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Research on ecosystem services and residents’ well-being in old revolutionary base areas is an important task for China’s ecological civilization construction and rural revitalization. Taking Jinzhai County, the core area of Dabie Mountains, China, as an example, based on InVEST model, the methods of spatial autocorrelation and coupling coordinated development degree, the spatiotemporal evolution, spatial heterogeneity and coupling association patterns of ecosystem services and multidimensional well-being in the study area from 2005 to 2020 were discussed. The major results are: In the past 15 years, in the core area of the Dabie Mountains, ecosystem services such as food supply, soil retention and water yield showed an upward trend, carbon sequestration and biodiversity maintenance showed a downward trend. The comprehensive index of multidimensional well-being in the core area of Dabie Mountain increased by 27.23% and the spatial difference in multidimensional well-being is gradually narrowing. By the analysis of coupling coordination, the number of units with the type of coupling disharmony between ecosystem services and multidimensional well-being in the study area decreased significantly from 56.85% in 2005 to 26.81% in 2020, respectively. The analysis of geographical detection showed that the habitat quality factor was the dominant controlling factor of coupling coordination spatial difference. By bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis, in the past 15 years, the number of units with the “high ecology-high well-being” synergy type increased from 5.44% to 13.31%. The results can provide a reference for accurate identification, optimal regulation and synergistic improvement between ecosystem services and relative poverty in the Dabie Mountain area.

Studies on the gut microbiome of free-living reptiles in Europe are generally fragmentary and still missing in Bulgaria. We aimed to identify and compare the fecal microbiota profiles of five syntopic lizard species from three families: the European green lizard (Lacerta viridis), the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), the meadow lizard (Darevskia praticola) (Lacertidae), the European snake-eyed skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii) (Scincidae), and the European slow worm (Anguis fragilis) (Anguidae), which coinhabit a low mountainous area in the western part of the country. A high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, performed on the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform, was used. The core microbiota of lizard hosts seems to be species-specific. A dynamic phyla proportion between hosts was found. The richest alpha diversity was observed in D. praticola, and the lowest alpha diversity was observed in P. muralis and A. fragilis. Within the three lacertids, the microbiota of D. praticola and L. viridis were more closely related to each other than they were to those of P. muralis. Sharing a largely common trophic resource (all species except A. fragilis are mainly insectivorous) was not an indication of similarity in their gut microbial communities.

When focusing on biodiversity maintenance, ecological security pattern (ESP) planning gradually becomes a multi-objective planning strategy for sustainable development; wildlife conservation and ecosystem health maintenance should be balanced with local economic development and people’s livelihood enhancement goals. This study focuses on ESP mapping in the Qinling-Daba Mountain area, which is an ecologically significant and socioeconomically underdeveloped area. The tradeoff between conservation and development is made by varying the area of ecological sources and incorporating ecosystem service tradeoffs into ecological source identification through multi-scenario designation. ESPs under six scenarios were generated based on the minimum resistance model, and the important ecological corridors and strategic points in each scenario were identified and compared. The results show the following: (1) The scenario that sets around 30 percent of the study area as ecological sources maintains the integrity of natural ecosystems and leaves space for food and material supply to residents. (2) In this scenario, the ecological sources are connected by 60 corridors that cross 137 townships with high population densities (>100 people/km2) and intersect with major traffic lines at 71 points. Engineering, management, or education strategies must be taken in these townships or intersections to avoid human–wildlife conflicts. (3) The study area needs to construct both short (north–south) corridors linking proximate ecological sources for species’ daily movement and long (west–east) corridors connecting large and distant sources for species’ seasonal migration and gene flow. (4) The multi-scenario approach turns out to be an effective strategy for ESP planning with considerations for development–conservation tradeoffs.

