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Introduction: Migraine has the potential to influence the patients cognitively, emotionally and psychologically in addition to causing physical problems; therefore, applying appropriate psychological therapies can decrease these damages. Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of emotional self-regulation on tolerating distress and mindfulness skills in the patients with migraine. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. The statistical population in the current study was patients with migraine who referred to therapy centers in the city of Zanjan in the summer of 2019. 30 patients with migraine were selected through convenient sampling method and they were randomly put into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 patients). The experimental group received ten seventy-five-minute sessions of emotional self-regulation therapy. The questionnaires applied in the present study included distress tolerance and mindfulness skills. The data were analyzed through MANCOVA method. Results: The results indicated that emotional self-regulation therapy has significant effect on tolerating distress (F=62/08, P≤0/0001) and mindfulness skills (F=26/83, P≤0/0001) in the patients with migraine patients. The effect sizes of this therapy on tolerating distress and mindfulness skills were 65% and 52% respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study it can be concluded that the emotional self-regulation therapy can be used as an efficient method to improve tolerating distress and mindfulness skills in migraine patients through applying techniques such as recognizing emotions, managing them, and training abreaction.

Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome can influence the patients’ cognitive, emotional and psychological processes in addition to the physical problems that appropriate psychological therapies should be applied to decrease these damages. But can dialectic behavior therapy lead to the improvement of pain self-efficacy and decrease of experiential avoidance in the mothers with Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Aims: therefore the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of dialectic behavior therapy on pain self-efficacy and experiential avoidance in the mothers with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Method: it was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest with control group. The statistical population of the current study was the mothers with Irritable Bowel Syndrome referring to circulatory specialists in the city of Zanjan in the second quarter of 2019. 30 mothers with Irritable Bowel Syndrome were selected through available sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15). The experimental group received dialectic behavior therapy intervention (Linhan, 2004) during two-and-a-half months in ten seventy-five-minute sessions. The applied questionnaires in this study included pain self-efficacy (Nicolas, 1989) and experiential avoidance (Bond et.al., 2011). The data from the study were analyzed through MANCOVA method. Results: the results showed that the dialectic behavior therapy has significant effect on pain self-efficacy and experiential avoidance in the mothers with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (p

Background: Nursing profession has a key role in providing health services. Objective for the study: The present study is an attempt to survey the relationship between organizational commitment and occupational burnout in nurses working in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital-Yazd in 2017. Methods: This descriptive-correlative study was conducted on 195 nurses working in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital. Based on the sample size, the participants were selected through stratified sampling. Data gathering tool included Maslach’s standard occupational burnout questionnaire and Allen Meyer’s organizational commitment questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS using statistical tests like Pearson’s correlation. results: The mean score of organizational commitment was 75.42 and that of occupational burnout was 81.70; both of them were at moderate level. Organizational commitment, emotional sub-aspect, and continuous sub-aspect were directly and significantly related to occupational burnout (p≤0.01). In addition, there was a significant relationship between occupational burnout and gender so that it was higher in women compared with men (p ≤0.01). Conclusion: Managers can create proper and effective relationship with nurses and avoid the serious qualitative and quantitative outcomes of occupation burnout in nurses through introducing official and unofficial support strategies.

Psychological skill is one of the most important factors that influence athlete’s performance so the aim of this study was to examine effectiveness of Psychological skills training on Quantitative and qualitative performance of adolescence. The statistical population included adolescence swimmers of karaj swimming clubs in karaj city. 30 adolescence swimmers were selected among karaj swimming clubs using available sampling method, and were randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. A semi experimental with pre-test and post-test assessments was used. Beside physical training, experimental group received 22 sessions Psychological skills through 3 sessions weekly that every sessions took one hour but control group didn’t received any intervention, all the participants assessed by Stopwatch and Checklist for 50-m front crawl techniques (free-running) in two steps of pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed by combinatory variance analysis model. Findings revealed that the Psychological skills training significantly improved Quantitative performance in the experimental group (P

