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Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at high risk for high levels of sedentary behaviour. To inform the development of programmes to reduce sedentary behaviour, insight into the correlates is needed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the evidence on correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults with ID. We performed a systematic literature search in Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar up to 19 January 2018, resulting in nine included studies that were published from 2011 to 2018. Correlates were categorized according to the ecological model. Studies predominantly focused on individual level correlates. Of those correlates studied in more than one study, having epilepsy was associated with less sedentary behaviour and inconsistent results were found for sex, genetic syndromes, weight status, physical health, mobility, level of ID, and mental health. Of the few interpersonal and environmental factors studied, only living arrangements were studied in more than one study, with inconsistent results. To date, we have limited and inconclusive evidence about correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults with ID. Only when future studies unravel correlates and determinants, across all domains of the ecological model, will the potential opportunities to improve health by reducing sedentary behaviour come within reach., Unrestricted funding to facilitate meetings of the European Network of Physical Activity Research in People with Intellectual Disabilities (ENPARID) was provided by Ramon Llull University and Obra Social La Caixa (reference 2016-URL-Trac-005) to MGB.

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the characteristics of human figure drawing in adults with intellectual disabilities, and to evaluate the developmental items after a 3-month intervention program using dance/movement therapy. The program consisted of 26 sessions lasting 1-h each held twice weekly for 3 months. A group of 30 adults with intellectual disabilities participated. Before and after the program, the Koppitz human figure drawing test was applied to evaluate body knowledge through the developmental items, evaluating elements of the person’s cognitive developmental and maturity. After the intervention, results indicated improved body knowledge in the participants and a significant increase in the scores on the developmental items at the end of the program.

Resumen Introduccion Los trastornos musculoesqueleticos a nivel del pie son frecuentes en las personas con sindrome de Down (SD). Por ello el diagnostico precoz mediante examen podologico de las huellas plantares puede ayudar a prevenir las manifestaciones ortopedicas. El objetivo es analizar, medir y clasificar la huella plantar mediante los indices podologicos (gold standard) en jovenes con SD. Metodo Estudio transversal comparativo; se analizaron 86 huellas plantares correspondientes a 2 grupos: 21 sujetos sin SD, 11 hombres de 20,45 (2,16) anos y 10 mujeres de 20 (1,70) anos; y 22 sujetos con SD, 11 hombres de 23,82 (3,12) anos y 11 mujeres de 24,82 (6,81) anos. Se registraron las huellas plantares en bipedestacion estatica mediante la utilizacion de un podoscopio optico y una camara digital. Los indices analizados son Hernandez-Corvo, Chippaux-Smirak, Stahelli y angulo de Clarke. Se compararon los resultados de ambas muestras y se analizo la concordancia entre los tipos de pies, derecho e izquierdo, mediante la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Resultados Los sujetos con SD se clasifican con pie plano y pronador en un 38,6% segun el indice de Hernandez-Corvo; Chippaux-Smirak 50%; Stahelli 70,4%; y angulo de Clarke 59,1%. Los sujetos control presentan pies cavos en un 57,1% segun el indice de Hernandez-Corvo; Chippaux-Smirak 59,5%; Stahelli 81%; y como pie normal segun el angulo de Clarke en un 57,1%. Hay diferencia significativa (p Conclusion Los jovenes con SD presentan mas porcentaje de pie plano pronador y menos cavos que el grupo control.