China Geological Survey has organized and implemented 1:50 000 standard map hydrogeological survey with an area of more than 40000 square kilometers in Yimeng Mountain area. And it carried out a large amount of water prospecting and well drilling demonstration work in villages and towns with serious water shortage, obtained rich geological data and gained a new understanding of groundwater flow systems. Under the influence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic structures, the faults and folds, extensional detachment and magmatic intrusion occurred in Yimeng Mountain area, formed a series of graben-semi graben basins characterized by overlapping in the south and faulting in the north, and finally formed today's typical "basin-mountain" karst hydrogeological structure and the relatively independent karst groundwater system, which taking basin as unit. In order to study the development characteristics of groundwater flow system in Yimeng Mountain area, Laiwu Basin was selected as a typical study area. On the basis of the field geological survey, through comprehensively analyze the geomorphic units, the three-dimensional spatial distribution of water bearing rock groups, groundwater level, hydrochemistry, and water isotope results on the north and south sides of the basin, this paper comprehensively discusses the characteristics of multistage karst groundwater flow systems with typical "basin-mountain" structure in Yimeng Mountain area. The results show that, the karst groundwater in Laiwu Basin presents a "centripetal" runoff from the outer periphery to the center of the basin. Affected by human activities, controlled by geological structure and aquifer distribution, the characteristics of groundwater flow systems between the north and south sides of the basin are different. There are mainly intermediate and local groundwater flow systems in the south of the basin, while a single local groundwater flow system is developed in the north of the basin, however, it occupies nearly 1/2 of the groundwater sources that have been explored and demonstrated. In addition, it is found that at the lowest erosion base level of Dawen River, the voids separated by regional detachment structure and hydrothermal mixing, together with rock layer, interlayer fissures and bedding dissolution voids, form a three-dimensional karst groundwater network, which influence the circulation path and depth of karst water. Guided by this understanding, the completion rate of exploration production combined wells has reached 86%, which strengthens the combination of theory and practice of groundwater flow system theory in hydrogeological work in bedrock mountainous areas in North China.

In recent years, intensive tunnel construction has induced a large number of karst collapses in the Gele Mountain area. However, the distribution, scale, cause and evolution of karst collapses have not been systematically summarized. By means of data collation, drilling data analysis, monitoring data interpretation and other working methods, this study systematically analyzes the development law and formation conditions of karst collapse in the Gelle Mountain region, conducts in-depth discussion of the cave-causing mechanism and evolution process, and comes to the following conclusions. Multiple groups of karst collapse are developed in the wide karst depression, trough or dense area of tectonic fissure covered by Quaternary silty clay in the tunnel site. The multi-stage rock cave and fracture system provide a good spatial development condition for the formation of karst collapse, and the cave-inducing force mainly comes from the change of groundwater dynamic condition caused by tunnel construction. The main mechanism of karst collapse is that tunnel construction changes the local groundwater environment, and the collapse of collapsible geological structures is induced by multi-effect caving in the reconstruction process. The development and evolution of karst collapse includes three stages: incubation, formation and stability. In the incubation period the water-rich karst fissure and cave system are initially exposed during tunnel construction. Space for soil migration and collapse is formed in the surface fissure and cave zone, and the local deformation and fall of overburden occur. In the formation period water diversion and discharge measures are usually adopted in tunnel construction and operation, and karst collapse is eventually formed under the action of multi-effect collapse. In the stable period, after tunnel operation to a certain stage, groundwater environment gradually tends to a new dynamic equilibrium, the existing karst collapse gradually becomes stable, collapse group no longer expands outward. The results can be used as reference for karst collapse monitoring and warning, ecological restoration and tunnel planning.

To validate the prevalence and biodiversity of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Chongqing, a total of 601 ticks were collected from dogs, cattle, and goats within the Ta-pa Mountain range in Chongqing, China. Five distinct tick species were identified, including Ixodes ovatus (1.66%, 10/601), I. acutitarsus (0.50%, 3/601), Haemaphysalis flava (10.32%, 62/601), Ha. hystricis (9.82%, 59/601), and Ha. longicornis (77.70%, 467/601). A suit of semi-nest PCR and nest PCR primers were custom-synthesized for the detection of tick-borne pathogens. The analysis yielded positive results for 7.15% Rickettsia (Candidatus R. principis, R. japonica, and R. raoultii), 3.49% Anaplasma (A. bovis and A. capra), 1.16% Ehrlichia, 1.83% Coxiella burnetii, and 3.49% protozoa (Theileria. capreoli, T. orientalis, T. luwenshuni, and Babesia sp.) in ticks. Notably, Ca. R. principis was identified for the first time in I. ovatus and Ha. longicornis. These findings underscore the significant prevalence and diversity of ticks and their associated pathogens within the Chongqing Ta-pa Mountain region. This study accordingly provides an extensive dataset that contributes to the epidemiological understanding and disease prevention strategies for tick-borne illnesses in the local area.

