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57. Genetic Structure of Northern Fowl Mite (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) Populations Among Layer Chicken Flocks and Local House Sparrows (Passeriformes: Passeridae)

Author

McCulloch, John B, Owen, Jeb P, Hinkle, Nancy C, Mullens, Bradley A, and Busch, Jeremiah W

Abstract

The northern fowl mite (NFM) Ornithonyssus sylviarumCanestrini and Fanzago is a blood-feeding ectoparasite found on many wild bird species and is a pest of poultry in the United States. It is unknown where NFM infestations of poultry originate, which has made it difficult to establish preventative biosecurity or effective control. We used microsatellite markers to evaluate genetic variation within and among NFM populations to determine routes of introduction onto farms and long-term persistence. We compared NFM from flocks of chickens (Gallus gallus) on different farms in California, Washington, and Georgia, and we compared NFM collected over a 5-yr interval. On three farms we collected NFM from chickens and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) nesting on each farm, which we used to assess movement between host species. There was strong genetic structure among mites from different poultry farms and low estimates of migration between farms. There were significant differences between mites on chickens and house sparrows on two farms where sparrows nested near flocks, indicating no exchange of mites. Only one farm showed evidence of NFM movement between chickens and sparrows. There was high genetic similarity between mites collected 5 yr apart on each of two farms, indicating that NFM infestations can persist for long periods. The genetic patterns did not reveal sources of NFM infestations on chicken farms. The data suggest that NFMs are strongly differentiated, which likely reflects periodic population declines with flock turnover and pesticide pressure.

Published
2020
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58. Parasite load effects on sex ratio, size, survival and mating fitness of Heleidomermis magnapapulain Culicoides sonorensis

Author

Mullens, Bradley A. and Luhring, Katherine A.

Abstract

Heleidomermis magnapapulaparasitizes the blood-feeding midge Culicoides sonorensis. Most (84%) single mermithid infective second stage juveniles (J2) developed into adult females, while parasitism by multiple J2 yielded 97% male adults. Nematodes emerged from the midge larval host as adults and mated immediately; females were ovoviviparous. Host larvae were exposed to nematode J2 and examined intact microscopically to score initial parasite load. Midge hosts were reared individually. Premature midge death, nematode survival within the host, and emerging adult nematode sex ratio and size as a function of load and host size were all tracked. Higher nematode loads produced smaller adult nematode males. The higher loads also increased and accelerated premature host death. Emergence of > 7–9 adult nematode males was rare, but up to 19 tiny males emerged from a single host. Larger midges supported higher parasite loads and a larger total volume of emerged nematode biomass. Virgin adult nematode males then were paired with females of variable, known sizes (volume) and held to determine size effects on fertility (egg hatch), and male survival (longevity). Tested adult males ranged in size from 0.0025 – 0.0334 mm3and females from 0.0121 – 0.1110 mm3. Logistic regression indicated female nematode fertility was positively influenced by male nematode size, while nematode load and female nematode size had no significant effect. While fertility was reduced statistically in smaller males, even some of the smallest male and female individuals could be fertile. Findings are related to field studies in this system.

Published
2024
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59. Studies of Northern Fowl Mite Host-Parasite Interactions and Evaluation of Novel Control Strategies in Poultry

Author

Murillo, Amy, Mullens, Bradley A1, Murillo, Amy, Murillo, Amy, Mullens, Bradley A1, and Murillo, Amy

Abstract

Northern fowl mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) are the most common and economically important ectoparasites in US laying hen flocks. Mites are permanent ectoparasites and cause damage to birds via blood feeding. Once in a flock, they can be very difficult to eradicate from a property. Mite control has traditionally relied on chemical sprays directed at high pressure underneath the birds and into the vent region where mites live; these applications are most effective when birds are held in battery cages. However in recent years animal welfare concerns and consumer demand has affected how laying hens are housed. The transition to furnished-cage or cage-free production systems will require novel control techniques to achieve ectoparasite control. I investigated possibilities for ectoparasite control that would be effective in alternative poultry housing. Breeding for parasite resistance is an attractive control method. Chickens develop resistance to the northern fowl mite (NFM) and this is under at least some genetic control. I tested whether the haplotype conferring NFM resistance had any effect on chicken resting metabolism (energy expenditure), physiology, or economic performance. Bird haplotype did not affect hen metabolism or production parameters. NFM infestations negatively affected economic performance. Dustboxes have been shown to effectively decrease mite populations in cage-free flock when insecticidal dusts are used in combination with sand. I tested whether dustboxes with sand and diatomaceous earth could keep mites below economic thresholds before mite levels became damaging. When dustboxes were present in a flock, mite levels were on average kept below economic threshold regardless of percent of the flock that dustbathed. Sulfur dust is effective for NFM control in very low doses, though it is not universally approved for organic use. I tested whether sulfur deployed in a dust bag would be effective in caged (non-organic) flocks and if the placement of th

