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This paper presents and analyses some Mean Field Games (MFGs) models that depict interactions between two groups where the number of participants tends to +infinity.Solutions to differential game problems, systems of partial differential equations. MFGtheory equations have been developed to approximate the static and evolutionary versions of such models. We present numerical methods and simulations. To solve the problem in the resulting system of equations, we propose nonstandard finite difference schemes for the optimal planning problem, which has an optimal control formulation. We also conduct numerical tests. Mathematics Subject Classification: 65M06, 33F05.

The study aimed to identify the distinctive behavioral characteristics of outstanding students in light of the Triarchic theory of intelligence from the point of view of students and their teachers. The sample consisted of (51) students, 34% of whom were excelling in the sixth and eighth grades, as well as (76) teachers, and for this purpose, the distinctive behavioral characteristics of outstanding students scale was used, in addition to conducting a focus interview with teachers. The results of the study indicated that the level of behavioral characteristics from the point of view of students came significantly by 82.01%, where both the domains of creative ability and applied ability were ranked first, followed by the domain of analytical ability. As for the level of distinctive behavioral characteristics of outstanding students from the point of view of teachers, it came significantly by 77.29% and in this order; analytical ability, then applied ability, and finally creative ability, and these results corresponded to the corresponding data collected from teachers, but the ranking of these domains differed, where analytical characteristics were ranked first, then applied, and finally creative.

We presented in this paper a new concept of sets that we launched it neutrosophic axial sets . These sets are considered as generalization of neutrosophic sets . The union relationships , intersection, union , belonging and other concepts were built on these sets , then we created two different concepts of points . Also we studied many important properties and basic theories about axial sets theory.

The purpose of this master's research thesis is to categorize the cutting-edge AI-based cyber security network to reduce cybercrimes globally and provide a resilient cyberattack-free environment for consumers. One of the most often used real applications in areas like cost control, traffic scene analysis, and thought attack identification is attacks restriction. Contextual information, which in our study is described as the relationship between the cyber security and the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman, is important to get total comprehension along with the information on the owner vehicle. The research study suggested a KNN classifier for continuously limiting the position of organizations and digital protection in the area. The modified districts are passed to the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman after being preprocessed to reduce commotion (RSA). The preprocessing of the RSA separates associated components, divides them into lines of attack, and channels them by size. The well-known technique used in the research is RSA. The user is advised to acquire a new attack of that portion of the assault if the RSA reported a low confidence score for at least one attack region. The new attack is then compared to the existing attack, and the attack processing steps are once more carried out. If all locations have a sufficiently high score or enough retries have been used up, the security cycle ends. The outcome includes the type of assault that was discovered, a list of the districts that were subject to the removed assault, and the accuracy of the RSA calculation through KNN, which was calculated across 300 preparation and testing iterations. The proposed framework was created using 75% of the available data, 20% of which was used for testing, and 5% for validation. We used a Cyber Data Dataset made up of multiple classes that addressed a portion of all current forms of digital protection to illustrate the meaning of the proposed component vector. Multiple machine learning toolboxes were utilized for the research effort, which was implemented and carried out in the MATLAB programming language. Our strategy has three practical head networks, so a potential preparation risk is prompted by the start to finish and synchronous preparation. It is incredibly challenging to determine which head configuration is producing a problem on the off chance that the model doesn't come together. As a result, in our plan cycle, we gradually added each helpful head to make sure the single head plan idea was functioning correctly before extending the model with the remaining useful heads.

The multidrug resistance developed in many organisms due to the prolonged use of antibiotics has been an increasing global health crisis. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a causal organism for various infections, including respiratory, urinary tract and biliary diseases. Initially, immunocompromised individuals are primarily affected by K. pneumoniae. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains recently, both healthy and immunocompetent individuals are equally susceptible to K. pneumoniae infections. The infections caused by multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains are complicated to treat, illustrating an urgent need to develop novel and more practical approaches to combat the pathogen. We focused on the previously performed high-throughput analyses by other groups to discover several novel enzymes that may be considered attractive drug targets of K. pneumoniae. These targets qualify most of the selection criteria for drug targeting, including an absence of its homolog’s gene in the host. The capsule, lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, siderophores and essential virulence factors facilitate the pathogen entry, infection and survival inside the host. This review discusses K. pneumoniae pathophysiology, including its virulence determinants and further the potential drug targets that might facilitate the discovery of novel drugs and effective treatment regimens shortly.