Rural natural disasters are a key control point for rural revitalization. Rural natural disaster management faces the following challenges: high frequency of disasters and significant damage; there are many investment projects and large funds for prevention and control, but the efficiency is low; lack of systematic and long-term mechanisms. In this context, the vulnerability perspective is introduced, combined with the dual vulnerability characteristics of natural and social factors in rural areas of Wulin Mountain, to deeply analyze the reasons behind the difficulties in rural natural disaster management, finally, the strategies of constructing “ three systems”, implementing “ three cultivations”, and adhering to “three combinations” to advance the strategic layout, strengthen the awareness of ecological crisis, and improve disaster response capabilities are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The withdrawal of rural homestead is of great significance to enliven rural resources, rejuvenate rural areas and promote the integration of urban and rural development. Based on the field survey data of 7 districts and counties in the northeast of Chongqing, using descriptive statistical analysis and Logistic regression, combining subjective and objective factors from the perspective of farmers to explore the real will of rural homestead exit and significant factors. The results showed that:①lack of in-depth understanding of policy is the basic factor, which leads to farmers decision-making easily affected by the villagers;② farmers’ emotional attachment to homestead is an important factor, and the older they are, the stronger their emotional attachment to homestead, and the weaker their willingness to quit;③ the core factors are the lack of flexibility of compensation standard and the lack of diversification of compensation modes. When farmers make decisions, they consider cost, income, risk and other factors to maximize benefits;④ the uncertainty of urban life and the imperfect security system are the key factors. Therefore, we put forward policy suggestions to promote the withdrawal of rural homestead, so as to provide reference for the effective withdrawal of homestead in mountainous areas of Southwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the result of a taxonomic study of the genus Tribasodites Jeannel and related genera (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae: Batrisitae) from Nanling Mountain Area, with 55 species placed in 10 genera being recognized. Forty-one species are described as new, with illustrations of the habitus and diagnostic characters for reliable identifications: Anama angulata sp. nov., Anama horridula sp. nov., Anama reticulata sp. nov., Araneibatrus breviceps sp. nov., Araneibatrus gigas sp. nov., Araneibatrus leigong sp. nov., Araneibatrus maoermontis sp. nov., Batrisodes amphion sp. nov., Batrisodes breviventris sp. nov., Batrisodes capreolus sp. nov., Batrisodes latilobus sp. nov., Batrisodes microceps sp. nov., Batrisodes shun sp. nov., Batrisodes streptoaedeagus sp. nov., Batrisodes titanius sp. nov., Batrisodes tribasoditiformis sp. nov., Coryphomodes jiangxiensis sp. nov., Coryphomodes parvipunctatus sp. nov., Coryphomodes simplex sp. nov., Hypochraeus complanatus sp. nov., Hypochraeus robustus sp. nov., Intestinarius guangxiensis sp. nov., Intestinarius paralongiceps sp. nov., Tribasodites barbipes sp. nov., Tribasodites cavipes sp. nov., Tribasodites clavatus sp. nov., Tribasodites corniceps sp. nov., Tribasodites fortunatus sp. nov., Tribasodites furca sp. nov., Tribasodites jiulianmontis sp. nov., Tribasodites jiuwanmontis sp. nov., Tribasodites loki sp. nov., Tribasodites longipes sp. nov., Tribasodites mangshanensis sp. nov., Tribasodites paraspinatus sp. nov., Tribasodites pengi sp. nov., Tribasodites ruyuanensis sp. nov., Tribasodites spinatus sp. nov., Tribasodites turgipes sp. nov., Tribasodites xinningensis sp. nov., and Tribasodites yangi sp. nov. Tribasodites chinensis (Yin, Zhao & Li, 2010) comb. nov. is transferred from Tribasodes. Anama Newton & Chandler and Hypochraeus Raffray are newly recorded from China. New provincial records and additional collecting data are provided for Batrisodes bamian Yin, Shen & Li, Batrisodes grossus Jiang & Yin, Dendrolasiophilus wenhsini Yin & Li, Intestinarius guangdongensis Yin & Li, Intestinarius longiceps Yin & Li, Tribasodites chinensis, and Tribasodites hubeiensis Yin, Nomura & Li. Keys for identification of the genera and species are presented. A checklist of Batrisini from Nanling Mountain Area is provided, for a total of 64 species.