Introduction Musculoskeletal disorders of the locomotive apparatus are common in young people with Down syndrome (DS), especially in the feet. Early diagnosis by examination of podiatric footprints can help prevent orthopaedic symptoms. Our objective was to analyse, measure and classify footprints on the basis of podiatric indices (gold standard) in young people with DS. Method Cross-sectional study; 86 footprints were analysed from 2 groups; there were 21 healthy subjects, 11 men 20.45 (2.16) years and 10 females 20.00 (1.70) years; and 22 subjects with DS, 11 men 23.82 (3.12) years and 11 females 24.82 (6.81) years. Footprints were recorded in standing position using an optical pedoscope and a digital camera system. We calculated the Hernandez-Corvo index, Chippaux-Smirak index, Clarke's angle and Stahelli index. We then compared the results of both samples and analysed the concordance between types of feet and right and left feet by Chi-square test. Results Footprints in individuals with DS showed flatfoot and/or pronated foot of 38.6% according to Hernandez-Corvo index; 50%, to Chippaux-Smirak; 70.4%, to Stahelli; and 59.1%, to Clarke's angle. In healthy subjects the rates of cavus foot were 57.1%, according to Hernandez-Corvo index; 59.5%, to Chippaux-Smirak index; and 81%, to Stahelli index; while 57.1% showed a normal foot based on Clarke's angle. Differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant ( P Conclusions Young people with DS had a higher percentage of pronation and a lower percentage of cavus foot than the control group.

Resumen Barnet-López, S., Arbonés-García, M., Pérez-Testor, S. y Guerra-Balic., M. (2017). Construcción del registro de observación para el análisis del movimiento fundamentado en la teoría de Laban. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 15(2), 1-21. En este artículo se describe el proceso de construcción de un Registro de Observación inspirado en el Análisis del Movimiento de Laban (ROAM) en personas con Discapacidad Intelectual (DI). La aplicación del ROAM permite obtener una medida objetiva y estandarizada sobre las tendencias generales de movimiento de la persona, además de poder utilizarse en observaciones pre y post intervenciones y así conocer los cambios de movimiento del individuo. El del ROAM se desarrolló en varias fases, en la primera de las cuales se identificaron los elementos básicos para el registro y se realizaron diversas versiones del ROAM mediante la técnica de jueces expertos. En las fases posteriores se realizó el estudio exploratorio, utilizando el registro para evaluar dos sesiones de danza movimiento terapia en un grupo de adultos con DI. Los resultados muestran que el ROAM presenta unos buenos índices de validez de contenido y de fiabilidad inter e intra observadores (0.72), por tanto, el ROAM permitió analizar las características generales del movimiento de las personas con DI que participaron en el estudio exploratorio. Abstract Barnet-López, S., Arbonés-García, M., Pérez-Testor, S. & Guerra-Balic., M. (2017). Development of an Observation Instrument for Recording Movement Analysis based on Laban’s Theory. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 15(2), 1-21. This paper describes the development process of an observation record inspired in Laban’s Movement Analysis (ROAM) for Intellectually Disabled (ID) people. An objective and standardized measurement of a person’s general movement tendencies can be obtained from ROAM, in addition to making observations before and after an intervention, therefore learning about movement changes of an individual. The design of ROAM was developed in several stages: for the first one, basic elements were identified for the record and different versions of ROAM were created using the expert judges technique. Later stages involved an exploratory study, where two sessions of movement-dance therapy were evaluated in a group of ID adults using the record. Our results show that ROAM exhibits good indexes for content validity as well as intra- and inter-observer reliability (0.72). Thus, we conclude that ROAM allowed us to analyze the general movement characteristics of intellectually disabled individuals participating in this exploratory study. Resumo Barnet-López, S., Arbonés-García, M., Pérez-Testor, S. & Guerra-Balic., M. (2017). Construção do registro de observação para a análise do movimento fundamentado na teoría de Laban. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 15(2), 1-21. Neste artigo se descreve o processo de construção de um Registro de Observação inspirado na Análise do Movimento de Laban (ROAM) em pessoas com Deficiência Intelectual (DI). A aplicação do ROAM permite obter uma medida objetiva e padronizada sobre as tendências gerais de movimento da pessoa, além de ser possível sua utilização em observações pré e pós intervenções e assim conhecer as mudanças de movimento do indivíduo. O desenho do ROAM foi desenvolvido em várias fases, na primeira das quais se identificaram os elementos básicos para o registro e realizaram diversas versões de ROAM através da técnica de juízes peritos. Nas fases posteriores foi realizado o estudo exploratório, utilizando o registro para avaliar duas sessões de dança movimento terapia em um grupo de adultos com DI. Os resultados mostram que o ROAM apresenta alguns bons índices de validade de conteúdo e de fiabilidade inter e intraobservadores (0,72), portanto, o ROAM permitiu analisar as características gerais do movimento das pessoas com DI que participaram no estudo exploratório.