Nanogel composites based on hydrolyzed pectin-grafted-polyaniline (HPEc-g-PANi) (GCP) were synthesized via chemical polymerization method and characterized via different analyses including FTIR, 1HNMR, UV-Vis, Raman, XRD, SEM, AFM, TGA, DSC and DMTA. Swelling, electrical conductivity and zeta potential studies were performed to evaluate physicochemical properties. The adsorption studies on GCP for different metal ions of Pb+2, Cu+2, Ni+2 and Cd+2 showed selectivity of GCP toward Pb+2 and high removal efficiency up to 90% by 0.03 g adsorbent for 2 h at pH:5. For determination of hydrophilicity, contact angle measurements were done on PANi and copolymers. HPEc-g-PANi (2:1) copolymer showed more hydrophobicity feature due to lower polar PANi sites which reduces water absorption. Antibacterial analyses demonstrated a desirable inhibition zone of the copolymers and specially PANi. Among copolymers, HPEc-g-PANi (2:1) due to more hydrophobicity represented better antibacterial activity than others. This conclusion support influence of hydrophobicity on antibacterial activity. HPEc macromolecules help to the entrance of PANi chains into bacteria cell wall and destruction of cell cytoplasm. Anticancer experiments indicated an efficient toxicity effect on cancer cells up to 56% reduction in cell viability percentage. Antioxidant test indicated an efficiency inhibition of GCP to free radicals up to a maximum absorption of 80%.

In the present era, awareness of the events of collective life is considered to be a very necessary human need. In the international legal system, freedom of information and news is regarded as one of the fundamental human rights that, in addition to its inherent importance, possesses a special place due to its operation and support of other rights. Accordingly, on the one hand, it can be said that information has a fundamental and undeniable role in ensuring a democratic society. On the other hand, in international and national legal systems, there is a consensus based in which the scope of freedom of information and information is not absolute, and for which there are limitations that public morals could be referred as one of the most important and ambiguous ones. This article, while studying the concept, position and necessity of freedom of information and news in international instruments and regulations, has examined the nature of public morals in the international legal system and Islam and concludes that in the international legal system a different consideration and interpretation of the concept of public morals was taken into account with regard to the foundations of Islam. Therefore, religious and legal examples are mentioned to assess the limitations of public morals.