Prior to this study, no species of the tribe Pselaphini (Pselaphinae: Pselaphitae) have been known from southern China. Here we report the discovery of the genus Pselaphogenius Reitter, and describe three new representatives from Nanling Mountain Area, namely, P. buccalis sp. nov., P. huapingensis sp. nov., and P. magnus sp. nov. All taxa are diagnosed and compared to similar congeners; and images of the habitus and major diagnostic characters are provided. A map showing the distribution of the Chinese species of Pselaphogenius is given.

Objective: Understanding urban-rural differences in the risk of aggregation of adolescents' health-risk behaviors in the Wuling Mountain Area., Methods: From March to May 2023, 7901 adolescents from junior to junior high school and senior high school grades in 32 middle schools in 8 counties(districts) in the Wuling Mountain Area were selected as survey respondents using the multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method, with the age of the survey respondents being(14.82±1.50) years old. There were 4047 male students(51.22%) and 3854 female students(48.78%), 5126(64.88%) in junior high school and 2775(35.12%) in senior high school.2513(31.81%) in rural schools and 5388(68.19%) in urban schools. The Questionnaire on Health Risky Behaviors of Youth in Wuling Mountain Area was used to investigate 9 health risky behaviors of youth, such as partial feeding, smoking, and drinking alcohol. The χ~2 test was used to test the difference between urban and rural adolescents' risky health behaviors and their multivariate aggregation incidence rates, and to calculate the relative risk(RR) and the actual expected ratio(O/E)., Results: The incidence of bivariate to quintivariate cluster of adolescent health-risk behaviors was lower in all rural schools than in urban schools(χ~2 were 60.73, 34.97, 16.89, and 9.14, P<0.05). Rural school adolescents had the highest RR value for alcohol consumption behavior(18.02), while urban school adolescents had the highest RR value for insomnia behavior(15.05). In the bivariate cluster model, the O/E values for "smoking+alcohol consumption" were highest in both rural(8.18) and urban(6.14) school adolescents. In the trivariate cluster model, the O/E values for "smoking+alcohol consumption+fighting" were highest in both rural(28.41) and urban(18.15) school adolescents. In the quadrivariate cluster model, the O/E values for "smoking+alcohol consumption+insomnia+experiencing school bullying" were highest in rural school adolescents(95.10), while the O/E values for "smoking+alcohol consumption+fighting+experiencing school bullying" were highest in urban school adolescents(42.97). In the quintivariate cluster model, the O/E values for "smoking+alcohol consumption+fighting+insomnia+experiencing school bullying" were highest in both rural(309.57) and urban(129.28) school adolescents., Conclusion: Adolescents in urban schools in the Wuling Mountain Area are more prone to clustering harmful health behaviors compared to those in rural schools, and there are differences in the clustering risks of harmful health behaviors and their diverse clustering patterns between urban and rural areas.

The dataset available here comes from an experimental dairy cattle farm located in a mountain region in Central France, where the feeding systems are mostly pasture grazing combined with a period of indoor overwintering during the colder months. The dataset comprises individual productive and functional traits covering over 36 different variables in 185 primiparous Montbéliarde and Holstein cows, followed by data on productive longevity and reason for culling. The data was collected over a 20-year period during which animal husbandry and data collection protocols remained consistent. Potential re-users of the data are private-sector professionals, farmer associations, and researchers interested in developing statistical and mechanistic models and simulations of individual dairy cows under low-input grassland-based systems.

