Search

Kıyı alanları, ekolojik ve ekonomik değeri yüksek doğal ortamlararasında yer alır. Diğer doğal sistemler arasında, özellikle deltalar dinamikve karmaşık ilişkilere sahip ekosistemlerdir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Akdenizbölgesinde bulunan Göksu Deltası'nı kapsamaktadır. Göksu Deltası birçok neslitükenme tehlikesi altında olan türe, üreme, beslenme ve barınma olanaklarısunan, en önemli uluslararası sulak alanlarından birine sahiptir. GöksuDeltası'nda hidrolojik müdahaleler ve çeşitli insan faaliyetleri sonucundadelta kıyı sistemleri büyük ölçüde değişmiştir. Bu değişimlerin efektif birşekilde incelenmesi zorunludur. Bu amaca yönelik olarak çeşitli uydusistemlerinden elde edilen uzaktan algılanan verilerin, dijital veya analogteknikleri kullanarak kıyı değişikliklerini izlemek için etkili bir araç olduğukanıtlanmıştır. Böylelikle, son yıllarda, kıyı alanlarının çoğununharitalanması ve izlenmesi, bu tür veriler tarafından sağlanan mekansal açıdankapsamlı bilgilerle ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmanın amacı Göksu Deltası'ndaki kıyıdeğişikliklerini Ana Bileşenler Analiz tekniğini kullanarak incelemektir.Sonuçlar, bu yöntemin, multitemporal görüntüleri kullanarak değişimtespitindeki hataları azaltabileceğini ve değişikliklerini izlemede çok faydalıbir yol sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir. Kıyı ilerlemesi batı ve güneydoğudatespit edilmiştir. Öte yandan, deltanın doğu tarafında sahil şeridinde ciddibir gerileme meydana gelmiştir.

Objectives This study examined the overweight, obesity, dietary habits, and physical activity among Hispanic college students. Methods Eighty seven (n=87, age= 24.03 ± 5.69) Hispanic college students participated in the study. Descriptive and anthropometric measurements including resting heart rate (RHR), resting blood pressure (RBP), height, weight, body mass index (BMI), circumference measurements [waist at narrowest point (Xiphoid), and hip at widest point (Hip), body composition (BC) were collected. Subjects completed the Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ). PA was estimated via Godin’s (2011) Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. Results The mean BMI was 27.29±6.20 kg/m2, in the overweight range. The mean WC for males was 90.86±13.23 and for females was 82.35±14.61. Independent t-test showed that males had significantly higher values in height (p

Coastal areas are natural systems with high ecological and economic value. Among other natural systems, deltas are the ecosystems with the most dynamic and complex relations. This study comprises of Göksu Delta which is located in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Göksu Delta have one of the most important international wetlands that provide reproduction, nutrition and accommodation facilities for delicate, rare and in danger of extinction of many species. As a result of the hydrologic interventions and several human activities in Göksu Delta, coastal systems of Göksu Delta have been changed drastically. Remotely sensed data, which have obtained from several satellite systems, have proven to be an effective tool for monitoring coastal changes using digital or analog techniques. Thus, in recent years, most mapping and monitoring of coastal areas has been dependent on the use of remotely sensed data, because of the spatially comprehensive view provided by such data. The aim of this is to examine coastal changes in Göksu Delta using principle component analysis. The study demonstrates that this method can reduce errors in change detection using multitemporal images and provide a very useful way in monitoring rapid coastal changes. Coastal progression was detected in the west and southeast. On the other hand, there is a severe regression in the coastal line at the eastern side of the delta.