Little is known about the patterns of sedentary time (ST) and physical activity (PA) levels throughout the week among adults and older adults with Intellectual Disability (ID). We analyzed ST and PA patterns of adults and older adults with ID. Forty-two adults and 42 older adults with mild to severe ID participated in this study. Height and weight were obtained to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Body fat and fat-free mass percentages were also obtained. Patterns of PA levels and ST were assessed with GT3X Actigraph accelerometers. Adults performed higher amounts of total PA and moderate to vigorous PA than older adults during the week, on weekdays and in center time (all p > 0.05). No differences between males and females were found for either PA levels or ST. Only 10.7% of the participants met the global recommendations on PA for health. The participants of the current study showed low PA levels and a high prevalence of ST. Interestingly, when comparing age and/or sex groups, no differences were observed for ST. Our findings provide novel and valuable information to be considered in future interventions aiming to increase PA levels and reduce ST.

Supporting positive change in lifestyle behaviours is a priority in tackling the health inequalities experienced by adults with intellectual disabilities. In this systematic review, we examine the evidence on the definition, measurement and epidemiology of sedentary behaviour of adults with intellectual disabilities. A systematic literature search of PUBMED, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Google Scholar was performed to identify studies published from 1990 up to October 2015. Nineteen papers met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Many researchers do not distinguish between insufficient physical activity and sedentary behaviour. None of the studies reported the reliability and validity of the methods used to measure sedentary behaviour. Sedentary time, assessed objectively, ranged from 522 to 643 min/day: higher than in adults without intellectual disabilities. This first-ever review of sedentary behaviour and intellectual disabilities found that at present the evidence base is weak. Studies calibrating accelerometer data with criterion measures for sedentary behaviour are needed to determine specific cut-off points to measure sedentary behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities. Researchers should also examine the reliability and validity of using proxy-report questionnaires to measure sedentary behaviour in this group. A better understanding of sedentary behaviour will inform the design of novel interventions to change lifestyle behaviours of adults with intellectual disabilities.

Background: People with Down syndrome present skeletal abnormalities in their feet that can be analyzed by commonly used gold standard indices (the Hernández-Corvo index, the Chippaux-Smirak index, the Staheli arch index, and the Clarke angle) based on footprint measurements. The use of Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Software Ireland Ltd, Dublin, Ireland) to measure footprints has been validated in the general population. The present study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of this footprint assessment technique in the population with Down syndrome.Methods: Using optical podography and photography, 44 footprints from 22 patients with Down syndrome (11 men [mean ± SD age, 23.82 ± 3.12 years] and 11 women [mean ± SD age, 24.82 ± 6.81 years]) were recorded in a static bipedal standing position. A blinded observer performed the measurements using a validated manual method three times during the 4-month study, with 2 months between measurements. Test-retest was used to check the reliability of the Photoshop CS5 software measurements. Validity and reliability were obtained by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).Results: The reliability test for all of the indices showed very good values for the Photoshop CS5 method (ICC, 0.982–0.995). Validity testing also found no differences between the techniques (ICC, 0.988–0.999).Conclusions: The Photoshop CS5 software method is reliable and valid for the study of footprints in young people with Down syndrome.