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The temporal variation in a community of nocturnal and diurnal Lepidoptera was studied in a Mediterranean mid-mountain area of the SW Iberian Peninsula between 2017 and 2019. Monthly samplings that allowed for the identification of 3528 specimens, belonging to 373 species from 40 different families, also provided data on the temporal and seasonal variation in richness and the abundance (dominated by Geometridae and Noctuidae), diet type (mainly oligophagous), voltinism (mostly univoltine) and biogeography of the community, primarily Mediterranean in scope. Richness, abundance and diversity were also found to be highly positively correlated with temperature and solar radiation, and less negatively correlated with precipitation and humidity. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs) also indicate that temperature and radiation are the climatic variables with the greatest influence on species occurrence over the different months of the year. The CCAs gave a cumulative variance value of 84.79% when using the monthly mean values of temperature, solar radiation and minimum relative humidity, and 86.4% if only monovoltine species were considered. Guidelines to maintain diversity in the environment of the study area are provided. It is possible that the area may function as a refuge area for Lepidoptera in the face of climate change and deforestation that are occurring in the geographical environment.

The Gallinas Mountains of west-central New Mexico were home to agriculturalists between ca. a.d. 850 and 1450. Ongoing research of the Lion Mountain Archaeology Project (LMAP) has allowed for in-field analysis of surface obsidian artifacts via portable handheld energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF). Influenced by principles of preservation archaeology and the archaeological repository curation crisis, the LMAP has sought to design and conduct field research to gather the most data with the least amount of impact to sites. Non-destructive in-field analysis via portable handheld ED-XRF subscribes to these goals while also providing answers to significant questions about human behavior. Results show that variable patterns of obsidian source utilization and procurement strategies existed both through time and between contemporaneous populations. These results are indicative of a shifting system of exchange and social interaction between residents of the region and surrounding areas during the Ancestral Pueblo occupation of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enshi is a foggy area in Hubei Province with complex terrain and large spatial difference in fog. However, the meteorological stations in this area are sparse, making it difficult to study the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of fog. This paper uses the land surface data from CLDAS (China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System) and the Enshi station to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of fogging potential index in the Enshi area. The results are show below. (1) According to the hourly data of Enshi station in the past 30 years, a high relative humidity over 90% and a small difference (≤2.0 ℃) between actual temperature and dew point temperature (T-Td) are favorable for fogging. (2) The diurnal variation of fogging potential index based on the CLDAS data and the observations in the Enshi area are consistent and correlated. Therefore, the CLDAS data can be used to study the characteristics of fogging potential in the Enshi area. (3) There is significant spatio-temporal variation of relative humidity in the Enshi region. The relative humidity in the south region is higher than that in the north, and also varies with the altitude. In terms of time, it increases at night. The relative humidity varies greatly from day to night in the low mountains area, but varies little in the middle mountains area. (4) The spatial distribution and diurnal variation of fogging potential index are basically consistent with that of relative humidity. The highest frequency is found in the southern and central Enshi area between 800 m and 1200 m, and the lowest frequency is found in the northern Three Gorges dry and hot valley, namely the lee side of Wushan Mountains. In addition, the highest frequency occurs in winter.