Abstract The current study aimed at investigating the impact of disclosure quality and voluntary disclosure on Information asymmetry of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Accordingly, statistical sample including 84 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were studied in a time period of 2006 to early 2016 using Panel regression. In this study, the relationship between voluntary disclosure and Information asymmetry criteria including the domain of difference of bid and offer prices, cash stock and the error of predicting interest as well as the relationship between the rate of disclosure quality and Information asymmetry were examined. In order to examine the normality of data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used. Significance level of the test for the variables of the domain of difference of bid and offer prices, the error of predicting interest, growth, return on assets and financial leverage was normalized using Johnson Method. Finally, the model was estimated and the results of the study showed a meaningful relationship between voluntary disclosure of information and the rate of disclosure quality with cash stock, but there was not a meaningful relationship between voluntary disclosure of information and the rate of disclosure quality with two other criteria. Based on the results obtained, the released information from companies should be presented orally so that investors could have more tendencies to invest in Stock Exchange. Therefore, the role of Stock Exchange in compelling companies to present clear information gets more and more important Introduction The availability of appropriate information is one of the factors influencing the decision making process. The distribution of required information asymmetrically among individuals can produce different results. Therefore, although information can be important to the decision maker, however, we need to carefully assess the quality of information distribution (Diamond and Verechia, 1991). Hence, the information asymmetry leads to various adverse consequences such as increased transaction costs, market weakness, low liquidity, and, in general, a reduction in the profits from transactions in the capital market. These undesirable outcomes can be modulated by disclosing and clarifying the financial information to reduce the information asymmetry. With regard to the information disclosure process, investors (traders) face the problem of information asymmetry. This problem arises when one of the parties to the transaction has more information than the other party (Davani and Moini, 2007). The improper information issues result from information asymmetry and conflicting incentives for the investors and managers. This will bring about chaos to the capital market performance. Some of the measures taken to reduce these issues are as follows: First, optimal contracts between companies and investors increase the incentive for managers to fully disclose information and leads to a reduction in the misleading evaluations. Secondly, establishing the regulations to bind the managers to fully disclose information will reduce the problem of information asymmetry. Thirdly, these unfavorable issues may be diminished through effective intermediary information such as the views of analysts and the institutions determining the credit rating of the companies (Izadinia and Soroush Yar, 2009). Case study The study statistical population included all the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Materials & Methods This research was an applied and correlational study. The research project was a quasi-experimental one, which was conducted by using a retrospective approach (through previous information). In this research, we used Tehran Stock Exchange databases, audited financial statements and Rahavard Novin software to collect data and information. Data analysis and testing the research hypotheses along with their results were done according to the outputs obtained from the Eviews software Ver. 9. Discussion and Results This research was aimed to answer the following question: What is the effect the quality of information disclosed by companies on the information asymmetry in Tehran Stock Exchange Companies? In this regard, six sub-hypotheses were developed by using the voluntary disclosure criterion and the quality rating of information disclosure to answer the research questions. The summary of the results is as follows: The first sub-hypothesis of this study examined the relationship between the score of voluntary disclosure of information and the range of the proposed price difference for the purchase and sale of shares. According to the regression results, the significance of the coefficient related to the independent variable of information disclosure was 0.7877, suggesting a lack of significant relationship between these two variables. As a result, the first sub-hypothesis is not verified, which is consistent with the results of Khajavi and Alizadeh Talatapeh research (2014) and contradicts the results of Gao and Zhou (2015) study. The second sub-hypothesis evaluated the relationship between the score of voluntary disclosure of information and the liquidity of the stock shares with the criterion of frequency of transactions. The coefficient of the independent variable of disclosure rating in this test was negative and significant (equal to 0.000). As a result, the second sub-hypothesis was accepted. It should be noted that the initial assumption about the relationship between the disclosure of information and liquidity of shares was the presence of a positive relationship between these two variables, while the test results proved the opposite. One of the possible reasons for this issue may be the inefficiency even at a weak level of the Tehran Stock Exchange. The studies conducted in relation to the efficiency of the Tehran Stock Exchange market confirm its ineffectiveness. The third sub-hypothesis of the study was to investigate the relationship between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the earnings forecast error. Regarding the regression test and the significance of the coefficients, this hypothesis was not accepted and no significant relationship was found between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the earnings forecast error. The fourth sub-hypothesis of this study examined the relationship between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the range of the proposed price difference for the purchase and sale of shares. Based on the results of regression, the significance of the coefficient of the independent variable of disclosure of information was equal to 0.003, suggesting the lack of significant relationship between these two variables. As a result, the fourth sub-hypothesis was not confirmed. The fifth sub-hypothesis of the study was to investigate the relationship between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the stock liquidity. The independent variable coefficient of disclosure rank in this test was negative and significant (equal to 0.000). Accordingly, the fourth sub-hypothesis was accepted. This result was similar to that of the second sub-hypothesis. Finally, the sixth sub-hypothesis of the research investigated the relationship between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the earnings forecast error. Due to the regression test and the significance of the coefficients, this hypothesis was not also accepted and no significant relationship was seen between the information disclosure rate and the earnings forecast error. Since no similar studies have been done on the relationship between disclosure quality and information asymmetry by the above computational approach, consequently, no comparison can be made with other studies. Comparing the results of the two variables of voluntary disclosure score and the rating of information disclosure quality revealed that these two variables have had the same effects on the three dependent variables in this study. The effect of both variables on the stock liquidity is inverse and significant, while their effect on the earnings forecast error is positive and insignificant. The effect of these two variables on the difference range of the proposed price is positive but not significant. According to the obtained results, the information provided by the companies should be presented in a transparent manner so that the investors will be more willing to invest in the securities. Hence, the role of the Stock Exchange Organization becomes increasingly important in requiring the companies to provide transparent information. In addition, more serious laws should be established by the government to bind the companies for providing early and more accurate information. Along with regarding the financial statements and internal information of the companies, the investors should also pay further attention to the outsourcing information and consider such information in their analyses.