Published
2016

60. Investigations into the Trans-Seasonal Persistence of Culicoides sonorensis and Bluetongue Virus

Author

McDermott, Emily Gray, Mullens, Bradley A1, McDermott, Emily Gray, McDermott, Emily Gray, Mullens, Bradley A1, and McDermott, Emily Gray

Abstract

Culicoides biting midges are the primary vectors of some of the most economically damaging pathogens of livestock worldwide, including bluetongue virus (BTV). Bluetongue disease affects mainly domesticated ruminant livestock, especially cattle and sheep. Morbidity and mortality can be very high in susceptible animals. In the United States, production losses and trade restrictions make BTV an economically important pathogen for the cattle industry. Both BTV and the primary North American vector species, C. sonorensis Wirth and Jones are endemic to California. Although temperatures in southern California are theoretically high enough to allow year-round transmission, adult vector activity and cattle seroconversions cease or exist at very low levels during the winter. Culicoides overwintering has been of considerable interest since BTV expanded into northern Europe in 2006, successfully overwintering in a temperate climate and causing consecutive epizootics that resulted losses of millions of animals and billions of dollars. Little is known about the immature stages of Culicoides. I examined the desiccation tolerance of C. sonorensis eggs, and the low temperature tolerance of eggs, larvae, and pupae. Although previous literature had suggested that Culicoides eggs would be susceptible to environmental stress, I found that C. sonorensis eggs can withstand nearly complete desiccation and exposure to temperatures as low as -20°C without suffering complete mortality. Conversely, larvae succumbed to temperatures less than -4°C. Culicoides eggs are likely to be more important in seasonal persistence of vector populations than previously thought. Our understanding of adult vector activity stems from trap collection data. However, trapping strategies can bias insect collections. I collected C. sonorensis on dairies in California using traps baited with either CO2, UV light, or CO2+UV, and placed either near cattle, oviposition sites, or in open fields. I found that traps placed

Published
2016

71. Morphology of the Immature Stages of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) With Observations on Their Biology

Author

Abubekerov, Lucy Anne, Mullens, Bradley A1, Abubekerov, Lucy Anne, Abubekerov, Lucy Anne, Mullens, Bradley A1, and Abubekerov, Lucy Anne

Abstract

The egg, all four larval instars, and pupa of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are described and imaged using a compound microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The differences between the larval instars have also been noted. The swimming speeds of the larvae as well as the location of the pupae and their responses to both changes in the waterline and prolonged submersion underwater have also been examined.

Published
2014

72. Culicoides (Wirthomyia) bottimeri Wirth

Author

Phillips, Robert A., Grogan, William L., and Mullens, Bradley A.

Subjects
Insecta, Arthropoda, Diptera, Animalia, Culicoides, Biodiversity, Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides bottimeri, Taxonomy
Abstract