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) regulates various biological processes including, NF-κB signaling, immune response, autophagy, cell division, Ras-mediated oncogenesis, and AKT pro-survival signaling. Enhanced TBK1 activity is associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer, suggesting its role in therapeutic targeting of interferonopathies. In addition, dysregulation of TBK1 activity promotes several inflammatory disorders and oncogenesis. Structural and biochemical study reports provide the molecular process of TBK1 activation and recap the substrate selection about TBK1. This review summarizes recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which TBK1 is involved in cancer signaling. The IKK-e and TBK1 are together associated with inflammatory diseases by inducing type I IFNs. Furthermore, TBK1 signaling regulates radiation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by controlling phosphorylation of GSK-3β and expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1, suggesting, TBK1 could be targeted for radiotherapy-induced metastasis therapy. Despite a considerable increase in the list of TBK1 inhibitors, only a few has potential to control cancer. Among them, a compound BX795 is considered a potent and selective inhibitor of TBK1. We discussed the therapeutic potential of small-molecule inhibitors of TBK1, particularly those with high selectivity, which will enable further exploration in the therapeutic management of cancer and inflammatory diseases.

The incentive for international agencies to promote 'local' peacebuilding is commonly premised on the hope that micro-level interventions can nourish grassroots activism and participatory citizenship. Tracing reconciliation processes across Iraq following the defeat of ISIL provides a window through which to view the transactional relationships between 'national' and 'local' forms of politics, conflict and peace in post-Ba'athist Iraq. This paper focuses on the example of Yathrib, Salah al-Din province, where over ninety per cent of residents were displaced in 2014, and an estimated eighty-five per cent subsequently returned following peace negotiations. The paper uses qualitative interview findings to demonstrate on the one hand that seemingly 'local' tribal solutions are built into national-level 'peace strategies', while on the other, state capture and power politics is infused into the management of apparently parochial disputes. While these observations are not an indictment of international efforts to intervene at the subnational level, they serve to thoroughly 'de-romanticise' the local.

The human genome encodes more than 500 protein kinases that work by transferring the γ-phosphate group from ATP to serine, threonine, or tyrosine (Ser/Thr/Tyr) residues. Various kinases are associated with the onset of cancer and its further progression. The recent advancements in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors to treat different cancer types have shown noticeable results in clinical therapies. Microtubule-affinity regulating kinase 4 (MARK-4) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that relates structurally to AMPK/Snf1 subfamily of the CaMK kinases. The protein kinase modulates major signalling pathways such as NF-κB, mTOR and the Hippo-signalling pathway. MARK4 is associated with various cancer types due to its important role in regulating microtubule dynamics and subsequent cell division. Aberrant expression of MARK4 is linked with several pathologies such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, etc. This review provides detailed information on structural aspects of MARK4 and its role in various signalling pathways related to cancer. Several therapeutic molecules were designed to inhibit the MARK4 activity from controlling associated diseases. The review further highlights kinase-targeted drug discovery and development in oncology and cancer therapies. Finally, we summarize the latest findings regarding the role of MARK4 in cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disease path to provide a solid rationale for future investigation and therapeutic intervention.

Ensuring genetic integrity is essential during the cell cycle to avoid aneuploidy, one of the underlying causes of malignancies. Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinase that play a vital role in maintaining the genomic integrity of the cells. There are three forms of aurora kinases in the mammalian cells, which are highly conserved and act together with several other proteins to control chromosome alignment and its equal distribution to daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis. We provide here a detailed analysis of Aurora B kinase (ABK) in terms of its expression, structure, function, disease association and potential therapeutic implications. ABK plays an instrumental in mitotic entry, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, cytokinesis, and abscission. Small-molecule inhibitors of ABK are designed and synthesized to control cancer progression. A detailed understanding of ABK pathophysiology in different cancers is of great significance in designing and developing effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we have discussed the physiological significance of ABK followed by its role in cancer progression. We further highlighted available small-molecule inhibitors to control the tumor proliferation and their mechanistic insights.

Neurodegeneration is a prevalent and one of the emerging reasons for morbidity, mortality, and cognitive impairment in aging. Dementia is one of such conditions of neurodegeneration, partially manageable, irreversible, and worsens over time. This review is focused on biological and psychosocial risk factors associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, highlighting the value of cognitive decline. We further emphasized on current therapeutic strategies from pharmacological and non-pharmacological perspectives focusing on their effects on cognitive impairment, protein aggregation, tau pathology, and improving the quality of life. Deeper mechanistic insights into the multifactorial neurodegeneration could offer the design and development of promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Chitin, a polysaccharide that occurs abundantly in nature after cellulose, has attracted the interest of the scientific community due to its plenty of availability and low cost. Mostly, it is derived from the exoskeleton of insects and marine crustaceans. Often, it is insoluble in common solvents that limit its applications but its deacetylated product, named chitosan is found to be soluble in protonated aqueous medium and used widely in various biomedical fields. Indeed, the existence of the primary amino group on the backbone of chitosan provides it an important feature to modify it chemically into other derivatives easily. In the present review, we present the structural properties of chitin, and its derivatives and highlighted their biomedical implications including, tissue engineering, drug delivery, diagnosis, molecular imaging, antimicrobial activity, and wound healing. We further discussed the limitations and prospects of this versatile natural polysaccharide.