Background Lifestyle is intimately related to health. A questionnaire that specifically scores the healthiness of lifestyle of Catalan adolescents is needed. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a scoring questionnaire called VISA-TEEN to assess the healthy lifestyle of young Catalans that can be answered quickly and user-friendly. Methods A lifestyle questionnaire was developed based on the analysis of contributions from two focus groups, one with adolescents and the other with people who work with them (teachers and doctors). A panel of experts validated the content of items that were ultimately selected for the VISA-TEEN questionnaire. Three hundred ninety-six adolescents (215 boys and 181 girls, age = 13–19 years) completed the VISA-TEEN. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α) reliability coefficient. Test-retest reliability, using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), was calculated based on scores attained two weeks apart. Construct validity was assessed by the extraction of components with an exploratory factor analysis. The relationship between the scores was measured using the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) KIDSCREEN-10 Index (the relationship was assessed by calculating Pearson’s r correlation coefficient). The association of scores in the VISA-TEEN for self-rated health (SRH) was also examined by executing an analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the different categories of this variable. We also calculated the index of fit for factor scales (IFFS) for each component, as well as the discriminatory power of the instrument using Ferguson’s δ (delta) coefficient. Results The VISA-TEEN questionnaire showed acceptable reliability (α = 0.66, αest = 0.77) and a very good test-retest agreement (ICC = 0.860). It could be broken down into the following five components, all with an acceptable or very good IFFS (0.7–0.96): diet, substance abuse, physical activity, Rational Use of Technological Leisure (RUTL), and hygiene. Scores on the VISA-TEEN showed significant correlation with the KIDSCREEN index (r = 0.21, p

El waterpolo requiere una serie de fundamentos técnicos, tácticos, de cualidades psicosociales y de preparación física que los jugadores y las jugadoras irán asumiendo de manera progresiva con la edad.La metodología de aprendizaje es muy importante a la hora de enseñar cualquier deporte. Además, el waterpolo se practica en el medio acuático, que no es el medio natural del ser humano, lo cual le da una especial singularidad respecto al resto de deportes colectivos. En nuestra disciplina, las referencias bibliográficas relativas a sobre cómo llevar a cabo este proceso son limitadas y creemos que hay que plantearse, además de qué enseñar, cómo y cuándo enseñarlo. Nuestro objetivo es desarrollar una propuesta de los planteamientos pedagógicos que hay que seguir en los diferentes estadios de enseñanza del waterpolo teniendo en cuenta los objetivos y contenidos que deberán ser asumidos en cada una de las categorías. Palabras clave: deporte; waterpolo; planteamiento pedagógico; estilos de enseñanza

Presentamos un estudio de caso cualitativo descriptivo. La participante es una mujer de 39 años con Discapacidad Intelectual, específicamente Síndrome de Down, que realizó una intervención individual en Danza Movimiento Terapia (DMT). Los objetivos del estudio son: (1) conocer los elementos relevantes de la Alianza Terapéutica (AT) que se estableció durante la intervención consistente en 19 sesiones en DMT y (2) observar si estos elementos de la AT contribuyen al éxito de los objetivos de la intervención. Los objetivos de la intervención fueron: aumentar el conocimiento del propio cuerpo, aumentar el control de impulsos y la tolerancia a la frustración, mejorar la comunicación y la relación con el otro y fomentar la iniciativa, la creatividad, la seguridad y su autonomía. El terapeuta realizó notas de campo para recoger los elementos más importantes del caso en relación a la construcción de la AT y de los objetivos de la intervención. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis de contenido. Los resultados muestran que se construyó una AT saludable, lo cual permitió alcanzar los objetivos de la terapia. Así mimo, este estudio de caso es una aportación al ámbito de la DMT, que nos permite conocer mejor el trabajo realizado en este tipo de intervenciones.

Introduction There is a clear relationship between the way of life and the health of individuals, and therefore, we can speak of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles. There are different surveys and questionnaires that evaluate the lifestyles of adolescents, but none of them offers a final score that can quantify the healthfulness of an adolescent's lifestyle. It was with this goal that the VISA-TEEN questionnaire is developed and validated. The objective of this study is to apply the questionnaire to a sample of adolescents who attend school in Catalonia to evaluate the healthfulness of their lifestyles and to relate the scores obtained to different sociodemographic variables. Methods Cross-sectional study. A total of 2,832 students from 25 schools in Catalonia responded to the questionnaire. A descriptive analysis was performed, calculating the mean (Standard deviation), median (p25, p75), and confidence interval. The results were calculated for the total population, factoring according to gender, age, urban/rural population, origin (native/immigrant), and family wealth, which was based on the Family Affluence Scale (FAS II). The significance of the difference was calculated for each factor with the appropriate statistical test. Results For the total score of healthy lifestyle, the youngest students and those with the highest family wealth obtained higher scores. With respect to eating habits, girls scored higher than boys, and higher scores were observed in natives and those with high family wealth. For physical activity, boys scored higher, as well as younger individuals, natives, and those from rural areas. With respect to substance abuse, the worst scores were found in older individuals, students from rural areas, and natives. The rational use of leisure technology was only associated with age (worsening scores with older age). Lastly, hygiene was better with girls, decreased with age, and was worse with natives than immigrants.

