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Interakce kovových struktur s elektromagnetickým zárením je živoucím tématem oboru optiky blízkého pole, které zahrnuje oblasti plasmoniky a nanofotoniky. Interakce svetla a látky na rozmerech menších než vlnová délka zárení otevírají možnosti aplikacím, jakými jsou mezi jinými nejruznejší varianty povrchove zesílené spektroskopie. V této práci se teoreticky zabýváme mapováním vlastností blízkého pole kovových struktur pomocí mikroskopie v blízkém poli rozptylového typu. Diskutujeme zde mechanismus tvorby signálu za podmínek, kdy je možné sondu mikroskopu považovat za slabe rozptylující. V další cásti práce objasnujeme mechanismus povrchove zesílené infracervené spektroskopie pomocí numerických simulací a analytického modelu. Aparát aplikujeme na systém lineární dipólové antény interagující s vrstvou vzorku. Pomocí analytického modelu a numerických simulací nalézáme na vhodném modelu spojení mezi formací spektroskopického signálu a signálu mikroskopie v blízkém poli., Interaction of metallic structures with electromagnetic radiation is a living topic of near-field optics including plasmonics and nanophotonics. The field-matter interaction treated on the subwavelength scale opens the path to a wide range of applications, among others to different variants of the surface enhanced spectroscopy. In this thesis we theoretically describe how the near-field properties of the metallic structures can be accessed by a probe of near-field scanning optical microscope. Formation of the signal in the near-field microscopy utilizing weakly interacting probes is discussed. Further, we elucidate the mechanism of the surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy. We utilize a model example of linear dipole antennas interacting with sample structures. A close connection is found between the spectroscopic signal and signal of the scattering type near-field optical microscopy.

We show that a multilayer analysis of the infrared c-axis response of RBa₂Cu₃O7-δ (R=Y,Gd,Eu) provides important new information about the anomalous normal-state properties of underdoped cuprate high temperature superconductors. In addition to competing correlations which give rise to a pseudogap that depletes the low-energy electronic states below T*≫Tc, it enables us to identify the onset of a precursor superconducting state below Tons>Tc. We map out the doping phase diagram of Tons which reaches a maximum of 180 K at strong underdoping and present magnetic field dependent data which confirm our conclusions.

With the technique of infrared ellipsometry we performed a detailed study of the temperature- and doping dependence of the c-axis response of a series of YBa₂Cu₃O7−δ single crystals. In particular, we explored the anomalous electronic properties at temperatures above the macroscopic superconducting transition temperature, T c, whose conflicting explanations range from a precursor superconducting state to electronic correlations that compete with superconductivity. We show that the c-axis spectra provide evidence that both kinds of correlations are present and that their contributions can be disentangled based on an analysis with a so-called multilayer-model. We find that the onset temperature, T *, and the energy scale, ΔPG, of the competing pseudogap increase rapidly towards the underdoped side whereas they vanish on the overdoped side. In addition, we provide evidence that in a strongly underdoped sample the precursor superconducting correlations develop below an onset temperature, T ons, that is considerably lower than T * but still much higher than T c.

We report on results of our analysis of the c-axis infrared conductivity, σc(ω), of bilayer LnBa2Cu3O7−δ (Ln=La, Nd, Y) and trilayer Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ high-Tc superconductors. The analysis employs the multilayer model involving the conductivity of the bilayer or trilayer unit, σbl(ω), and that of the spacing layers separating the latter units, σint(ω). For the YBa2Cu3O7−δ sample with concentration of holes p=0.09, our fitting of the data strongly suggests that at low temperatures, the conductivity σbl(ω) possesses a pronounced and narrow Drude peak. For samples with p≥0.115 however, the fitting indicates that σbl(ω) is, at low temperatures, dominated by a mode at a finite energy in the range from 30 to 60 meV. The properties of this resonance are in accord with those of a collective mode that appears in the spectra of σbl(ω) calculated using a microscopic gauge-invariant theory of σc(ω) by J. Chaloupka and coworkers [Phys. Rev. B 79, 184513 (2009)]. The frequency and spectral weight of the latter mode are determined by the magnitude of the splitting between the bonding and the antibonding band of the bilayer or trilayer unit. Our results, in conjunction with the microscopic theory, thus demonstrate that in moderately underdoped bilayer and trilayer high-Tc cuprates the bilayer (or trilayer) splitting is already developed. The observed doping dependence is consistent with results from angular resolved photoemission spectroscopy.