Blends of PVA and 2-nitroso-1-naphtol-4-sulfonic acid (NNSA) ranging from 10 to 40 wt% were crosslinked in the presence of glutaraldehyde (GLA) to produce hybrid membranes. The structure and morphology of the hybrid membranes were studied by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping experiments. The mechanical performance and thermal stability of the membranes were also examined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), respectively. Increasing the concentration of NNSA resulted in the improvement of mechanical and thermal performances of the membrane. The addition of NNSA and SiO2 to the solution of PVA makes the resultant hybrid membrane more hydrophilic, and therefore, the proton conductivity, water uptake and ion exchange capacity (IEC) improved. The highest proton conductivity value (0.18 S cm−1 at 30 °C) was found for the PVA/GLA/NNSA (40 wt%)/SiO2 (5 wt%) composite membrane. It was also demonstrated that the methanol permeability values decreased with increasing NNSA content.

This paper presents an analysis of the scientific literature devoted to the problem of load sharing and phasing in planetary gearboxes. The wide range of research topics demonstrates the technical challenges of understanding planetary load-sharing and planet phasing. This review includes studies having the goal of developing models for load sharing and exploring the positive or negative effects of different parameters such as phasing on the load distribution among planets. Practical aspects are also considered, for example, the effects of some errors that are unavoidable during manufacturing or working conditions, e.g., misalignments or position errors. Methods for improving the load-sharing characteristics, e.g., flexible ring or floating components, are discussed as well.

Background: The health care workers (HCWs) at the frontline of fighting COVID-19 are at higher risk for mental health problems, including stress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. This study aimed at assess the status of occupational stress in the three occupational groups of nurses, physicians and hospital cleaning crew facing COVID-19 patients in hospitals of Kerman province in Iran. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was performed on 290 medical staffs including nurses, physicians and cleaning crew facing COVID-19 patients working in different hospitals in Iran in 2020. Demographic information form and occupational Stress Questionnaire (HSE tool indicator) were used to collect data. The health and safety executive (HSE) questionnaire has 35 questions and 7 areas, which was developed in the 1990s by the UK Health and Safety Institute to measure occupational stress. Results: The mean score of total dimensions among HCWs was 2.93. Communications, Manager support, Changes and Demand factors with scores of 2.76, 2.77, 2.83 and 2.87 had the greatest impact on participants' stress levels, respectively. Also, Colleague support factor with a score of 3.38 had the least effect on stress levels. Also, according to the results, 87% of nurses, 79% of cleaning crew and 67% of physicians had a partial to high levels of stress that, on average, 77.5% of the HCWs participating in this study had at least a small amount of stress. Conclusions: The mean stress score among the participants of the present study was between high stress level and moderate stress level. Factors such as communications, manager support, change and demand had the greatest impact on employee stress levels. Therefore, by improving the communication between people working in hospitals, increasing managers' support for staff, and reducing workplace demands such as reducing workload and improving workplace environment, the stress level of staff in hospitals during the outbreak of COVID-19 can be reduced.