In order to explore the relationship between CO2 flux and photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Phoenix Mountain， Zhuhai， and improve the ability of simulating CO2 flux by using PAR and meteorological factors.Based on the characteristics of dry and wet seasons in South China and Monin-Obukhov atmospheric stability parameters ζ， the observation data from November 1， 2015 to May 4， 2018 were processed and classified.The relationship between daytime CO2 flux and PAR was analyzed under unstable， neutral and stable atmospheric conditions in the dry and wet seasons， as well as the variation characteristics of air temperature （Ta）， air relative humidity （RH）， vapor pressure defict （VPD） and soil water content （SWC）.The main meteorological factors influencing the change of CO2 flux were determined by partial least squares regression， and the relationship between CO2 flux and PAR was corrected by meteorological factors.The results show that there is a nonlinear relationship between CO2 flux and PAR under various atmospheric stability conditions whether in the dry season or in the wet season.With the increase of PAR， the absorption capacity of forest to CO2 increases rapidly at first， and then the trend slows down.The flux of CO2 was estimated by using linear equation， logarithmic equation， and Michaelis-Menten model.The results of the evaluation indicate that the latter equation describes the relationship between CO2 flux and PAR better.In the daily average variations of meteorological factors， the temperature changes are more obvious， the temperature is higher in the wet season and lower in the dry season.The variations of SWC and RH are relatively stable in the wet season， and have a large fluctuation when precipitation occurs in the dry season.There is no obvious change for VPD in the dry and wet seasons.In addition， VPD and Ta near the canopy have a greater impact on the change of CO2 flux.After correcting the Michaelis-Menten model with these two factors， the diurnal forest-atmosphere carbon flux exchange can be better simulated.

AbstractThe occurrence of forest fires is determined by fuel, climate and ignition sources at different temporal and spatial scales. However, most analyses are performed only on a single scale, and few comprehensive statistical analyses elaborate on the cross-scale interaction of fire drivers. Understanding the differential effects of socioeconomic and climatic factors on forest fire incidence across different administrative and climatic scales can provide new information for wildfire studies. In this study, we applied a cross-classified multilevel model with forest fire incidence data derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer products (MODIS 14A1) to explore the relationship between the spatial distribution of fire incidence and socioeconomic and climatic factors at different levels and to estimate the effects of these drivers on forest fire incidence. Our results showed that the density of impervious surfaces, density of cropland, mean monthly precipitation, mean monthly temperature, density of primary gross domestic product, annual monthly average relative humidity, and annual monthly average precipitation at the county level, prefecture-level city and climatic levels had significant multilevel associations with forest fire incidence in the Changbai Mountain area. These findings will effectively support the development of forest fire administrative policies for specific regions.

Rapid urbanization has led to a significant expansion of urban space, causing ecological problems such as fragmentation, declining landscape connectivity, and decreasing biodiversity. There is an urgent need to mitigate the conflict between urban expansion and ecological environmental protection by constructing ecological networks to help promote sustainable regional development. This study selected the Funiu Mountain area as the study area. Morphological spatial pattern analysis, the minimal cumulative resistance model, and network index evaluation were used to construct an ecological network in the study area and conduct a comparative analysis with local nature reserves. The results showed: (1) nine ecological source sites were identified, concentrated in the central and northern regions, which had a high spatial overlap with local nature reserves; (2) 34 ecological corridors were extracted, which could effectively connect all ecological source sites as well as most nature reserves; (3) 32 ecological nodes were identified, of which 20 strategic points were scattered along ecological corridors, and 12 artificial environment points were scattered in low-lying areas around nature reserves; (4) the ecological network showed a structure of central concentration and peripheral dispersion. The structural evaluation of the network indicated that it had strong integrity.

Objective: Kudzu root, fern root, lily, and yam bean are characteristic plant resources in Wuling Mountain Area, the gelatinization and instant properties of these four starches was analyzed in this study. Methods: SEM, RVA, and DSC were used to investigate the gelatinization properties of the starches, and the transparency and apparent fluidity of starch pastes was used to analysis the instant properties. Results: The granule of kudzu root, fern root, and yam bean starches showed similar morphology, most of which are spherical, but lily starch exhibited spindle-shaped morphology. The RVA results showed that the peak viscosity of lily starch was the highest [(7.00±0.03) Pa·s] among these four starches. The setback value of kudzu root starch and lily starch was more than fern root starch and yam bean starch, which indicating that kudzu root starch and lily starch was easy to retrograde. The DSC results showed that the initial gelatinization temperature of fern root starch was 59.4 ℃, which was the lowest among these starches, indicating that it was easy to gelatinize. Lily starch has the highest gelatinization enthalpy, which is 15.64 J/g, indicating that more heat was required for gelatinization. After gelatinization, the kudzu root starch paste has the best transparency with a light transmittance of 29.11%, while lily starch paste has a light transmittance of only 12.25%. Kudzu root starch paste and lily starch paste was easy to form gels, but the fluidity was poor. Conclusion: Lily starch and kudzu root starch have similar instant properties and have potential for the development of instant foods, fern root starch and cold potato starch showed a lower retrogradation value, and their paste showed better fluidity, which can be used to inhibit the retrogradation of food.