Culicoides (Wirthomyia) bottimeri Wirth (Figs. 1���10) Culicoides bottimeri Wirth 1955: 356 (female, male; Texas; figs. female palpus, male parameres, genitalia) Culicoides (Oecacta) bottimeri: Wirth 1965: 129 (in catalog; distribution) Culicoides (Wirthomyia) bottimeri: Vargas 1973: 112 (in new subgenus); Wirth et al. 1985: 34 (female wing photo; distribution). Culicoides multidentatus Atchley & Wirth 1975: 1421 (female; Arizona, California, New Mexico; figs. eyes, antenna, palpus, spermathecae); Wirth et al. 1985: 38 (female wing photo; distribution). New Synonym Diagnosis: A species of Culicoides of the subgenus Wirthomyia distinguished from all other North American species in the genus by the following combination of characters: Female: antennal flagellum with sensilla coeloconica on flagellomeres 1���8, distal 5 flagellomeres considerably longer than proximal 8, antennal ratio 0.91���1.04; 3 rd palpal segment moderately to greatly swollen, bearing broad, round shallow sensory pit, palpal ratio 1.79���2.42; mandible with 9���12 tiny teeth; lacinia with 25���37 teeth; thorax including femora and tibiae brown, tarsi slightly lighter in color, fore tibia with faint pale basal band; wing unpatterned, bearing numerous macrotrichia on wing membrane and veins, wing length 0.87���1.18 mm, costal ratio 0.46���0.55; sternite 8 with distinctive M��shaped sclerotization bearing pair of widely spaced setae; 2 ovoid spermathecae with short necks plus small rudimentary spermatheca, sclerotized ring absent. Male: slightly smaller, similar to female; genitalia with large, elongate, conical, widely spaced apicolateral processes; aedeagus with slender basal arms, deep basal arch and short, truncate apical projection; parameres separate, with small, ventral, molar��like knobs, distal portion slender, elongate, saber��shaped, bearing numerous serrations on inner and outer margins. Female. Head (Fig. 7): Brown. Eyes bare, contiguous to narrowly separated by 0.2���0.6 X the diameter of ommatidium. Sensilla coeloconica on flagellomeres 1���8, usually in groups of 3 except in groups of 5 on flagellomere 1 (occasionally in groups of 3 or 4), rarely single or double on flagellomeres 7 and 8; antennal ratio 0.98 (0.91���1.04, n = 27). Segment 3 of palpus 1.4 X as long as segments 4 + 5 combined; moderately to greatly swollen; palpal ratio 2.11 (1.79���2.42, n = 28); sensory pit broad, round, not enlarged internally, about half as deep as width of opening. Proboscis short, proboscis/head ratio 0.6���0.7; mandible with 9���12 tiny teeth; lacinia with 25���37 large teeth. Thorax: Brown, without distinct pattern. Legs light brown, faint pale basal band on fore tibia; tarsi slightly paler; femoral��tibial joints dark; hind tibial comb with 5, rarely 6 spines, 1 st and 2 nd spines from spur subequal in length; hind tarsomere 1 lacking apical spines. Wing devoid of pattern; macrotrichia abundant over entire wing surface and veins except sparse near wing base and in basal portions of cells r 3, m 2, and anal cell; wing length 0.99 (0.87���1.18) mm, n = 33, breadth 0.47 (0.40���0.57) mm, n = 34; costal ratio 0.53 (0.46���0.55, n = 33). Halter pale, rarely infuscated proximally. Abdomen: Brown. Sternite 8 with distinct, dark brown, sclerotized M��shaped area (Fig. 1) bearing pair of large setae. Two ovoid, unequal��sized spermathecae (Figs. 2���4) with short to slightly elongated tapering necks, necks about 0.1 X as long as spermathecae, plus small, ovoid, rudimentary spermatheca (Fig. 2) that is moderately well developed in some specimens (Figs. 3���4); sclerotized ring absent. Male. Slightly smaller, similar to female, with the following notable sexual differences. Head (Fig. 8). Eyes contiguous. Antennal flagellum with sensilla coeloconica present on flagellomeres 1, 5��� 10, occasionally absent on 5, 9 or 10. Palpal segment 3 slightly longer than segments 4 + 5 combined, only slightly swollen, nearly cylindrical; palpal ratio 2.94 (2.38���3.60, n = 14); sensory pit small, round, 1.2 X deeper than wide. Thorax: Femoral��tibial joints not darkened; hind tibial comb with 5 spines, 2 nd from spur longest; hind tarsomeres lacking apical spines. Wing with macrotrichia on anteriodistal portion of membrane, sparse over remaining distal 2 / 3, absent on proximal 1 / 3; wing length 0.87 (0.76���1.03, n = 15) mm, breadth 0.33 (0.27���0.41, n = 14) mm; costal ratio 0.46 (0.43���0.50, n = 15). Halter pale, rarely infuscated. Genitalia (Figs. 9���10): Sternite 9 with broad, shallow caudomedian excavation, ventral membrane spiculate; tergite 9 long, tapering distally, without medial notch (Fig. 5) in most specimens, with small medial point (Fig. 6) in most specimens from Utah, apicolateral process triangular, elongate, apex