Introduction: Population of the elderly is on the rise in Iran. Health care staff have an important role in educating the community and preventing and managing the illnesses related to elderly disorder (such as Alzheimer disease). Objective: Determination of Investigating the Knowledge and Practice about Prevention of Alzheimer Disease in Health Care Workers Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 72% health professionals of Health network of Rasht completed a questionnaire on knowledge and practice about preventaion of Alzheimer disease. Data were analyzed by SPSS and Spearman's rho correlation coefficient, Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis H. Results: The mean age of participants was 40.8 (SD=7.1) years with 71% being female. Only 32% of them had good knowledge about Alzheimer disease and 21.9% had good function in performing preventive measures for the disease. The majority of participants had moderate knowledge (66%) and function (77%) for Alzheimer disease. The results of Spearman's rho correlation coefficient showed that there was no significant relationship between knowledge and function (p=0.029, r=0.133). Conclusions: Knowledge and function of health care workers of Rasht city is in the moderate level. Given the non significant relationship between knowledge and function among participants, further investigations into other factors influencing the function are suggested. Conflict of interest: non declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiring L2 Persian vocabulary is the main hurdle for foreign students who wish to pursue academic studies in Iranian universities. This study explored the effect of the cooperative learning approach and semantic mapping strategy on the acquisition of L2 Persian vocabulary. The study had a quasi-experimental design and included a control group and three experimental groups. In each group, there were 30 intermediate learners of L2 Persian. The participants took a vocabulary pretest and then read three texts each of which contained 10 potentially unfamiliar words. The control group learned vocabulary through direct oral translation (DT). In the experimental groups, the words were learned through cooperative learning approach (CL), semantic mapping strategy (SM), or cooperative learning approach plus semantic mapping strategy (CLSM). A posttest was used to measure vocabulary learning. Results revealed that, in comparison to the control group, in experimental groups, the learners acquired significantly more vocabulary. In terms of mean score on the posttest, SM group ranked the first. It is recommended that L2 Persian materials developers and instructors consider alternative methods of teaching vocabulary such as semantic mapping strategy and cooperative learning approach.

Tremors are the most common type of movement disorder and affect the lives of those experiencing them. The efficacy of tremor therapies varies according to the aetiology of the tremor and its correct diagnosis. This study develops a portable measurement device capable of non-contact measurement of the tremor, which could assist in tremor diagnosis and classification. The performance of this device was assessed through a validation process using a shaker at a controlled frequency to measure human tremors, and the device was able to measure vibrations of 50 Hz accurately, which is more than twice the frequency of tremors produced by humans. Then, the device is tested to measure the tremors for two different activation conditions: rest and postural, for both hand and leg. The measured non-contact tremor vibration data successfully led to tremor classification in the subjects already diagnosed using a contact accelerometer.

This study proposes a novel dual-PCM configuration with outstanding solidification response in a horizontal shell-and-tube energy storage system. To demonstrate that the proposed PCM configuration is superior in its thermal responses, results from a range of numerical simulations are presented and compared between different configurations of dual-PCM. As the melting/solidus point is a crucial factor for the solidification rate, dual PCMs are chosen such that the average of their melting point is equal to the melting point of the single-PCM in the reference case. Additionally, equal-area sectors are considered for all cases to ensure the same quantities of PCMs are compared. The temporal liquid fraction and temperature contours reveal that solidification is delayed in the upper half of the system due to strong natural convection motions. Therefore, a dual-PCM configuration is offered to improve the solidification rate in this region and accelerate the full solidification process. Results show that placing a PCM with a lower solidus point in the lower half or an annulus-shaped zone around the cold tube can save the full recovery time up to 8.51% and 9.36%, respectively. The integration of these two strategies results in a novel and optimum design that saves the solidification time up to 15.09%.

In this paper, polyaniline nanostructurs with different morphologies were synthesized in medium containing ionic liquids (ILs) such as, imidazolium buthyl sulfonate [IMBS], pyridinium chloro acetic acid [PyCAA][Cl] and pyridinium hydrogen sulfate [HPy][HSO4] with various weight ratios of aniline/ILs. Structure and properties of synthesized polyanilines were investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis, XRD, SEM and TGA. Electrical conductivity and viscosity of synthesized polyanilines were studied by four probe technique and Ubbelohde viscometer, respectively. XRD patterns and SEM images showed that acidic ILs are affected in crystallinity and formation of one and many dimensional nanostructures. Electrical conductivity, solubility, viscosity and thermal stability of synthesized polyanilines in acidic ILs medium are more than that the synthesized polyaniline in standard condition. It seems, ILs as a soft template caused growth and order of polyaniline chains in various morphologies.

