching and exploring the myths and legends of their culture of origin. The texts included in this analysis show that the employment of this literary philosophy and narrative technique in contemporary literature involves a fruitful refocusing of the rhetorical gaze regarding the importance of cultural heritage as vindicatory resistance to the lacunae of history and as celebratory re-enfranchisement of diasporic communities in host countries such as Canada and the UK.

Masuren - der im nördlichen Polen gelegene Landstrich stellt mit seinen sich überlappenden nationalen Identitäten ein Paradebeispiel einer multikulturellen und multikonfessionellen historischen Kulturlandschaft dar, die sich in besonders eindrucksvoller Weise in der Literatur widerspiegelt. Agnieszka Grochocka trifft eine Auswahl deutscher und polnischer Autoren aus dem 19. und 20. Jahrhundert und stellt anhand ihrer Werke die verschiedenen Deutungsmuster des Masuren-Mythos vor - seine Entwicklungsphasen vom Kindheitsparadies bis zum untergegangenen'Atlantis des Nordens'. Deutlich wird dabei auch seine Funktion als Identifikationssymbol in einer sich über Jahrhunderte hinweg ethnisch verändernden Bevölkerungsstruktur dieser Region. Außerdem zeigt sich, wie die masurische Landschaft durch die gezielte Stilisierung Masurens zu einer intakten und naturbelassenen Gegenwelt mythisch verklärt wird. Die damit verbundenen Vorstellungen von Reinheit, Ursprünglichkeit und Unberührtheit der Landschaft prägen das Bild Masurens bis heute: als Gegenentwurf einer zerstörerischen modernen Zivilisation.

Although positivism dismissed myths as childish fancy, bound to be superseded by reason, there has been a continuous reappraisal of the power of myths since the 19th century. Once viewed as primitive and unreliable accounts and an inadequate and distorted form of knowledge, myths came to be perceived as exemplary narratives, consisting of rich and complex symbolic constructs that carry meaning and a connection to reality. Myths then came to be regarded as a privileged expression of the human soul and of its possibly submerged and unconscious abysses and dramas. Rather than inherently obscure and elusive to a rational grasp, mythical narratives would therefore be driven by logical reasoning, giving shape to a particular worldview of life and humankind. The enduring power of mythical narrative is attested to by its very plasticity, subject to multiple recreations informed by changing concerns and insights. Mythical narratives have thus attracted the interest of various disciplines, from ethnology and history to philosophy, literature, sociology, politics, the history of religions and art history. This interdisciplinary volume studies how myths are inscribed and recycled within both individual and collective heritage, and examines the personal and political implications of multifaceted engagement with myths as one of the forms through which societies try to make sense of their perplexities.

Der Mythos vom Raub der Europa hat sich seine Aktualität bis heute bewahrt. Schon in der Antike ragt die Geschichte von der Entführung der phönizischen Königstochter aus der Vielzahl der Mythen hervor, da sich mit ihr die Bezeichnung des Erdteils verbindet. Die Studie geht der mythischen Überlieferung des Europamythos von den ersten griechischen und römischen Belegen nach und untersucht kanonische ebenso wie noch ganz unerforschte Textquellen in philologischen und literarhistorischen Einzelanalysen. Vorgestellt werden rund 150 epochenspezifische Aktualisierungen des Mythos in den volkssprachlichen Literaturen der westlichen Romania seit dem 14. Jahrhundert bis in die Gegenwart.

Dans L'Elaboration du mythe de soi Solveig Hudhomme démontre comment les oeuvres de Samuel Beckett construisent leur propre mythe, mythe d'un espace, d'une intériorité permanente par-delà les frontières textuelles. Cette intériorité, ce que l'on peut appeler'le soi', est un lieu affranchi du biographique, du'moi', mais peuplé d'invariants. Cette étude se concentre sur la façon dont les histoires introduisent un principe de répétition et de reconnaissance, reconnaissance d'un lieu, d'une trame, d'un personnage. Dans l'ordre du récit, la contingence laisse place à la nécessité. In L'Elaboration du mythe du soi Solveig Hudhomme highlights how Samuel Beckett's works build a myth of their own, the myth of a space, a permanent inner space going beyond the textual boundaries. This inner place,'the self'as we can call it, is a place liberated from biography, from the « ego » but also a place in which some invariants can be found. This study focuses on the way stories introduce a principle of repetition so that the reader can recognize a place, a narrative, a character. As the story develops, contingency slowly grows into necessity.