We studied the infrared response of polycrystalline samples of the iron arsenide superconductor (Rb,Cs)Ca2Fe4As4F2 (Rb,Cs-12442), which has a bilayer structure similar to the high-Tc cuprates YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8. The c-axis reflectivity spectra Rc have been derived from the reflectivity spectra of the polycrystalline samples Rpoly and the in-plane spectrum of a corresponding Cs-12442 crystal Rab using a geometrical averaging approach with Rc=3Rpoly−2Rab. In analogy to the c-axis response of the cuprates, we observe a superconductivity- induced transverse plasma mode and a phonon anomaly that are both signatures of local electric field effects that arise from a large difference between the local conductivities in the intra- and interbilayer regions. Using a multilayer model developed for the cuprates, we obtain a good description of the c-axis response and derive the local conductivities at T≃Tc of σbl1(ω→0)≃1000Ω−1cm−1 and σint1(ω→0)≃15Ω−1cm−1, respectively, that are similar to the ones previously found in underdoped YBCO. Different from the cuprates, we find no evidence of a normal-state pseudogap in terms of a partial suppression of the low-energy electronic states that sets in already well above Tc. There is also no clear sign of an onset of precursor superconducting pairing correlations well above Tc≃ 30 K. This highlights that the pseudogap and the precursor superconducting pairing well above Tc are unique features of the cuprates with their strong electronic correlations and, for example, not just the result of a strongly anisotropic electronic response due to the layered crystal structure.