The most parts of the Earth experience precipitation variability as a part of their normal climates over both short- and long-time periods. These variations of precipitation will have unpredictable and perhaps unexpectedly extreme consequences (such as drought and flood) with respect to frequency and intensity for many regions of the Earth. Because of high precipitation fluctuations, the Mediterranean region is also the areas of the world sensitive to precipitation changes which often involve frequent drought conditions in Turkey. In this study, drought conditions at annual, seasonal and monthly time scales over the period of 1975–2010 were examined for Antakya-Kahramanmaras Graben which is located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Application of appropriate measures to analyze and monitor droughts is recognized as a major challenge to scientists involved in atmospheric studies. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and cumulative deviation curve techniques were used to determine drought conditions. Results indicated that the study area presented a cyclic pattern of variations with alternating drier and wetter years. From analyses of annual, seasonal and monthly drought series it can be seen that precipitation characteristic of the area is changing. By the results, apparent wet and dry periods can be distinguished. This study also indicated that precipitation totals of winter, spring and summer seasons were slightly decreased during the study period. Drought frequency was increased especially for the northern part of the area in the last ten years. Drought periods were divided into 1982–1985, 1999–2002 and 2004–2008, respectively. According to our analyses, the time scale of 1999–2002 was the driest period in the most of the graben area. The study area, which covers agriculturally important fertile alluvial plains, will experience increasing pressure on its water resources because of its growing population and industry, ever-larger demands for intensive agricultural activities, and frequent drought events.

Purpose The study investigated the acute effects of different initial restrictive pressures (IRP; tightness of cuffs before inflation with air) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and energy expenditure (EE) during constant-load upright cycling. Methods In a within subject study design, 34 obese men (age = 24� 3, n = 18) and women (age = 23� 1, n = 16) completed three cycling sessions (two blood flow restriction and one control sessions). The cycling exercise was performed with an external load of 1kp at 50 rpm for 20 min with 1-min rest after the 10th-min. The blood flow restriction (BFR) cuffs were placed on the thigh of both legs during BFR sessions and IRP and IRP of ~40 or ~60 mmHg were applied in random order. Results There were significant condition 9 time interactions for HR, SBP, RPE and RER and time 9 gender interactions for HR and SBP. There were also significant condition and time main effects for HR, SBP, RPE and RER (P

Background/Study Context: Mobility limitations affect more than 25% of adults aged 70 years or older. This study tested the hypothesis that impairments in ankle and shoulder coordination are associated with mobility limitations among older adults.his study consisted of conducted a cross-sectional analysis from a sample of community-dwelling older adults (N = 130) aged ≥67 years. Motion capture equipment was used to collect kinematic data during rhythmic antiphase coordination of the right and left: (a) ankles moving in dorsi-plantarflexion; and (b) glenohumeral ("shoulder") moving in flexion-extension while paced by an auditory metronome. Coordination variability was measured as the standard deviation of the relative phase between right and left body segments. Mobility limitations were defined as a score of ≤9 on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Odds ratios for mobility limitations as a function of coordination variability quartiles were determined using multivariable logistic regression.Adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, number of chronic conditions and Mini-Mental State Examination score, the odds ratios for mobility limitation (SPPB score ≤9) were 7.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.20-24.78) and 15.40 (95% CI: 4.31-55.07) for the 3rd and 4th (the poorest) ankle coordination quartiles, respectively, and 6.73 (95% CI: 2.11-21.51) for the 4th shoulder coordination quartile, compared with the best (the 1st) coordination quartiles.The results supported the hypothesis that impaired interlimb ankle and shoulder coordination are associated with the manifestation of mobility limitations. These findings indicate the need for further study of the role of coordination impairments as potential contributors to poor mobility among older adults.