pointed. Gonocoxite nearly straight, roots simple; dorsal root short, broad; ventral root long, sinuate, apices nearly touching but not obviously joined, without heel��like process. Gonostylus swollen basally, curved, gradually tapering on distal 0.8, tip narrowly pointed. Aedeagus with long slender, slightly recurved apically basal arms; basal arch, broad, deep, trapezoidal, extending about 0.8 of total length of aedeagus; distal median process small, slightly longer than broad, with small apicolateral points and small apical projection that is directed ventrally. Parameres separate, each half long, with small ventral molar��like knobs at base and sub��basally on proximal portion, abruptly bent on mid portion; distal portion heavily sclerotized, elongate, curved, saber��like, with row of 9���12 pairs of spicules along proximal 2 / 3 and 7���11 serrations along distal 1 / 3. Distribution: California east to Texas and Utah (New State Record). Specimens examined: Arizona: Cochise Co., Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mtns., July 1957, W. Brown (light), 1 female (Paratype of C. multidentatus, USNM); Yavapai Co., Oak Creek at Deer Pass Crossing, 11 May 1977, M. W. Sanderson, LT, 1 female (Paratype of C. multidentatus, USNM). California: Butte Co., Oroville, 6 / 15 /01��� 9 / 16 /01, L. McClellan, UV Light (UCRC); Mendocino Co., Hopland, 15 June 1966, M. Knudsen, ex. Quail, 2 females, 27 June 1966, Murphy & Knudsen, ex. Quail trap, 1 female, 28 June 1966, F. K. Murphy, ex. Quail, 1 female, 21 Aug. 1966, F. K. Murphy, ex. Quail, 1 female (all are Paratypes of C. multidentatus, USNM); San Luis Obispo Co., Paso Robles, 25 June 1948, W. W. Wirth, 1 female (Paratype of C. multidentatus, USNM). New Mexico: Grant Co., Roberts Lake, 31 July 1965, W. R. Atchley, 1 female (Paratype of C. multidentatus, USNM). Texas: Kerr Co., Kerrville, July��� 4 Aug. 1953, L. J. Bottimer, LT, 4 females, 2 males (Paratypes of C. bottimeri, USNM), 1 April 1955, W. W. Wirth, light trap, 1 female (WLG collection); Gillespie Co., Fredericksburg, VII 1967, Blanton & Borchers, light trap, 1 male (WLG collection). Utah: Grand Co., W. Moab, 19 ��VI��03, R. A. Phillips, CO 2 trap, 1 female, 4 km SW Moab, 13 ��IX��00 / 15 ��VIII��01, R. A. Phillips, LT, 1 female, 2 males, 29 ��V��02 / 15 ��VIII��03, R. A. Phillips, UVLT, 3 females, 2 males, 7 km SE Moab, 26 �� VI��01 / 11 ��X��03, R. A. Phillips, CO 2 trap, 7 females, 2 males, 6 km SE Moab, 30 ��V��01, R. A. Phillips, CO 2 trap, 1 female, 8 km SE Moab, 5 ��IX��02, R. A. Phillips, UVLT, 1 female (MMAD). Taxonomic discussion: Our examination of recently collected specimens of C. bottimeri from Butte County, California, and Grand County, Utah, provide convincing evidence for relegating C. multidentatus to a junior objective synonym of C. bottimeri. In his original description of C. bottimeri, Wirth (1955) stated that the spermathecae have the ���bases of the ducts not sclerotized���, but did not illustrate these structures. However, our examination of four female paratypes of C. bottimeri plus an additional female that was identified by W.W. Wirth as this species, all from the type��locality in Kerrville, Texas, revealed that their spermathecae have short tapering necks. These necks are particularly evident on the larger spermatheca of a paratype from Kerrville, Texas (Fig. 2), and are similar to those of C. multidentatus from Arizona (Fig. 3) and Utah (Fig. 4). The Texas specimens of C. bottimeri have 27���30 lacinial teeth and 11 or 12 tiny mandibular teeth, both of which are within the range (25���35 lacinial and 9���12 mandibular teeth) for specimens identified as C. multidentatus from Texas and California and similar to the 33 (stand. dev. 2.878) lacinial and 9 (stand. dev. 1.862) mandibular teeth described for C. multidentatus by Atchley & Wirth (1975). The only character that we discovered that would distinguish the Texas females of C. bottimeri from the paratypes of C. multidentatus from California, was the greater number of sensilla coeloconica on their proximal 8 flagellomeres, which are usually in groups of 3 or 4 in C. bottimeri but range from 1 to 4 in C. multidentatus. However, we do not consider any of these minor differences to be of specific significance. Males of C. bottimeri from Texas and California are virtually indistinguishable except for the reduced number of sensilla coeloconica on the proximal flagellomeres of the California males. The males from Utah differ from those from California and Texas by their slightly reduced sensillar pattern, and most Utah specimens possess a small medial point between the apicolateral processes (Fig. 6), from which they also differ from all California males. However, only 8 of the 9 slide��mounted males from Utah that we examined possess this medial point, an indication that this character is variable even within the Utah population. In their wing atlas of the Nearctic species of Culicoides, Wirth et al. (1985) apparently did not assign C. multidentatus to the subgenus Wirthomyia, as they included it in a group of ���miscellaneous unplaced species.