Interakce kovových struktur s elektromagnetickým zárením je živoucím tématem oboru optiky blízkého pole, které zahrnuje oblasti plasmoniky a nanofotoniky. Interakce svetla a látky na rozmerech menších než vlnová délka zárení otevírají možnosti aplikacím, jakými jsou mezi jinými nejruznejší varianty povrchove zesílené spektroskopie. V této práci se teoreticky zabýváme mapováním vlastností blízkého pole kovových struktur pomocí mikroskopie v blízkém poli rozptylového typu. Diskutujeme zde mechanismus tvorby signálu za podmínek, kdy je možné sondu mikroskopu považovat za slabe rozptylující. V další cásti práce objasnujeme mechanismus povrchove zesílené infracervené spektroskopie pomocí numerických simulací a analytického modelu. Aparát aplikujeme na systém lineární dipólové antény interagující s vrstvou vzorku. Pomocí analytického modelu a numerických simulací nalézáme na vhodném modelu spojení mezi formací spektroskopického signálu a signálu mikroskopie v blízkém poli., Interaction of metallic structures with electromagnetic radiation is a living topic of near-field optics including plasmonics and nanophotonics. The field-matter interaction treated on the subwavelength scale opens the path to a wide range of applications, among others to different variants of the surface enhanced spectroscopy. In this thesis we theoretically describe how the near-field properties of the metallic structures can be accessed by a probe of near-field scanning optical microscope. Formation of the signal in the near-field microscopy utilizing weakly interacting probes is discussed. Further, we elucidate the mechanism of the surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy. We utilize a model example of linear dipole antennas interacting with sample structures. A close connection is found between the spectroscopic signal and signal of the scattering type near-field optical microscopy.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá transportními a optickými vlastnostmi grafenu, a to zejména v kontexu jejich možné ovládání pomocí elektrostatického gatování. Autor představuje návrh experimentu, který by demonstroval praktické možnosti využití grafenu v oblasti aktivní plazmoniky. Těžiště práce spočívá v počítačových simulacích rozptylu světla na hybridních strukturách na bázi grafenu a drahých kovů. Rozptylové vlastnosti těchto struktur jsou diskutovány v závislosti na hustotě volných nosičů náboje v grafenu. Autor dochází k závěru, že navrhovaný způsob řízení odezvy osamocené plazmonické antény elektrostatickým gatováním je nedostačující a k zvýšení tohoto efektu bude potřeba najít jinou vhodnější konfiguraci., The diploma thesis provides an introduction to electronic and optical properties of graphene, emphasizing thier tunability through the ambipolar field effect. Furthermore, an experiment, which would demonstrate the possible utilization of graphene in active plasmonics, is presented. The author focuses on light scattering simulations involving hybrid plasmonic structures made of noble metals and graphene. The scattering properties of those structures and their dependence on the density of free charge carriers in graphene are investigated. The author concludes that the proposed tuning of the response of a single metallic antenna through the electrostatic doping of graphene proves to be inefficient, and a more elaborate configuration will be required to enhance the effect and achieve the desired control.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá transportními a optickými vlastnostmi grafenu, a to zejména v kontexu jejich možné ovládání pomocí elektrostatického gatování. Autor představuje návrh experimentu, který by demonstroval praktické možnosti využití grafenu v oblasti aktivní plazmoniky. Těžiště práce spočívá v počítačových simulacích rozptylu světla na hybridních strukturách na bázi grafenu a drahých kovů. Rozptylové vlastnosti těchto struktur jsou diskutovány v závislosti na hustotě volných nosičů náboje v grafenu. Autor dochází k závěru, že navrhovaný způsob řízení odezvy osamocené plazmonické antény elektrostatickým gatováním je nedostačující a k zvýšení tohoto efektu bude potřeba najít jinou vhodnější konfiguraci., The diploma thesis provides an introduction to electronic and optical properties of graphene, emphasizing thier tunability through the ambipolar field effect. Furthermore, an experiment, which would demonstrate the possible utilization of graphene in active plasmonics, is presented. The author focuses on light scattering simulations involving hybrid plasmonic structures made of noble metals and graphene. The scattering properties of those structures and their dependence on the density of free charge carriers in graphene are investigated. The author concludes that the proposed tuning of the response of a single metallic antenna through the electrostatic doping of graphene proves to be inefficient, and a more elaborate configuration will be required to enhance the effect and achieve the desired control.

Interakce kovových struktur s elektromagnetickým zárením je živoucím tématem oboru optiky blízkého pole, které zahrnuje oblasti plasmoniky a nanofotoniky. Interakce svetla a látky na rozmerech menších než vlnová délka zárení otevírají možnosti aplikacím, jakými jsou mezi jinými nejruznejší varianty povrchove zesílené spektroskopie. V této práci se teoreticky zabýváme mapováním vlastností blízkého pole kovových struktur pomocí mikroskopie v blízkém poli rozptylového typu. Diskutujeme zde mechanismus tvorby signálu za podmínek, kdy je možné sondu mikroskopu považovat za slabe rozptylující. V další cásti práce objasnujeme mechanismus povrchove zesílené infracervené spektroskopie pomocí numerických simulací a analytického modelu. Aparát aplikujeme na systém lineární dipólové antény interagující s vrstvou vzorku. Pomocí analytického modelu a numerických simulací nalézáme na vhodném modelu spojení mezi formací spektroskopického signálu a signálu mikroskopie v blízkém poli., Interaction of metallic structures with electromagnetic radiation is a living topic of near-field optics including plasmonics and nanophotonics. The field-matter interaction treated on the subwavelength scale opens the path to a wide range of applications, among others to different variants of the surface enhanced spectroscopy. In this thesis we theoretically describe how the near-field properties of the metallic structures can be accessed by a probe of near-field scanning optical microscope. Formation of the signal in the near-field microscopy utilizing weakly interacting probes is discussed. Further, we elucidate the mechanism of the surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy. We utilize a model example of linear dipole antennas interacting with sample structures. A close connection is found between the spectroscopic signal and signal of the scattering type near-field optical microscopy.