Bu çalışmada, Antakya-Kahramanmaraş Grabeni’nin farklı iklim özellikleri ihtiva eden kesimlerinden, dünyadaki en geniş yayılışını Türkiye’de yapan Kızılçam ormanlarına ait test alanları belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Kızılçam ormanlarının yağış koşullarına önemli tepkiler verdiğini göstermektedir. Antakya-Kahramanmaraş Grabeni’nde yağışın fazla olduğu güney kesimlerde orman alanına ait bitki indeks değerleri yüksek olurken, grabenin kuzeyine doğru Kahramanmaraş sınırlarında belirlenen Kızılçam ormanı daha düşük yansıma özellikleri göstermektedir, The most extensive spreading of Pinus brutia is found in Turkey. In this study, test areas of pine forest from different climatic characteristics-including parts of Antakya-Kahramanmaraş Graben were determined. According to the results, pine forests exhibited significant responses to rainfall conditions. Vegetation index values were higher in the southern parts of Antakya-Kahramanmaraş Graben while they exhibited lower reflection properties in the north of the graben towards Kahramanmaraş border depending on the declining rainfall

This study aimed to determine whether changes in initial restrictive pressures (IRP, tightness of the cuff before inflation with air) affect tissue oxygenation, lactate production and leg strength before, during and after knee extension exercises. The cuff was positioned on the right thigh, and the IRP of either 40-45 or 60-65 mmHg were applied randomly prior to inflating the cuff to the final restrictive pressure (the pressure reached after inflating the cuff with air). Subjects performed four sets (30, 15, 15 and 15 reps) of isotonic knee extensions with 1-min rest between sets. Tissue oxygenation and blood lactate levels were assessed prior to, during and after exercise, and leg strength was assessed pre- and postexercise. There were significant condition by time interactions (P

The goal of this study was to examine anabolic hormone, muscle damage marker and inflammation marker responses to two types of resistance training protocols in older men. Thirty-six healthy older males (mean age = 56.6 ± 0.6 years) completed 6 weeks of high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT), low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction (LI-BFR) or no exercise control group (CON) three times per week. Three upper body exercises were performed by both exercise groups at the same intensity (at 80% 1-RM), but lower body exercises were performed by the HI-RT group at 80% 1-RM and by the LI-BFR group at 20% 1-RM with vascular restriction. Resting serum creatine kinase (CK), interleukin 6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and testosterone (T) were measured before and after training. No significant group differences in resting CK, IL-6, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and T were detected following training (P>0.05). In addition, there were no significant changes in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), but a trend for significant decreases in the percent changes in thigh subcutaneous fat (P = 0.051). Although training-induced anabolic hormone response did not reach statistical significance, our findings on CK and IL-6 indicated that the LI-BFR training protocol was safe and well tolerated for older men to perform to improve muscular strength.

The aim of this study was to examine and compare the effects of different resistance training protocols on bone marker concentrations in older men. Thirty-seven healthy older male subjects were assigned to one of three groups: high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT, age = 57.5 ± 0.8); low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction (LI-VRT, age = 59.9 ± 1.0); and control (CON, age = 57.0 ± 1.1). Blood samples were collected before and after 6 weeks of resistance training to measure the changes in bone formation [bone alkaline phosphatase, (Bone ALP)] and resorption (C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of Type-I collagen, CTX) marker concentrations. A significant main effect for time was detected in Bone ALP to CTX ratio for the exercise groups (p 0.05). There was a significant group effect for percentage changes in serum Bone ALP (21% for LI-VRT, 23% for HI-RT, and 4.7% for CON) and post hoc analysis identified significant increases in serum Bone ALP concentrations in LI-VRT (p = 0.03) and HI-RT (p = 0.02) when compared with CON. The exercise groups had significantly (p 0.01) greater strength increases in all upper body and leg exercises compared with CON with no significant differences between the exercise groups except for leg extension strength (HI-RT LI-VRT, p 0.05). Serum concentrations of Bone ALP and Bone ALP to CTX ratio improved in both resistance training protocols, suggesting increased bone turnover with a balance favoring bone formation. Therefore, despite using low mechanical load, LI-VRT is a potentially effective training alternative to traditional HI-RT for enhancing bone health in older men.