In this groundbreaking work of revisionary literary history, Marilyn Butler traces the imagining of alternative versions of the nation in eighteenth-century Britain, both in the works of a series of well-known poets (Akenside, Thomson, Gray, Collins, Chatterton, Macpherson, Blake) and in the differing accounts of the national culture offered by eighteenth-century antiquarians and literary historians. She charts the beginnings in eighteenth-century Britain of what is now called cultural history, exploring how and why it developed, and the issues at stake. Her interest is not simply in a succession of great writers, but in the politics of a wider culture, in which writers, scholars, publishers, editors, booksellers, readers all play their parts. For more than thirty years, Marilyn Butler was a towering presence in eighteenth-century and romantic studies, and this major work is published for the first time.

The Many Lives of the Batman (1991) was a pioneer within cultural and comic book scholarship. This fresh new sequel retains the best of the original chapters but also includes images, new chapters and new contributions from the Batman writers and editors. Spanning 75 years and multiple incarnations, this is the definitive history of Batman.

A surprisingly large number of English poets have either belonged to a secret society, or been strongly influenced by its tenets. One of the best known examples is Christopher Smart's membership of the Freemasons, and the resulting influence of Masonic doctrines on A Song to David. However, many other poets have belonged to, or been influenced by not only the Freemasons, but the Rosicrucians, Gormogons and Hell-Fire Clubs. First published in 1986, this study concentrates on five major examples: Smart, Burns, William Blake, William Butler Yeats and Rudyard Kipling, as well as a number of other poets. Marie Roberts questions why so many poets have been powerfully attracted to the secret societies, and considers the effectiveness of poetry as a medium for conveying secret emblems and ritual. She shows how some poets believed that poetry would prove a hidden symbolic language in which to reveal great truths.The beliefs of these poets are as diverse as their practice, and this book sheds fascinating light on several major writers.

First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The romantic perception of the American Southwest as a wild and dangerous frontier where heroic settlers prove their endurance has often responded to a common human desire to escape from the pressures of civilization and experience an “authentic” relationship with nature. This idealized notion about life in the Southwest, however, has contributed the subjugation of the indigenous populations and the natural world while helping rationalize the conquest of both. In Myth and Environment in Recent Southwestern Literature, Theda Wrede brings contemporary Southwestern American literature under the microscope to examine the ways in which the mythic narrative has influenced attitudes toward the land in the region. Focusing on popular novels by Corrmac McCarthy, Barbara Kingsolver, Leslie Marmon Silko, and Denise Chávez, Wrede explores the psychology behind the myth and discusses the ways in which the four authors deploy the mythic narrative, interrogate its validity, and offer visions for alternative modes of inhabiting the Southwest. In combining ideas from a culturally sensitive ecofeminist theory, psychoanalysis, postcolonial studies, and literary studies, the study offers an innovative conceptual framework for discussions about environmental responsibility in the twenty-first century. Finally, it also encourages its readers to partake in the process of mythogenesis by imagining “sustainable” narratives to help rescue the promise of the Southwest for the new millennium.

Myth is oral, collective, sacred, and timeless. Fantasy is a modern literary mode and a popular entertainment. Yet the two have always been inextricably intertwined. Stories about Stories examines fantasy as an arena in which different ways of understanding myth compete and new relationships with myth are worked out. The book offers a comprehensive history of the modern fantastic as well as an argument about its nature and importance. Specific chapters cover the origins of fantasy in the Romantic search for localized myths, fantasy versions of the Modernist turn toward the primitive, the post-Tolkienian exploration of world mythologies, post-colonial reactions to the exploitation of indigenous sacred narratives by Western writers, fantasies based in Christian belief alongside fundamentalist attempts to stamp out the form, and the emergence of ever-more sophisticated structures such as metafiction through which to explore mythic constructions of reality.