Resumen Introduccion Este estudio piloto analiza, por medio de medidas pre-post, la capacidad funcional (CF), el indice de masa corporal (IMC), la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y el stock capital de salud (SCS) de mayores que participan en el programa de caminatas de Granollers. Material y metodos Ciento setenta y tres participantes fueron invitados a participar. Ciento uno eran usuarios del Programa Municipal para Personas Mayores (PMPP) y 72 participaron a traves de la informacion recibida por los medios de comunicacion. Ciento treinta y un participantes (76,3%) completaron el programa. La intervencion consistio en un programa de 6 meses, supervisado por un monitor especializado una vez semanal y controlado por un podometro diariamente. Para el analisis de los resultados se ha empleado el test de marcha de 6 min (6MWT) para la CF y el EuroQol para la CVRS. Para el calculo del SCS, se utilizaron las preferencias derivadas de las puntuaciones del EuroQol y la esperanza de vida. Las equivalencies monetarias que cuantifican el SCS se obtienen mediante valor fijo. Resultados El promedio de pasos se incremento tras el tratamiento, especialmente en los hombres. Los resultados reflejaron tambien una disminucion del IMC. Los participantes mostraron una mejoria en el nivel global de salud al finalizar el programa. Los resultados del SCS confirman la mejora de la CVRS en el caso de los hombres. Conclusiones El programa tuvo efectos positivos en el incremento de pasos y lapercepcion de la mejora de la condicion fisica y la salud. Se discute la utilidad del podometro como un instrumento motivador en la realizacion de ejercicio fisico.

From a holistic approach, the dance is considered a tool which contributes to the wellbeing of a person. Previous studies claimed to improve the emotional and physical well-being through the Human Figure Drawing (HFD) on a population with intellectual disability (ID). The HFD was evaluated before and after a dance session, but not throughout it. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: update previous studies of the HFD test on a ID population participating in dance activities. To review the most appropriate type of instrument for people with ID to supplement the information obtained from the HFD test related to the changes in motion that occur during the dance session. Determinate which characteristics the protocol should have in order to generate an evaluation tool to assess movement changes. La danza se considera una herramienta que contribuye al bienestar de la persona desde una perspectiva integradora. Estudios anteriores afirman, a través del Dibujo de la Figura Humana (DFH), que mejora el bienestar emocional y físico en población con Discapacidad Intelectual (DI). El DFH evalúa el antes y el después de la sesión de danza, pero no durante. Así pues, los objetivos de este estudio son: Actualizar estudios anteriores sobre el test del DFH en población con DI que participan en actividades de danza. Revisar el tipo de instrumento más adecuado para población con DI que complemente la información que nos ofrece el test DFH, en relación a los cambios de movimiento que suceden durante la sesión de danza. Determinar las características que debería tener el protocolo para la creación del instrumento de evaluación de los cambios de movimiento.