This study investigated neuromuscular fatigue following low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular restriction (VR) and without vascular restriction (control, CON). Fourteen males participated in two experimental trials (VR and CON) each separated by 48 h. Each participant performed two isometric maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) before and after five sets of 20 dynamic constant external resistance leg extension exercises (DCER-EX) at 20% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM). The participants were asked to lift (1.5 s) and lower (1.5 s) the load at a constant velocity. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the vastus lateralis during MVC and DCER-EX. Twitch interpolation was used to assess the percent of maximal voluntary activation (%VA) during the MVC. During performing five sets of 20 DCER-EX, the increases (p < 0.05) in EMG amplitude and decreases (p < 0.05) in EMG mean power frequency were similar for both VR and CON. However, there were significant differences between VR and CON for MVC force, %VA, and potentiated twitch force and significant interactions for EMG amplitude. VR decreased MVC force, %VA, potentiated twitch force, and EMG amplitude more than CON. Our findings suggest that the VR-induced fatigue may have been due to a combination of peripheral (decreases in potentiated twitch) and central (decreases in %VA and EMG amplitude) fatigue.

Mediterranean region is one of the sensitive regions to climate variation particularly to precipitation changes in Turkey. In this study, trends in precipitation at annual, seasonal and monthly time scales for the period of 1963-2005 were examined for the Kahramanmaraþ along with Gaziantep and Adýyaman stations which are located in the continental Mediterranean precipitation regime region of Turkey. Non-parametric tests (such as Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope), linear regression, cumulative deviation curve techniques were used to determine precipitation trends. The results showed that there is no statistically significant any trend in the study area, despite of slight precipitation increase for Kahramanmaraþ, slight decrease for Gaziantep and Adýyaman, annually. The year 1996 is the wettest year for all three stations, on the other hand the years 1996 for Kahramanmaraþ, 1970 for Adýyaman and 1973 for Gaziantep are the driest years during the study period. Winter, spring seasons represent slight precipitation decrease for all three stations during the study period. Autumn showed increasing trend for Kahramanmaraþ and Gaziantep even though which is not statistically significant. Most of the trends for individual months depicted decreasing trend but all are not statistically significant. Precipitation patterns, however, seems to have changed during the last 43 years, and results of seasonal trends analyses seem to indicate that there has been a shift in winter precipitation seasonality toward Autumn months except Adýyaman station.

Türkiye, dünyada kısa veya uzun süreli iklim değişikliklerinin yaşanabileceği hassas ülkelerden birisini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 1975–2005 yılları arasında Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan Kahramanmaraş’ta bulunan meteoroloji istasyonları için yıllık, mevsimlik ve aylık yağış trendleri incelenmiştir. Parametrik olmayan testler (Mann-Kendall), lineer regresyon, yağış değişkenliği, değişim katsayısı gibi istatistiksel metotlar kullanılarak yağış eğilimleri analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, çalışma alanında yıllık yağışlarda çok küçük azalışa rağmen istatistiksel anlamlılıkta pozitif veya negatif bir trendin oluşmadığını göstermektedir. Kış, ilkbahar ve yaz mevsimlerinde çalışma periyodu boyunca yağışlarda çok önemsiz bir azalış gerçekleşirken, sonbahar mevsiminde ise istatistiksel anlamda önemsiz bir artış trendi gözlenmiştir, Turkey is one of the sensitive areas to climate variation in the World. In this study, trends in precipitation at annual, seasonal and monthly time scales for the periods of 1975-2005 were examined for the Kahramanmaraş which is mostly located in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Non-parametric tests (such as Mann-Kendall), linear regression, coefficient of variation techniques were used to determine rainfall trends. The results showed that there is no negative or positive statistically significant trend in the study area, despite of slight precipitation decrease annually for the period of 1975-2005. Slight precipitation decreases (which are not statistically significant) for winter, spring and summer were determined. In contrast, slight precipitation increase was found for the season autumn