Since the appearance of The Lord of the Rings in 1954, J. R. R. Tolkien's works have always sold briskly, appealing to a wide and diverse audience of intellectuals, religious believers, fantasy enthusiasts, and science fiction aficionados. Now, Peter Jackson's film version of Tolkien's trilogy—with its accompanying Rings-related paraphernalia and publicity—is playing a unique role in the dissemination of Tolkien's imaginative creation to the masses. Yet, for most readers and viewers, the underlying meaning of Middle-earth has remained obscure.Bradley Birzer has remedied that with this fresh study. In J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middle-earth, Birzer explains the surprisingly specific religious symbolism that permeates Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He also explores the social and political views that motivated the Oxford don, ultimately situating Tolkien within the Christian humanist tradition represented by Thomas More and T. S. Eliot, Dante and C. S. Lewis. Birzer argues that through the genre of myth Tolkien created a world that is essentially truer than the one we think we see around us every day, a world that transcends the colorless disenchantment of our postmodern age.“A small knowledge of history,” Tolkien once wrote, “depresses one with the sense of the everlasting weight of human iniquity.” As Birzer demonstrates, Tolkien's recognition of evil became mythologically manifest in the guise of Ringwraiths, Orcs, Sauron, and other dark beings. But Tolkien was ultimately optimistic: even weak, bumbling hobbits and humans, as long as they cling to the Good, can finally prevail. Bradley Birzer has performed a great service in elucidating Tolkien's powerful moral vision.

Focusing in a new and thoroughgoing way on Keats's widely discussed interest in Greek myth, Professor Van Ghent finds the underlying coherence in both his poetry and his letters to be archetypes of the hero and his double'--pervasive myths of creation and generation reflected in his poetics of desire.Originally published in 1983.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Ubiquitous and enduring, myths are an inherent part of culture. These 10 essays explore the role of myth in the modern world, delving not only into science fiction and fantasy, but also into sport, terrorist rhetoric and television. Contributors contemplate the changing face of the hero in Breaking Bad, Justified and the Japanese film trilogy 20th Century Boys; explore ideology in George R.R. Martin's A Song of Fire and Ice novels and the HBO series Game of Thrones, Showtime's The L Word, and The Day the Earth Stood Still; and examine Al Qaeda's use of myth to justify its violent actions. Other essays consider the hero ideal in sport, the wolf myth in Twilight and the comic persona of Hercules in the Travel Channel series Man v. Food. The power of myth, this volume reveals, extends beyond ancient stories of gods and heroes to express the hopes, fears and reality of everyday life.

Benito Pérez Galdós (1843-1920) está considerado como el realista y naturalista español por antonomasia. Sin embargo, en sus novelas también se encuentra presente un discurso mitológico. Entendiendo el mito como un inventario de mitos en constante proceso de recepción, Ulrich Prill muestra cómo Pérez Galdós modela el mito del descenso al inframundo, así como mitos matriarcales y de héroes, en virtud al principio musical de «tema con variazioni». Mediante interpretaciones y análisis detallados de las novelas Doña Perfecta, Marianela, Miau, Gloria, Fortunata y Jacinta, El caballero encantado y Tristana se presenta de este modo a Pérez Galdós como destructor y creador de mitos, como mitoclasta y mitógrafo.

El mito adquiere perseverancia en la tradición americana desde el mismo momento en que la Conquista significa la interrupción de unas culturas sustentadas por narraciones cosmológicas y religiosas que se apropian del tiempo y el espacio para definirlo, para entrever orígenes y destinos, para explicar el pasado, el presente y el futuro. Dispersas estas tradiciones, a partir del siglo XVI, como núcleos temáticos de la literatura y como formas de vida cotidiana, la historiografía, la crítica, la antropología, la iconografía, etc., son saberes que se dedican a delimitar y analizar estas prácticas artísticas y sociales en sus palabras, sus imágenes y su historicidad. El presente libro es producto de una actividad interdisciplinar, con una participación múltiple y variada en enfoques y temas.

At a time when the place and significance of myth in society has come under renewed scrutiny, Myth, Literature, and the Unconscious contributes to shaping the new interdisciplinary field of myth studies. The editors find in psychoanalysis a natural and necessary ally for investigations in myth and myth-informed literature and the arts. At the same time the collection re-values myths and myth-based cultural products as vital aids to the discipline and practice of psychoanalysis. The volume spans a vast geo-cultural range (including ancient Egypt, India, Japan, nineteenth-century France, and twentieth-century Germany) and investigates cultural products from the Mahabharata to J. W. Goethe's opus and eighteenth-century Japanese fiction, and from William Blake's visionary poetry to contemporary blockbuster television series. It encompasses mythic topics and figures such as Oedipus, Orpheus, the Scapegoat, and the Hero, while mobilising Freudian, Jungian, object relations, and Lacanian psychoanalytic approaches.