��� Because our study demonstrates that C. multidentatus is a junior synonym of C. bottimeri, we believe that both forms belong to the subgenus Wirthomyia. The only other North American species of Culicoides in the subgenus Wirthomyia, C. stilobezzioides Foote & Pratt (1954), has a boreal distribution, ranging from Newfoundland and Ontario, south to New York, west to Minnesota and Nebraska, and in the northwest from Alaska south to Washington. As in C. bottimeri, the wing of C. stilobezzioides is pale gray and lacks definitive spots (Foote & Pratt 1954, Jamnback 1965, Wirth et al. 1985). Females of C. stilobezzioides differ from those of C. bottimeri in being larger (female wing length 1.50���1.70 mm), having the wing macrotrichia shorter but more extensively distributed on the proximal portion of the wing, the costa longer (costal ratio 0.59���0.62), and the palpal pit deeper, being nearly as deep as the width of the pit opening. Males of C. stilobezzioides have only 3 or 4 long spicules on the subapices of the distal portions of their parameres, in contrast to the numerous spicules and serrations along the entire length of the distal portions of the parameres of C. bottimeri. Bionomics: Numerous specimens of C. bottimeri were captured by light trap in both California and Utah from late May through early October. Published records for this species by Wirth (1955), Atchley & Wirth (1975), and Weinmann et al. (1979) indicate similar seasonal distributions. Figure 11 depicts seasonal activity of C. bottimeri during 2001���2003 in Grand County, Utah. Females had a relatively low capture rate, with carbon dioxide baited (but unlit) traps, when compared with most other species of Culicoides. Only 11 specimens were captured by carbon dioxide baited traps, whereas 104 individuals were captured by light traps, even though 70 % of the trapping effort in Utah was with carbon dioxide alone. Some bird��feeding species of Culicoides, while common in light traps, may be poorly collected by CO 2 ��baited suction traps (Mullens & Dada 1992). The ornithophilic feeding habits of females of C. bottimeri likely explain why CO 2 ��baited traps yielded only about 10 % of the females captured in Utah., Published as part of Phillips, Robert A., Grogan, William L., Jr & Mullens, Bradley A., 2006, A new synonym of the biting midge, Culicoides bottimeri Wirth, with a redescription, new distribution records and seasonal activity data (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), pp. 47-55 in Zootaxa 1122 on pages 48-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171754, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1955) Three new species of Culicoides from Texas (Diptera: Heleidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 45, 355 - 359.","Wirth, W. W. (1965) Family Ceratopogonidae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Couson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Agriculture Handbook 276, pp. 121 - 142.","Vargas, L. (1973) Wirthomyia, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosquito News, 33, 112 - 113.","Wirth, W. W., Dyce, A. L. & Peterson, B. V. (1985) An atlas of wing photographs, with a summary of the numerical characters of the Nearctic species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 25, 1 - 72.","Atchley, W. R. & Wirth, W. W. (1975) Two new western Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) which are vectors of filaria in the California valley quail. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53, 421 - 423.","Foote, R. H. & Pratt, H. D. (1954) The Culicoides of the eastern United States (Diptera, Heleidae). United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Monograph 18, 53 pp.","Jamnback, H. (1965) The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 399, viii + 154 pp.","Weinmann, C. J., Murphy, K., Anderson, J. R., DeMartini, J. C., Longhurst, W. M., & Connolly, G. (1979) Seasonal prevalence, pathology, and transmission of the quail heartworm, Splendidofilaria californiensis (Wehr and Herman, 1956), in northern California. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57, 1871 - 1877.","Mullens, B. A. & Dada, C. E. 1992. Spatial and seasonal distribution of potential vectors of hemorrhagic disease viruses to peninsular bighorn sheep in the Santa Rosa Mountains of southern California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 28, 192 - 205."]}