Objective] The aims of this study are to reveal the pattern of soil and water loss on the slopes of Northern Rocky Mountain Area, and provide scientific basis for soil erosion control and ecological construction in mountainous areas. [Methods] Based on the observation data of slope runoff plots from 1988 to 1991, the characteristics of soil and water loss on slope under different underlying subsurface conditions were analyzed using statistical and correlation analysis methods, and the relationships among slope runoff depth, soil erosion modulus, soil infiltration rate and effective rainfall, average rainfall intensity, rainfall duration and rainfall grade were discussed. [Results](1) Within the slope range of 5°08′～24°08′, the slope runoff depth gradually decreased with increase of slope gradient, and the soil erosion modulus and soil infiltration rate gradually increased with increase of slope gradient.(2) In the slope length range of 2.18～33.19 m, the slope runoff depth gradually decreased with the increase of slope length, while the soil erosion modulus and soil infiltration rate showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of slope length, and there was a critical slope length.(3) With the increase of vegetation coverage, the slope runoff depth and soil erosion modulus decreased rapidly, and the soil infiltration rate increased gradually. The slope runoff depth and soil erosion modulus of bare land were significantly higher than those of 30% vegetation coverage slope, but the difference in the effect of vegetation coverage increasing from 30% to 60% and 90% on the slope soil erosion process was not obvious, indicating that there was a critical vegetation coverage in soil erosion control.(4) Slope runoff depth and soil erosion modulus were mainly affected by effective rainfall and average rainfall intensity, and both were significantly positively correlated. However, soil infiltration rate was mainly influenced by average rainfall intensity and rainfall duration, and was significantly positively correlated with average rainfall intensity and negatively correlated with rainfall duration. With the increase of rainfall grade, the slope runoff depth and soil erosion modulus showed an increasing trend while the soil infiltration rate increased first and then decreased. [Conclusion] The underlying surface conditions and rainfall factors had important impacts on the soil and water loss process on the slopes in the Northern Rocky Mountain Area. In the future, the research on the process and influence mechanism of different natural factors and human activities on soil and water loss on the slope in this region should be further strengthened in combination with indoor experiments and model simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mountainous bridge engineering, the impact of falling rocks on bridge piers is a critical issue. Although various algorithms have been used to calculate impact forces, there is limited research on the impact force algorithm for rolling stones hitting bridge piers. This study, based on the impulse–momentum theorem and the impact force algorithm proposed by professor Ye Siqiao, derived an impact force algorithm for rolling stones hitting bridge piers at different impact velocities and angles. Additionally, an indoor scaled-down test was designed to analyze the effects of impact velocity, angle, and position on impact force, and the results were compared with domestic and international algorithms and the calculated values of the formula derived in this paper. The results show that at an impact velocity of 3.45 m/s and an impact angle of 30°, the peak impact force reached 16.37 kN, which is a 22% increase from 12.85 kN at 2.83 m/s and a significant 53.9% increase from 10.56 kN at 2.29 m/s. Furthermore, the impact force decreased by 13.8% and 21.73% as the impact angle increased from 30° to 45° and 60°, respectively. These findings underscore the significant influence of impact velocity and angle on impact force, highlighting the necessity for accurate algorithms in engineering applications. The formula derived in this paper yielded results closest to the peak impact force, with errors between the results under each impact condition and the peak impact force fluctuating within an engineering acceptable range of ~10%, indicating that the formula derived in this paper is more accurate and reasonable for engineering applications.