How can we use art to reconstruct ourselves and the material world? Is every individual an art object? Is the material world an art text? This book answers these questions by examining modernist literature, especially James Joyce and W.B. Yeats, in the context of anarchist intellectual thought and Georges Sorel's theory of social myth.

''Ionel Buse a le mérite, dans cette étude minutieuse de l'oeuvre littéraire de Mircea Eliade, de montrer comment les romans et nouvelles s'inscrivent à la fois dans la logique générale du théoricien des symboles et mythes des religions et dans une tradition littéraire déjà bien connue en Roumanie. Mais par-delà cet éclairage, il établit aussi combien ces textes constituent un document propre, autonome. (...)'Jean-Jacques Wunenburger

Der'Trojanerkrieg'Konrads von Würzburg entwickelt Wissensansprüche, die im Kontext mittelalterlicher Mythographie ebenso ambitioniert wie prekär sind. Die poetischen Verfahren, die diese epistemischen Transformationen des Mythenerzählens bewirken, sind noch kaum erforscht, obwohl der Zusammenhang von Literatur und Wissen in jüngerer Zeit intensiv diskutiert wurde. Denn polarisierende Kontroversen verhinderten bislang die Entwicklung einer operationalisierbaren Methodologie zur Analyse der Wissensproduktion vormoderner Literatur. Die Studie sondiert leitende Prämissen und Konzepte zum Wissensbegriff und erarbeitet im Rückgriff auf systemtheoretische Kategorien ein Analysemodell, das zugleich historisierbar und anschlussfähig für allgemeine Wissensforschung ist. Auf dieser Basis werden die wissensgenerierenden Potentiale des'Trojanerkriegs'rekonstruiert: Konrads Roman invisibilisiert Paradoxien, indem er die Selbstreferenz von Geschichte und Erzählen verstärkt, zugleich aber seine vielfältigen Fremdreferenzen auf antike und mittelalterliche Wissensdiskurse abblendet. In detaillierter Analyse werden die narrativen, semantischen, imaginativen, kognitiven und diskursiven Dimensionen dieses Prozesses herausgearbeitet.

Die Studie Textus – Contextus – Circumtextus widmet sich dem Mythos sowohl als philosophischem, wie auch als literaturwissenschaftlich operationalem Phänomen. Mittels der Methode der Texthermeneutik wird so unter anderem der Frage nachgegangen, welche Konsequenzen sich aus der Verortung eines mythopoetisches Werkes im weit verzweigten Gefüge thematisch konvergierender Texte für den Mythos, darüber hinaus jedoch auch für die Geschichtsschreibung ergeben. Entgegen poststrukturalistischer und dekonstruktivistischer Ansätzen wird hier der Mythos selbst als Methode etabliert und somit zur ästhetischen, aber auch kulturhistorisch relevanten Totalität. Entlang der Analysen von James Joyces'Ulysses, der Aristotelischen Poetik und des Spätwerks Paul Ricœurs wird so die Entwicklung einer Theorie des Mythos vorangetrieben, die den Mythos zu einer Vermittlungsinstanz der besonderen Art macht und von der'traditional tale'zu einem narratologischen Sonderfall erhebt.

The study combines theories of myth, popular culture, structuralism and poststructuralism to explain the enormous appeal of »Star Wars« and »Harry Potter«. Although much research already exists on both stories individually, this book is the first to explicitly bring them together in order to explore their set-up and the ways in which their structures help produce ideologies on gender and ethnicity. Hereby, the comparison yields central insights into the workings of modern myth and uncovers structure as integral to the success of the popular genre. It addresses academic audiences and all those wishing to approach the tales from a fresh angle.