Skeletal muscle adapts to a progressive overload, but the response can vary between different modes and intensities of exercise. Generally, a minimal threshold intensity of 65% of the one repetition maximum (1-RM) is needed to elicit muscle hypertrophy; however, recent studies have challenged this hypothesis and have provided evidence that low-intensity training (LIT) combined with vascular restriction (KAATSU) may also elicit increases in muscle size and strength. The physiological aspects of applying vascular restriction during exercise are not fully understood and may be explained by several factors. Examining the results of previous studies may help elucidate the factors responsible for the adaptations associated with vascular restriction in humans. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to summarize current knowledge regarding the physiological adaptations of skeletal muscle after low-intensity exercise combined with vascular restriction, the different training protocols used to elicit adaptations, and suggested areas for future research.

Zamansal ve mekânsal olcekte surekli degisen iklim, dinamik bir surectir. Yerkure ’nin varolusundan gunumuze kadar gecen sure zarfinda iklimde bircok defa degisim meydana gelmistir. Ancak 19. yuzyilda baslayan yogun sanayilesme hareketleri ile birlikte dogal iklim degisimi sureci uzerinde insan etkili olmaya baslamistir. Kuresel olarak sicakligin artisi ve yagis paterninin degisimi seklinde ifade edilen iklim degisikligi tezi dunyada bircok cevre tarafindan kabul edilmekte ve sonuclari itibariyle Insanoglunun gunumuzde karsi karsiya kaldigi en ciddi problemler arasinda gosterilmektedir. Ic Anadolu Bolgesi de konumu geregi iklim degisiminin gorulebilecegi hassas bir konumda bulunmaktadir. Bu calismada, Ic Anadolu Bolgesinde yer alan meteoroloji istasyonlari icin yillik, mevsimlik ve aylik ortalama ve ekstrem sicaklik trendleri ile yagislar incelenmistir. Parametrik olmayan (mann-kendal, sens’s slope), lineer regresyon gibi teknikler kullanilarak sicaklik egilimleri analiz edilmistir. Sonuclar, maksimum ve minimum sicaklik trendlerinde calisma alani genelinde istatistiksel olarak anlamli artislarin oldugunu, ortalama sicakliklarda ise Urgup istasyonu haric diger tum istasyonlarda %95 guven araliginda artislar oldugunu gostermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sicaklik, Yagis, Mann-Kendall, Trend, Ic Anadolu.

In this study, 12 socio-economic variables were used to determine similarities between NUTS regions of EU and Turkey. To achieve this goal hierarchical cluster analyses were chosen to be an appropriate statistical test. Geographical locations and situations of countries in EU were considered during selection of sample countries. While doing determination of number of clusters for 127 regions (NUTS), the data set was tested and 10 clusters (groups) were defined. The analyses were supported with dendrogram and agglomerative schedule. Squared euclid distance and dissimilarity matrix were used to calculate distances between different regions to find out region groups which have similar socio-economic characteristics. According to results of squared euclid distance calculations and dissimilarity matrix, Turkey's regions have not resembled any European NUTS regions. This study showed that Turkey's NUTS regions have not been included in any European region group, due to uncomparatively low level of socio-economic characteristics. Consequently, this study was able to determine social and economical differences of NUTS regions with aid of hierarchical cluster technique. Key Words: Region, NUTS Region, Cluster Analyses, Turkey, EU