Interakce kovových struktur s elektromagnetickým zárením je živoucím tématem oboru optiky blízkého pole, které zahrnuje oblasti plasmoniky a nanofotoniky. Interakce svetla a látky na rozmerech menších než vlnová délka zárení otevírají možnosti aplikacím, jakými jsou mezi jinými nejruznejší varianty povrchove zesílené spektroskopie. V této práci se teoreticky zabýváme mapováním vlastností blízkého pole kovových struktur pomocí mikroskopie v blízkém poli rozptylového typu. Diskutujeme zde mechanismus tvorby signálu za podmínek, kdy je možné sondu mikroskopu považovat za slabe rozptylující. V další cásti práce objasnujeme mechanismus povrchove zesílené infracervené spektroskopie pomocí numerických simulací a analytického modelu. Aparát aplikujeme na systém lineární dipólové antény interagující s vrstvou vzorku. Pomocí analytického modelu a numerických simulací nalézáme na vhodném modelu spojení mezi formací spektroskopického signálu a signálu mikroskopie v blízkém poli., Interaction of metallic structures with electromagnetic radiation is a living topic of near-field optics including plasmonics and nanophotonics. The field-matter interaction treated on the subwavelength scale opens the path to a wide range of applications, among others to different variants of the surface enhanced spectroscopy. In this thesis we theoretically describe how the near-field properties of the metallic structures can be accessed by a probe of near-field scanning optical microscope. Formation of the signal in the near-field microscopy utilizing weakly interacting probes is discussed. Further, we elucidate the mechanism of the surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy. We utilize a model example of linear dipole antennas interacting with sample structures. A close connection is found between the spectroscopic signal and signal of the scattering type near-field optical microscopy.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá transportními a optickými vlastnostmi grafenu, a to zejména v kontexu jejich možné ovládání pomocí elektrostatického gatování. Autor představuje návrh experimentu, který by demonstroval praktické možnosti využití grafenu v oblasti aktivní plazmoniky. Těžiště práce spočívá v počítačových simulacích rozptylu světla na hybridních strukturách na bázi grafenu a drahých kovů. Rozptylové vlastnosti těchto struktur jsou diskutovány v závislosti na hustotě volných nosičů náboje v grafenu. Autor dochází k závěru, že navrhovaný způsob řízení odezvy osamocené plazmonické antény elektrostatickým gatováním je nedostačující a k zvýšení tohoto efektu bude potřeba najít jinou vhodnější konfiguraci., The diploma thesis provides an introduction to electronic and optical properties of graphene, emphasizing thier tunability through the ambipolar field effect. Furthermore, an experiment, which would demonstrate the possible utilization of graphene in active plasmonics, is presented. The author focuses on light scattering simulations involving hybrid plasmonic structures made of noble metals and graphene. The scattering properties of those structures and their dependence on the density of free charge carriers in graphene are investigated. The author concludes that the proposed tuning of the response of a single metallic antenna through the electrostatic doping of graphene proves to be inefficient, and a more elaborate configuration will be required to enhance the effect and achieve the desired control.

Interakce kovových struktur s elektromagnetickým zárením je živoucím tématem oboru optiky blízkého pole, které zahrnuje oblasti plasmoniky a nanofotoniky. Interakce svetla a látky na rozmerech menších než vlnová délka zárení otevírají možnosti aplikacím, jakými jsou mezi jinými nejruznejší varianty povrchove zesílené spektroskopie. V této práci se teoreticky zabýváme mapováním vlastností blízkého pole kovových struktur pomocí mikroskopie v blízkém poli rozptylového typu. Diskutujeme zde mechanismus tvorby signálu za podmínek, kdy je možné sondu mikroskopu považovat za slabe rozptylující. V další cásti práce objasnujeme mechanismus povrchove zesílené infracervené spektroskopie pomocí numerických simulací a analytického modelu. Aparát aplikujeme na systém lineární dipólové antény interagující s vrstvou vzorku. Pomocí analytického modelu a numerických simulací nalézáme na vhodném modelu spojení mezi formací spektroskopického signálu a signálu mikroskopie v blízkém poli., Interaction of metallic structures with electromagnetic radiation is a living topic of near-field optics including plasmonics and nanophotonics. The field-matter interaction treated on the subwavelength scale opens the path to a wide range of applications, among others to different variants of the surface enhanced spectroscopy. In this thesis we theoretically describe how the near-field properties of the metallic structures can be accessed by a probe of near-field scanning optical microscope. Formation of the signal in the near-field microscopy utilizing weakly interacting probes is discussed. Further, we elucidate the mechanism of the surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy. We utilize a model example of linear dipole antennas interacting with sample structures. A close connection is found between the spectroscopic signal and signal of the scattering type near-field optical microscopy.