Konzeptionen des Mythos stehen oft im Zeichen der Präsenz und zielen auf Unmittelbarkeit und Überwältigung. Zugleich verweisen sie aber auch auf den Repräsentationscharakter des Mythos und betonen Aspekte der Vermittlung und Reflexion. Dieses Spannungsverhältnis – zwischen Präsenz und Repräsentation – bildet das Grundmotiv einer bisher unterschätzten Theorie- und Literaturgeschichte des Mythos, die von der griechischen Antike bis in die unmittelbare Gegenwart reicht. Dieser Geschichte nachzuspüren, ist das Ziel des interdisziplinär angelegten Bandes, der altphilologische, mediävistische und neuphilologische sowie komparatistische, philosophische und ethnologische Beiträge vereint. Ausgehend von der gemeinsamen Frage nach Präsenz- und Repräsentationsaspekten eröffnen die Beiträge zum einen neue Perspektiven auf prominente Theorien des Mythos – von Aristoteles bis Hans Blumenberg. Zum anderen untersuchen sie exemplarische Werke der literarisch-künstlerischen Mythosrezeption – von der griechischen Tragödie und Ovids Metamorphosen bis zum mythologischen Comic des 21. Jahrhunderts. Dabei erschließen sich enge Wechselbezüge zwischen Mythos- und Literaturkonzeptionen.

The formation of new countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Eastern European block necessarily brings about an increased awareness of national identity and has given rise to more urgent attempts to define national literary and cultural facts. Among the facts to be determined are the circulation of similar cultural motifs, situations, symbols, plots, genres, words, and rituals. Such a situation gives rise to questions concerning the relationship between things that were constructed over centuries and relatively new archetypal plots and situations created by different authors, developed in different periods and in national literatures. For example, how does translation influence the migration of plots? Does the blurring of borders between sources and re-interpretations make it difficult to distinguish the original and the «kidnapped» texts? The forms of archetypes have changed and continue to change, creating a hyper-text. Taking these things into consideration, the question arises: «Where are the borders between an original text, influences, and plagiarism?»

Michel Tournier defines the supreme mission of a writer to be the creation of a mythology which allows for interaction with his readers, who seem to be losing their critical faculties in our contemporary, postmodern world dominated by consumption and dizzying technological advances. Our contemporary society has changed due to the end of the modern era with its reigning ideologies. Collapsing after the atrocities of the Second World War, Modernity and the artistic and literary reactions referred to as modernism, have likewise been transformed. Myth continues to represent the collectivity of human existence, yet, in the short stories and novels of Michel Tournier, myth represents the collapse of the all-encompassing ideologies inherent to the Modern era. The grand narratives of Modernity such as Christianity and Man's reason have been deconstructed in the postmodern era. The mythology of Michel Tournier expresses these trends towards the dissolution of Modernity and creates individual, mini narratives which emphasize the particularity of individual existence.Tournier takes established mythical models rooted in Christianity, fables and legends of Western Civilization and re-contextualizes them. Through a semiotic reworking of core binary pairs of a myth, Tournier creates a third-order level of representation which modifies the mythical model. The works of le Roi des Aulnes, Gilles et Jeanne, and Vendredi are illustrious of this third-order level of signification. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss, the structural make-up of myth transforms established meanings according to the dominant cultural code. Barthes'semiological study of myth reveals the levels of representation through which myth creates meaning. Myth builds upon the denotative first-order level of language and through a connotative process, creates a second-order level. This connotative process does not end on this second-order, for in the writings of Tournier, this semiological process is continued to a third-order which re-contextualizes the myth again. Tournier adapts myth to the unique traits of the postmodern era including deconstruction and playfulness by allowing the reader to provide the context of the story. As such we, the reader, take the place as author of our own individual mythology.

Recent scholarship on Tolkien has been especially attentive not only to the importance of religion in his personal life, but also to the wider theological implications which may be drawn from his works. In this study, Alana M. Vincent argues that the cultural influence of The Lord of the Rings provides an excellent model for understanding the mutually transformative relationship between religion and culture, and in so doing also provides an important and unexplored pathway for inter-religious exchange.

Our foremost theorist of myth, fairytales, and folktales explores the magical realm of the imagination where carpets fly, objects speak, dreams reveal hidden truths, and genies grant prophetic wishes. Stranger Magic examines the wondrous tales of the Arabian Nights, their profound impact on the West, and the progressive exoticization of magic since the eighteenth century, when the first European translations appeared.The Nights seized European readers'imaginations during the siècle des Lumières, inspiring imitations, spoofs, turqueries, extravaganzas, pantomimes, and mauresque tastes in dress and furniture. Writers from Voltaire to Goethe to Borges, filmmakers from Raoul Walsh on, and countless authors of children's books have adapted its stories. What gives these tales their enduring power to bring pleasure to readers and audiences? Their appeal, Marina Warner suggests, lies in how the stories'magic stimulates the creative activity of the imagination. Their popularity during the Enlightenment was no accident: dreams, projections, and fantasies are essential to making the leap beyond the frontiers of accepted knowledge into new scientific and literary spheres. The magical tradition, so long disavowed by Western rationality, underlies modernity's most characteristic developments, including the charmed states of brand-name luxury goods, paper money, and psychoanalytic dream interpretation.In Warner's hands, the Nights reveal the underappreciated cultural exchanges between East and West, Islam and Christianity, and cast light on the magical underpinnings of contemporary experience, where mythical principles, as distinct from religious belief, enjoy growing acceptance. These tales meet the need for enchantment, in the safe guise of oriental costume.