Turkish: Kuralikla ilgili yapilan calismalar, genelde geleneksel yontemlere dayanmaktadir. Geleneksel yontemler ile yapilan calismalar onemli bir boslugu doldurmaktadir. Fakat iklime ait verilerin, uzun zamana ait olmamalari ve dar alanlari kapsamada yetersiz olmalarindan dolayi kuraklik gibi kompleks bir olayin izlenmesi icin tek basina yeterli degildir. Kurakligin lokasyonu ve siddetini belirlemek icin uydu goruntuleri araciligi ile iklim verilerinin zenginlestirilmesi ve mevcut kuraklik kosullarinin tam, guncel ve ayrintili bir bicimde izlenmesi buyuk bir gerekliliktir. Bu calismada MODIS uydusu TERRA platformuna ait 16 gunluk ve aylik zamansal, 250 m ve 1 km mekânsal cozunurluge sahip uydu verileri kullanilarak kuraklik analizi yapilmistir. MODIS verilere farkli yontemler uygulanarak elde edilen kuraklik modelleri birbiri ile kiyaslanmistir. Boylelikle hem kuraklik hakkinda elde edilen bilgiler teyit edilmistir hem de hangi yontemin kurak kosullari daha iyi yansittigi sorusuna cevap olunmustur. Calismamizda cevap olunan sorular, uydu-tabanli bitki indekslerinin, kurakligi anlamada ve onceden tahmin etmede onemli kolayliklar sagladigini gostermektedir. English: Studies performed with regard to drought are based on conventional methods in general. The studies which are performed with conventional methods fill a significant gap. But, data belonging to climate are not sufficient alone for following a complex phenomenon such as drought, due to the fact that they are unable to pertain to long-time and are insufficient It is a great necessity that climate data should be enriched via satellite images in order to determine drought location and severity and that current drought conditions should be followed in a complete, update and detail way. In this study, we used satellite data with 16-days and monthly of temporal and 250-m and 1-km of spatial resolution, belonging to TERRA platform of MODIS satellite. From these data, various vegetation index models were created. We compared findings which were obtained using different methods with each other. Therefore, we not only confirmed information which were obtained about drought phenomenon, but also answered the question of which method reflected dry (arid) conditions better. Replied questions in our study also satellite-based vegetation index provided important conveniences in understanding and forecasting drought phenomenon.

Generally, a threshold intensity of 65% 1-RM will induce muscle hypertrophy; however, recent studies using low-intensity (20% 1-RM) exercise combined with vascular restriction (KAATSU) have demonstrated increases in muscle size and strength. PURPOSE: To investigate the EMG and MMG responses, and percent voluntary activation (PVA) of the vastus lateralis (VL) following exposure to low-intensity intermittent isometric exercise in combination with moderate vascular restriction.METHODS: Twelve males (Age = 23.7 ± 4.1 yrs) participated in 1 familiarization trial and 2 experimental trials (with or without KAATSU) each separated by 48 h. Testing order was: a) Resting blood pressure after 5 min rest; b) 5 min warm-up on a cycle ergometer (50 W, 50-70 rpm); c) 2 preexercise 5-s isometric MVCs, 1 min rest between trials; d) 5 sets of 20 intermittent isometric contractions (2-s on / 1-s off) at 20% of MVC, 30-s interset rest periods; and e) 2 post-exercise isometric 5-s MVCs. RESULTS: There were no significant interactions or main effects for time or session for pre- and post-exercise isometric MVCs, with and without KAATSU, for the following parameters: MVC, PVA, EMG amplitude, EMG mean power frequency (MPF), MMG amplitude, and MMG MPF. Average normalized EMG amplitude increased significantly from repetitions 1-4 to 5-8 to 9-12 and MMG amplitude increased significantly from set 1 to 2 for both the KAATSU and no-KAATSU sessions. CONCLUSION: Intermittent isometric contractions at 20% 1-RM, with or without vascular restriction, are not intense enough to cause significant muscular fatigue.