Introduction: Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) have significantly lower rates of physical activity and fitness than adults without ID. The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is an inexpensive and simple way to test mobility and submaximal work capacity. Purpose: To evaluate the test–retest reliability and validity of the 6MWT in adults and seniors with ID and explore factors contributing to the 6MWT distance (6MWD). Methods: 46 participants with mild, moderate and severe ID levels (age=41 11 years) performed the 6MWT three times (T1;T2;T3) to determine test–retest reliability. To test validity, peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was measured using a treadmill protocol. To analyze factors contributing to the 6MWD, sex, height, fat mass% and fat free mass%, ID level, isometric leg strength and relative VO2 peak were also measured. Results: The walking distances for T1, T2 and T3 were 460.3 76.9; 489.4 81.2 and 491.4 77.9 m, respectively. The 6MWDs between T1–T2 and T1–T3 were significantly different (p

El presente estudio abre futuras líneas de investigación en el ámbito de la psicología positiva en el deporte. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la trayectoria del técnico de deporte adaptado y se profundizó en conocer su nivel de Engagement y las tres dimensiones que conforman este constructo. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis comparativo con técnicos de deporte general. En el estudio participaron 45 técnicos de deporte adaptado y 45 técnicos de deporte general, seleccionados de forma no probabilística e intencional. Para la medición del Engagement se utilizó el cuestionario Engagement: Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli y Bakker, 2003); y para profundizar en el per#l del técnico, un breve cuestionario sobre la trayectoria profesional de los técnicos de deporte, a partir del modelo de Pérez-Ramírez (2002b). Los resultados muestran que los participantes presentan altos niveles de Engagement y se identi#can elementos comunes entre los técnicos de deporte adaptado y el resto de técnicos. Más de la mitad del grupo estudiado han sido deportistas de competición, no se dedican exclusivamente a entrenar y presentan un perfil más polideportivo. ABSTRACT: %e current study opens future lines of research in the #eld of positive Psychology in Sports. A descriptive analysis of the adapted sports coach career path was conducted, going in depth into their level of Engagement and the three dimensions that make up this construct. Later, a comparative analyses with general sports coaches was completed. %e study was developed with a sample of 45 adapted sports coaches and 45 general sports coaches. %e Engagement: Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli y Bakker, 2003) was used to measure de level of Engagement, and a brief questionnaire drawn on that from Pérez-Ramirez (2002b) about the career path of sports coaches was applied to explore the coaches’ pro#le. %e participants show high levels of Engagement and common elements are identi#ed among both groups. More than a half of the group have been competitive athletes, do not work exclusively as a coach and have a multisport profile. RESUMO: O presente estudo abre futuras linhas de investigação no âmbito da psicologia positiva no desporto. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva da trajetória do técnico do desporto adaptado e estudou-se a fundo o seu nível de Engagement e as três dimensões que de#nem este constructo.Posteriormente, realizou-se uma análise comparativa com técnicos do desporto em geral. O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de 45 técnicos de desporto adaptado e 45 técnicos de desporto geral, selecionados de forma não probabilística e intencional. Para a medição de Engagementutilizou-se o inquérito Engagement: Utrecht Work EngagementScale (Schaufeli y Bakker, 2003); e para estudar a fundo o per#l do técnico, um breve inquérito sobre a trajetória pro#ssional dos técnicos do desporto, a partir do modelo Pérez- Ramirez (2002b). Os resultados mostram que os participantes apresentam altos níveis de Engagement e identi#cam-se elementos comuns entre os técnicos de desporto adaptado e o resto de técnicos. Mais de metade do grupo estudado foi desportista de competição, não se dedica exclusivamente a treinar e apresenta um perfil mais polidesportivo.

The purpose was to compare physical fitness of two groups of adults with Down syndrome, one active group of Special Olympians (9 males, 4 females), and one sedentary group (5 males, and 2 females). The active group had trained for an average of 4.9 hr per week for a minimum of 1 year for Special Olympics competitions. Participants underwent laboratory testing, including (a) treadmill test to determine peak oxygen uptake; (b) isometric strength tests of handgrip, lower back, and quadriceps; (c) explosive power; and (d) body composition. Peak oxygen consumption and muscle strength were significantly greater in the active group. Although crossectional, these findings suggest that long term exercise training, at a greater than previously reported weekly training load, may enhance physical fitness in individuals with Down syndrome.