Epic does many things. Among others, it defines the nature of the human storyteller; recalls the creation of the world and of the human race; describes the paradoxical role of the hero as both the Everyman and the radical exception; and establishes the complex quest underlying all human action. Epic illustrates that these ingredients of epic storytelling are universal cultural elements, in existence across multiple remote geographical locations, historical eras, ethnic and linguistic groups, and levels of technological and economic development.Frederick Turner argues that epic, despite being scoffed at and neglected for over sixty years, is the most fundamental and important of all literary forms and thereby deserves serious critical attention. It is the source and originof all other literature, the frame within which any story is possible. The mission of this book is to repair gaps in the literary understanding of epic studies—and offer permission to future epic writers and composers.The cultural genres of Marvel Comics, gothic, anime, manga, multi-user dungeon gaming, and superhero movies reprise all the epic themes and motifs. Consider The Wizard of Oz, Star Wars, The Lord of the Rings, Lost, The Matrix, Superman, Harry Potter, and Narnia. Here can be found the epic beast-man, the miraculous birth of the hero, the creation myth, the founding of the city, the quest journey, the descent into the land of the dead, the monsters, and the trickster. This book will be of interest to all readers fascinated by folklore, oral tradition, religious studies, anthropology, mythology, and enthusiastic about literature in general.

These new essays explore the ways in which contemporary dramatists have retold or otherwise made use of myths, fairy tales and legends from a variety of cultures, including Greek, West African, North American, Japanese, and various parts of Europe. The dramatists discussed range from well-established playwrights such as Tony Kushner, Caryl Churchill, and Timberlake Wertenbaker to new theatrical stars such as Sarah Ruhl and Tarell Alvin McCraney. The book contributes to the current discussion of adaptation theory by examining the different ways, and for what purposes, plays revise mythic stories and characters. The essays contribute to studies of literary uses of myth by focusing on how recent dramatists have used myths, fairy tales and legends to address contemporary concerns, especially changing representations of women and the politics of gender relations but also topics such as damage to the environment and political violence.

In this book, Blackford historicizes the appeal of the Persephone myth in the nineteenth century and traces figurations of Persephone, Demeter, and Hades throughout girls'literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She illuminates developmental patterns and anxieties in E. T. A. Hoffmann's Nutcracker and Mouse King, Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights, J. M. Barrie's Peter and Wendy, Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden, E. B. White's Charlotte's Web, J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Stephenie Meyer's Twilight, and Neil Gaiman's Coraline. The story of the young goddess's separation from her mother and abduction into the underworld is, at root, an expression of ambivalence about female development, expressed in the various Neverlands through which female protagonists cycle and negotiate a partial return to earth. The myth conveys the role of female development in the perpetuation and renewal of humankind, coordinating natural and cultural orders through a hieros gamos (fertility coupling) rite. Meanwhile, popular novels such as Twilight and Coraline are paradoxically fresh because they recycle goddesses from myths as old as the seasons. With this book, Blackford offers a consideration of how literature for the young squares with broader canons, how classics flexibly and uniquely speak through novels that enjoy broad appeal, and how female traditions are embedded in novels by both men and women.