Published
2006
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76. Biting rates of Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on sheep in northeastern Spain in relation to midge capture using UV light and carbon dioxide-baited traps

Author

Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), Gerry, Alec C., Sarto I Monteys, V., Moreno Vidal, J.-O., Francino, Olga, Mullens, Bradley A., Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), Gerry, Alec C., Sarto I Monteys, V., Moreno Vidal, J.-O., Francino, Olga, and Mullens, Bradley A.

Abstract

Biting midges in the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were collected near sunset by direct aspiration from sheep in northeastern Spain to determine species-specific biting rates and crepuscular activity. Midges were also collected by UV-baited light traps and CO2-baited traps over the same period to compare species diversity and abundance using these common surveillance methods to actual sheep attack rates. Culicoides aspirated from sheep included C. obsoletus, C. parroti, C. scoticus, C. punctatus, and C. imicola. Peak host-seeking activity during the time period examined for the two most commonly collected species (C. obsoletus and C. parroti) occurred just before sunset and activity ceased within 1 h after sunset. Host attack rates near sunset averaged 0.9 midges/min for both species with maximum attack rates of 3/min for C. obsoletus and 4/min for C. parroti. For both species, ≈35% of midges collected from the sheep were engorged, giving a maximum biting rate of 1.1/min for C. obsoletus and 1.5/min for C. parroti. Traps baited with CO2 collected fewer midges of each species relative to other collection methods. Traps baited with UV light provided a good indication of species richness but significantly underestimated the host attack rate of C. obsoletus and C. parroti while overestimating the host attack rate of C. imicola. Animal-baited collecting is critical to interpret the epidemiological significance of light trap collections used for surveillance of the midge vectors of bluetongue virus and African horse sickness virus.

Published
2009

92. Laboratory and field assessment of cyantraniliprole relative to existing fly baits.

Author

Murillo, Amy C, Gerry, Alec C, Gallagher, Nicola T, Peterson, Nyles G, and Mullens, Bradley A

Subjects
HOUSEFLY, IMIDACLOPRID, METHOMYL, SPINOSAD, FLIES
Abstract

BACKGROUND Toxic fly baits are commonly used for fly control in California animal operations. However, resistance development has been a problem. Comprehensive laboratory and field studies were conducted to test commercial baits (imidacloprid, methomyl, dinotefuran, spinosad) and one novel cyantraniliprole bait. A susceptible Musca domestica strain was compared with wild-type M. domestica and Fannia canicularis strains in the laboratory using choice/no-choice tests. Field visitation to baits and both short- and longer-term mortality were documented. RESULTS Susceptible Musca suffered high mortality with all baits after 3 days of choice and no-choice tests. Wild-type Musca mortality was more variable and higher in no-choice relative to choice tests. Fannia were most susceptible to spinosad > dinotefuran = cyantraniliprole > methomyl = imidacloprid. Field Musca were most attracted to spinosad > cyantraniliprole > dinotefuran > sugar > methomyl > imidacloprid. Delayed mortality from bait-fed field flies (captured and held with untreated food and water for 3 days) was ranked spinosad = cyantraniliprole > dinotefuran = methomyl > imidacloprid > sugar. CONCLUSION Behavioral resistance of M. domestica to imidacloprid and methomyl persists. Spinosad and cyantraniliprole baits (delayed mortality) performed best. Speed of action may be a factor in use and misuse of baits. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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