Objective. To evaluate Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), medication used, and Stock of Health Capital (SHC) in physically active elderly participants in Community Exercise Programs (CEPs) compared to a sedentary group.Methods. EuroQol standardized instrument was completed by physically active elderly (n= 2,185) who participated in CEPs. Common items were compared to HRQoL data of 1,874 sedentary elderly people, taken from the Catalan Health Survey 2006 (CHS’06). Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) outcomes and medication used were assessed through parametric statistics. Dimensions of health conditions were compared, between sedentary people and physically active elderly participants in CEPs. SHC results were obtained combining the EuroQol scores and Life Expectancy (LE) values. An economic value of €34,858.70 was assigned to these years of LE.Results. Physically active subjects had better HRQoL values (75.36 in males and 70.71 in females) than CHS’06 sedentary subjects (58.35 in males and 50.59 in females). Medication used was different between physically active subjects (1.89 in males and 2.87 in females) and CHS’06 sedentary subjects (4.34 in males and 4.21 in females). SHC data for physically active elderly (€465,988.31/QALY in males and €522,550.31/QALY in females) were higher than for CHS’06 sedentary subjects (€363,689.33/QALY in males and €346,615.91/QALY in females).

Sudden cardiac death is a rare but socially devastating event. The most common causes of sudden cardiac death are congenital electrical disorders and structural heart diseases. The majority of these diseases have an incomplete penetrance and variable expression; therefore, patients may be unaware of their illness. In several cases, physical activity can be the trigger for sudden cardiac death as first symptom. Our purpose is to review the causes of sudden cardiac death in sportive children and young adults and its genetic background. Symptomatic individuals often receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, the preventive treatment for sudden cardiac death in most of cases due to channelopathies, which can become a challenging option in young and active patients. The identification of one of these diseases in asymptomatic patients has similarly a great impact on their everyday life, especially on their ability to undertake competitive physical activities, and the requirement of prophylactic treatment. We review main causes of sudden cardiac death in relation to its genetics and diagnostic work-up.

This pre-experimental study analyses the Functional Capacity (FC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and Health Capital Stock (HCS) of elderly people participating in a Walking program in Granollers (Barcelona).One hundred and seventy-three participants were invited to participate. One hundred and one of them were users of the Municipal Program for Elderly People, and 72 received information by the communication media. One hundred and thirty-one (76.3%) of the participants completed the Program. The intervention consisted of a 6-month program, supervised by a specialist instructor once a week and controlled daily by a pedometer. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was analysed for the FC, and the EuroQoL for the HRQoL. The preferences derived from the EuroQoL scores and the Life Expectancy were used to calculate the FC. The monetary data were obtained using a fixed value.An increase in the average number of steps was observed after the program, especially in men. The results also showed a decrease in the BMI. The participants showed a improvement in overall health perception at the end of the program. The HCS scores confirmed the improvement in the HRQoL in men.The Program was positive for increasing the number of steps and improving physical condition and health. The usefulness of the pedometer as a motivational tool of physical exercise is discussed.

BackgroundSeveral sophisticated methods of footprint analysis currently exist. However, it is sometimes useful to apply standard measurement methods of recognized evidence with an easy and quick application. We sought to assess the reliability and validity of a new method of footprint assessment in a healthy population using Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, California).MethodsForty-two footprints, corresponding to 21 healthy individuals (11 men with a mean ± SD age of 20.45 ± 2.16 years and 10 women with a mean ± SD age of 20.00 ± 1.70 years) were analyzed. Footprints were recorded in static bipedal standing position using optical podography and digital photography. Three trials for each participant were performed. The Hernández-Corvo, Chippaux-Smirak, and Staheli indices and the Clarke angle were calculated by manual method and by computerized method using Photoshop CS5 software. Test-retest was used to determine reliability. Validity was obtained by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsThe reliability test for all of the indices showed high values (ICC, 0.98–0.99). Moreover, the validity test clearly showed no difference between techniques (ICC, 0.99–1).ConclusionsThe reliability and validity of a method to measure, assess, and record the podometric indices using Photoshop CS5 software has been demonstrated. This provides a quick and accurate tool useful for the digital recording of morphostatic foot study parameters and their control.