With optical spectroscopy we provide evidence that the insulator-metal transition in Sr2Ir1−xRhxO4 occurs close to a crossover from the Mott- to the Slater-type. The Mott gap at x=0 persists to high temperature and evolves without an anomaly across the Néel temperature, TN. Upon Rh doping, it collapses rather rapidly and vanishes around x=0.055. Notably, just as the Mott gap vanishes yet another gap appears that is of the Slater-type and develops right below TN. This Slater gap is only partial and is accompanied by a reduced scattering rate of the remaining free carriers, similar as in the parent compounds of the iron arsenide superconductors.

The low-temperature spectra of the c-axis infrared conductivity of bilayer high-Tc cuprate superconductors (HTCS) exhibit two superconductivity-induced modes [Li Yu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 177004; and references therein]. Both can be understood in terms of a microscopic theory developed recently [J. Chaloupka, C. Bernhard, D. Munzar, Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 184513]. Here we summarize the elements of the theory and report on the temperature dependence (TD) of the low-energy mode and of the total optical spectral weight (SW). The calculated TD of the mode is consistent with experiment but the trends of the SW are not.

We report on results of our theoretical study of the c-axis infrared conductivity of bilayer high-Tc cuprate superconductors using a microscopic model involving the bilayer-split (bonding and antibonding) bands. An emphasis is on the gauge invariance of the theory, which turns out to be essential for the physical understanding of the electrodynamics of these compounds. The description of the optical response involves local (intrabilayer and interbilayer) current densities and local conductivities. The local conductivities are obtained using a microscopic theory, where the quasiparticles of the two bands are coupled to spin fluctuations. The coupling leads to superconductivity and is described at the level of generalized Eliashberg theory. Also addressed is the simpler case of quasiparticles coupled by a separable and nonretarded interaction. The gauge invariance of the theory is achieved by including a suitable class of vertex corrections. The resulting response of the model is studied in detail and an interpretation of two superconductivity-induced peaks in the experimental data of the real part of the c-axis conductivity is proposed. The peak around 400 cm⁻¹ is attributed to a collective mode of the intrabilayer regions, which is an analog of the Bogolyubov-Anderson mode playing a crucial role in the theory of the longitudinal response of superconductors. For small values of the bilayer splitting, its nature is similar to that of the transverse plasmon of the phenomenological Josephson superlattice model. The peak around 1000 cm⁻¹ is interpreted as a pair-breaking feature that is related to the electronic coupling through the spacing layers separating the bilayers.

With x-ray absorption spectroscopy and polarized neutron reflectometry we studied how the magnetic proximity effect at the interface between the cuprate high-TC superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) and the ferromagnet La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LCMO) is related to the electronic and magnetic properties of the LCMO layers. In particular, we explored how the magnitude of the ferromagnetic Cu moment on the YBCO side depends on the strength of the antiferromagnetic (AF) exchange coupling with the Mn moment on the LCMO side. We found that the Cu moment remains sizable if the AF coupling with the Mn moments is strongly reduced or even entirely suppressed. The ferromagnetic order of the Cu moments thus seems to be intrinsic to the interfacial CuO2 planes and related to a weakly ferromagnetic intraplanar exchange interaction. The latter is discussed in terms of the partial occupation of the Cu 3d3z2−r2 orbitals, which occurs in the context of the so-called orbital reconstruction of the interfacial Cu ions.