The carcinogenic dog nematode, Spirocerca lupi, is a canine causative agent of the oesophagal nodular granuloma. Worldwide availability of the biological host (beetle) and the presence of some environmental factors help in the comprehensive epidemiology of this nodular forming nematode. Coprologically, it depends on the presence and characteristics of the rhabdiform larvae in most nematodes due to the similarity in egg shape. In contrast, in the case of the presence of carcinogenic nematodes, the morphological appearance of the eggs is definitive for diagnosis, which can be detected by flotation and sedimentation techniques in the faecal examination to detect the gastrointestinal parasites. The morphological identification of the parasite's eggs in the dog's faecal samples requires more confirmation by molecular and specific gene amplification. They should be aware of the possibility of a spirurid worm infection, which needs to be diagnosed and treated.

In the first quarter of the 21st century, we are already facing the third emergence of a coronavirus outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Comparative genomics can inform a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Previous strains of coronavirus, SARS-CoV, and Middle-East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), have been known to cause acute lung injuries in humans. SARS-CoV-2 shares genetic similarity with SARS-CoV with some modification in the S protein leading to their enhanced binding affinity toward the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors of human lung cells. This expert review examines the features of all three coronaviruses through a conceptual lens of comparative genomics. In particular, the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 that enables its survival within the host is highlighted. Susceptibility of humans to coronavirus outbreaks in the 21st century calls for comparisons of the transmission history, hosts, reservoirs, and fatality rates of these viruses so that evidence-based and effective planetary health interventions can be devised to prevent future zoonotic outbreaks. Comparative genomics offers new insights on putative and novel viral targets with an eye to both therapeutic innovation and prevention. We conclude the expert review by (1) articulating the lessons learned so far, whereas the research is still being actively sought after in the field, and (2) the challenges and prospects in deciphering the linkages among multiomics biological variability and COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Due to its nature the stock markets can be affected by many factors. The factors are different from each other and every single one of them has its own effects. Moreover, they are different from one situation to another, but generally they are considered to be natural reasons, political issues or economical reasons. Inflation as one of the macroeconomic variables is one of the factors that many researchers and policymakers have studied and determined its impacts on stock markets. Because it can directly impact the stock market indices and the investors in the market. Many investors may lose their rationality in decision making when inflation happens. Furthermore, it causes uncertainty in the market. In that context, this paper aims to investigate the impacts of inflation rate on stock market indices in Turkey. For that purpose, we throwed light on the BIST-100 index as a representative for stock indices traded in ISE and CPI index is representing inflation rate in the same country. The study is depending on monthly published data by central bank of Turkey from which starts from January 2009 and ends with March 2020. The VAR model and Granger Causality test is applied to analyze the collected data. According to the results, it is found that there is only a one-way causality relationship between inflation and BIST-100. On the other hand, the results of impulse responses provided no meaning for relationship between the variables. Furthermore, according to variance decomposition both of the variables were contained dynamics with themselves.

The sphingosine kinase-1/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway is linked with the cancer progression and survival of the chemotherapy-challenged cells. Sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) has emerged as an attractive drug target, but their inhibitors from natural sources are limited. In this study, we have chosen harmaline, one of the β-carboline alkaloids, and report its mechanism of binding to SphK1 and subsequent inhibition. Molecular docking combined with fluorescence binding studies revealed that harmaline binds to the substrate-binding pocket of SphK1 with an appreciable binding affinity and significantly inhibits the kinase activity of SphK1 with an IC50 value in the micromolar range. The cytotoxic effect of harmaline on non-small-cell lung cancer cells by MTT assay was found to be higher for H1299 compared to A549. Harmaline induces apoptosis in non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells (H1299 and A549), possibly via the intrinsic pathway. Our findings suggest that harmaline could be implicated as a scaffold for designing potent anticancer molecules with SphK1 inhibitory potential.

Persons working in the mortuaries face numerous hazards and if proper precautions are not observed such persons can fall sick by the infectious agents. A review has been carried out to find out the various agents responsible for causing infection in the mortuaries. Practices in the mortuaries that can cause harm to the workers have also been reviewed. The various methods that can reduce or eliminate the chances of such infections and precautions to reduce the hazards in postmortem examination have also been reviewed.