Mythen sind ungeheuer wichtig für das ganzheitliche Selbstverständnis der USA als Nation. Happy American Family, American Dream, Manifest Destiny und einige andere geben der'unschuldigen Nation'in Anbetracht ihres verhältnismäßig kurzen Bestehens den Kitt, den sie benötigt, um auf sozialer und politischer Ebene dem ideologischen Zusammenbruch zu entgehen. Mythen existieren überall. Sie begegnen uns tagtäglich selbst in den kleinsten Begebenheiten des Alltags. Aber sie sind auch wichtig, um die Wirtschaft am Laufen zu halten und das Selbstverständnis der Individuen innerhalb einer Gruppe zu festigen. Dennoch tragen Mythen - wie der Volksmund längst zu sagen weiß - auch immer etwas Unwahres, Artifizielles und sogar Verlogenes in sich. Und genau da setzt dieses Buch an. Lukas Dingelmaier erklärt die oben genannten Mythen mittels eines fundierten, logischen, leicht nachvollziehbaren Ansatzes und zeigt auf, wo sie in den Büchern'Der große Gatsby'von F. Scott Fitzgerald,'Die Korrekturen'von Jonathan Franzen und'Amerikanisches Idyll'von Philip Roth vorkommen. Im Zuge der Analyse entlarvt der Autor sie als das, was sie sind - eben nicht Wahrheiten, sondern konstruierte Mythen. Ein Beispiel ist der Mythos des Selfmademan, der wiederum ein Untermythos des American Dreams ist. Jay Gatsby - Hauptcharakter von'Der große Gatsby'- lebt an der Oberfläche diesen Traum des Geschäftsmannes, der scheinbar aus dem Nichts ein Millionenvermögen geschaffen hat und sich und seinen neu erlangten Status auf rauschenden Festen zu zelebrieren scheint. Dennoch ist sein Vermögen, vor allem aber sein sozialer Rang, den er sich in der monetär fixierten amerikanischen Gesellschaft durch das viele Geld aufzubauen hoffte, lediglich eine Illusion. Sein Vermögen ist auf unlauterem Wege entstanden, sein sozialer Rang kann sich somit keineswegs mit dem des U.S.-Geldadels messen, dem er so verzweifelt angehören will, um die Liebe seines Lebens für sich zu gewinnen. Dies ist lediglich eines der Beispiele dafür, wie die Charaktere der analysierten Bücher durch Mythen verblendet und ins Verderben gestürzt werden.

'Legendary Rome'is the first book to offer a comparative treatment of the reinvention of Rome's origins in the poetry of Vergil, Tibullus and Propertius. It also examines the impact that the changing topography of Rome, as orchestrated by the emperor Augustus, had on those poets'renditions of Rome's legendary past. When the poets explore the significance of Augustus'reconstruction of the Palatine and Capitoline hills, they create new meaning and memories for the story of Rome's legendary foundations. As the tradition of Rome's mythic and legendary origins evolves through each poetic revision, the past transforms and is reinvented anew.The exploration of what constitutes a civilised landscape for each poet leads to significant conclusions about the dynamic and evolving nature of shared public memories. Written when Rome was in the process of defining a new, post-war identity, the poems studied here capture the growing tension between community and individual development, the restoration of peace versus expansion through military means, and stability and change within the city.

In many ways, twentieth-century America was the land of superheroes and science fiction. From Superman and Batman to the Fantastic Four and the X-Men, these pop-culture juggernauts, with their'powers and abilities far beyond those of mortal men,'thrilled readers and audiences—and simultaneously embodied a host of our dreams and fears about modern life and the onrushing future. But that's just scratching the surface, says Jeffrey Kripal. In Mutants and Mystics, Kripal offers a brilliantly insightful account of how comic book heroes have helped their creators and fans alike explore and express a wealth of paranormal experiences ignored by mainstream science. Delving deeply into the work of major figures in the field—from Jack Kirby's cosmic superhero sagas and Philip K. Dick's futuristic head-trips to Alan Moore's sex magic and Whitley Strieber's communion with visitors—Kripal shows how creators turned to science fiction to convey the reality of the inexplicable and the paranormal they experienced in their lives. Expanded consciousness found its language in the metaphors of sci-fi—incredible powers, unprecedented mutations, time-loops and vast intergalactic intelligences—and the deeper influences of mythology and religion that these in turn drew from; the wildly creative work that followed caught the imaginations of millions. Moving deftly from Cold War science and Fredric Wertham's anticomics crusade to gnostic revelation and alien abduction, Kripal spins out a hidden history of American culture, rich with mythical themes and shot through with an awareness that there are other realities far beyond our everyday understanding. A bravura performance, beautifully illustrated in full color throughout and brimming over with incredible personal stories, Mutants and Mystics is that rarest of things: a book that is guaranteed to broaden—and maybe even blow—your mind.