We performed calculations of the in-plane infrared response of underdoped cuprate superconductors to clarify the origin of a characteristic dip feature which occurs in the published experimental spectra of the real part of the in-plane conductivity below an onset temperature ${{T}^{{\rm ons}}}$ considerably higher than ${{T}_{{\rm c}}}$. We provide several arguments, based on a detailed comparison of our results with the published experimental data, confirming that the dip feature and the related features of the memory function $M(\omega )={{M}_{1}}(\omega )+{\rm i}{{M}_{2}}(\omega )$ (a peak in M1 and a kink in M2) are due to superconducting pairing correlations that develop below ${{T}^{{\rm ons}}}$. In particular, we show that (i) the dip feature, the peak and the kink of the low-temperature experimental data can be almost quantitatively reproduced by calculations based on a model of a d-wave superconductor. The formation of the dip feature in the experimental data below ${{T}^{{\rm ons}}}$ is shown to be analogous to the one occurring in the model spetra below ${{T}_{{\rm c}}}$. (ii) Calculations based on simple models, for which the dip in the temperature range from ${{T}_{{\rm c}}}$ to ${{T}^{{\rm ons}}}$ is unrelated to superconducting pairing, predict a shift of the onset of the dip at the high-energy side upon entering the superconducting state, that is not observed in the experimental data; (iii) the conductivity data in conjunction with the recent photoemission data (Reber et al 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 606, Reber et al 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 060506) imply the persistence of the coherence factor characteristic of superconducting pairing correlations in a range of temperatures above ${{T}_{{\rm c}}}$.

With infrared spectroscopy we investigated the spin-reorientation transition from an orthorhombic antiferromagnetic (o-AF) to a tetragonal AF (t-AF) phase and the reentrance of the o-AF phase in the superconducting state of underdoped Ba1−xKxFe2As2. In agreement with the predicted transition from a single-Q to a double-Q AF structure, we found that a distinct spin density wave develops in the t-AF phase. The pair breaking peak of this spin density wave acquires much more low-energy spectral weight than the one in the o-AF state which indicates that it competes more strongly with superconductivity. We also observed additional phonon modes in the t-AF phase which likely arise from a Brillouin-zone folding that is induced by the double-Q magnetic structure with two Fe sublattices exhibiting different magnitudes of the magnetic moment.

With x-ray absorption spectroscopy we investigated the orbital reconstruction and the induced ferromagnetic moment of the interfacial Cu atoms in YBa2Cu3O7/La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (YBCO/LCMO) and La2−xSrxCuO4/La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LSCO/LCMO) multilayers. We demonstrate that these electronic and magnetic proximity effects are coupled and are common to these cuprate/manganite multilayers. Moreover, we show that they are closely linked to a specific interface termination with a direct Cu-O-Mn bond. We furthermore show that the intrinsic hole doping of the cuprate layers and the local strain due to the lattice mismatch between the cuprate and manganite layers are not of primary importance. These findings underline the central role of the covalent bonding at the cuprate/manganite interface in defining the spin-electronic properties.

We studied the doping and temperature (T) dependence of the infrared (IR) response of Ba(Fe1−xCox)2As2 single crystals. We show that a weak band around 1000 cm−1, that was previously interpreted in terms of interaction of the charge carriers with magnetic excitations or of a pseudogap, is rather related to low-energy interband transitions. Specifically, we show that this band exhibits a similar doping and T dependence as the hole pockets seen by angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Notably, we find that it vanishes as a function of doping near the critical point where superconductivity is suppressed in the overdoped regime. Our IR data thus provide bulk specific information (complementary to the surface sensitive ARPES) for a Lifshitz transition. Our IR data also reveal a second low-energy band around 2300 cm−1 which further emphasizes the necessity to consider the multiband nature of these iron arsenides in the analysis of the optical response.