This study compared two ankle-mounted pedometers [StepWatch 3 (SW-3(Ankle)) and Activity Monitoring Pod 331 (AMP(Ankle))] and two waist-mounted pedometers [New Lifestyles NL-2000 (NL(Waist)) and Digiwalker SW-701 (SW-701(Waist))] under controlled and free-living conditions. In part I, 20 participants walked on a treadmill at speeds of 27-107 m min(-1). Actual steps were counted with a hand counter. In part II, participants performed leg swinging, heel tapping, stationary cycling, and car driving. In part III, 15 participants wore all pedometers for a 24 h period. The SW-3(Ankle) displayed values that were within 1% of actual steps during treadmill walking at all speeds. The other devices underestimated steps at slow speeds but all gave mean values that were within +/-3% of actual steps at 80 m min(-1) and above. The SW-3(Ankle) registered some steps during heel tapping, leg swinging, and cycling, while the AMP(Ankle) was only responsive to leg swinging. During car driving no devices recorded more than eight steps, on average. Over 24 h, the AMP(Ankle) recorded 18% fewer steps than the SW-3(Ankle) (P0.05), while the SW-701(Waist) and the NL(Waist) recorded 15 and 11% less than the SW-3(Ankle), respectively (NSD). The SW-3(Ankle) has superior accuracy at slow treadmill walking speeds (although it was also more likely to detect "fidgeting" activities). Over 24 h, the SW-3(Ankle) tended to give higher estimates of steps per day than the other ankle- and waist-mounted pedometers.

This study examined the effects of walking speed on the accuracy and reliability of 10 pedometers: Yamasa Skeletone (SK), Sportline 330 (SL330) and 345 (SL345), Omron (OM), Yamax Digiwalker SW-701 (DW), Kenz Lifecorder (KZ), New Lifestyles 2000 (NL), Oregon Scientific (OR), Freestyle Pacer Pro (FR), and Walk4Life LS 2525 (WL).Ten subjects (33 +/- 12 yr) walked on a treadmill at various speeds (54, 67, 80, 94, and 107 m x min-1) for 5-min stages. Simultaneously, an investigator determined steps by a hand counter and energy expenditure (kcal) by indirect calorimetry. Each brand was measured on the right and left sides.Correlation coefficients between right and left sides exceeded 0.81 for all pedometers except OR (0.76) and SL345 (0.57). Most pedometers underestimated steps at 54 m x min-1, but accuracy for step counting improved at faster speeds. At 80 m x min-1 and above, six models (SK, OM, DW, KZ, NL, and WL) gave mean values that were within +/- 1% of actual steps. Six pedometers displayed the distance traveled. Most of them estimated mean distance to within +/- 10% at 80 m x min-1 but overestimated distance at slower speeds and underestimated distance at faster speeds. Eight pedometers displayed kilocalories, but except for KZ and NL, it is unclear whether this should reflect net or gross kilocalories. If one assumes they display net kilocalories, the general trend was an overestimation of kilocalories at every speed. If one assumes they display gross kilocalorie, then seven of the eight pedometers were accurate to within +/-30% at all speeds.In general, pedometers are most accurate for assessing steps, less accurate for assessing distance, and even less accurate for assessing kilocalories.

Yarıkurak bölgeler, yağış değişkenliğinin % 25 ve üzerinde olduğu alanlardır. Bubölgelerde, yağış değişkenliğinin yüksek olması, kurak koşulların sıklıklayaşanmasına sebep olmaktadır. Buçalışmanın odaklandığı ana konu; yarıkurak Akdeniz iklim özellikleri gösteren bir bölgede, yağışta meydana gelenyüksek değişkenliğe bitki örtüsü ne gibi tepkiler vermektedir sorusununyanıtlanmasıdır. Bu çerçevede çalışmamızın temel amacı; Akdenizbölgesinde, yarı-kurak özellik gösteren bir alan olan Kilis merkezinde buğdayaait test alanları belirleyerek, bitkinin kurak koşullara verdiği tepkiyi tespitetmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, MODIS verileri kullanılarak standardize bitkikuraklık indisi (SVI) oluşturulmuştur. Böylelikle, 2000-2014 yıllarını kapsayandönemde aylık periyotlar halinde bitki örtüsünün kurak koşullara verdiği tepkileranaliz edilmiştir. SVI analizinden elde edilen bulgulara göre, belli yıl veaylarda vejetatif kuraklığın dikkat çekici olduğu görülmektedir.&nbsp