Background: The highest aerobic capacity (VO2max) is one of the criteria that can be used to create a balance between work and worker. To maintain the health and physical capacity of individuals, as well as to increase production and profitability, physical work capacity (PWC) can be used to put individuals in jobs proportional to their capacities. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 120 women working in hospitals aged 21-49 years old. Individuals were evaluated by a single-stage Ebbeling test. A questionnaire about general health, job fatigue and job satisfaction was used, along with a treadmill. Data were analyzed by SPSS V22 software using the Pearson correlation and t-test. Results: According to the results, the highest aerobic capacity, physical working capacity and general health were ml/kg body weight per minute, kcal/min and respectively, and mean and standard deviation of fatigue and job satisfaction scores were and respectively. In this study, there was a significant relationship between VO2max and age, weight, body mass index (BMI), fatigue and job satisfaction. Conclusion: According to the results, since fatigue and job satisfaction are related to workers' VO2max, it is recommended that, in addition to considering the aspects of physical fitness in the workplace, special attention should be paid to mental aspects, since they affect the physical and, consequently, the productivity of workers.

Background: Electrolyte imbalance, fear of death and illness, and homesickness are among the factors that may susceptible the patients hospitalized at Coronary Care Units (CCUs) to delirium. This study aimed to investigate the effect of modification of sensory stimulations on the reduction of delirium occurrence rate in patients admitted to CCU. Methods: The present clinical trial was performed on 80 patients hospitalized at the CCU of Vasei Hospital affiliated to Sabzevar Medical University, Iran. The subjects were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups (40 subjects in each). The control group received no intervention, while some environmental modifications like putting a clock and a calendar at the patient’s bedside were provided for the patients in the experimental group. Neecham Confusion Scale was used to collect the necessary data concerning the occurrence of delirium in both groups, twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 3 consecutive days. The obtained data were analyzed by Independent t-test, Mann Whitney U Test, and logarithmic link for the model fit using SAS. Results: The results showed 14 (35%) cases of delirium in the control group, and 3 (7.5%) cases in the experimental group. Moreover, the results of the analyses indicated no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups, on the first day (P=0.74). However, the 2 groups were significantly different in terms of delirium occurrence, on the second (P=0.03) and the third (P=0.003) days. Conclusion: The results confirmed that modification of the sensory stimulations can lead to a significant reduction of the delirium rate among the patients hospitalized at CCUs.

Background: The highest aerobic capacity (VO2max) is one of the criteria that can be used to create a balance between work and worker. To maintain the health and physical capacity of individuals, as well as to increase production and profitability, physical work capacity (PWC) can be used to put individuals in jobs proportional to their capacities. Materials: This cross-sectional study was performed on 120 women working in hospitals aged 21-49 years old. Individuals were evaluated by a single-stage Ebbeling test. A questionnaire about general health, job fatigue and job satisfaction was used, along with a treadmill. Data were analyzed by SPSS V22 software using the Pearson correlation and t-test. Results: According to the results, the highest aerobic capacity, physical working capacity and general health were 38.89 ± 1.85 ml.kg-1.min-1، 4.10 ± 0.47 Kcal/min and 25.43 ± 12.09 respectively, and mean and standard deviation of fatigue and job satisfaction scores were 85.87 ± 32.35 and 57.48 ± 13.01 respectively. In this study, there was a significant relationship between VO2max and age, weight, body mass index (BMI), fatigue and job satisfaction. Conclusion: According to the results, since fatigue and job satisfaction are related to workers' VO2max, it is recommended that, in addition to considering the aspects of physical fitness in the workplace, special attention should be paid to mental aspects, since they affect the physical and, consequently, the productivity of workers.

Hypothesis: Currently, the dyes/heavy metal ions contamination of wastewater is the most important environmental problem throughout the world. Up to now, many techniques such as ion exchange, precipitation, adsorption, and membrane processes have been employed to remove dyes/heavy metal ions from water. Among them, adsorption is a simple and inexpensive technique for the removal of dye contaminations. The aim of the current work is the development of a low cost material based on hydrolyzed poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co- maleic anhydride) and rice husk as an effective adsorbent for Rhodamine B (RB) removal. The adsorption studies on the synthesized nanocomposite were carried out under different conditions, including, pH of solution, contact time, nanocomposite dosages and initial dye concentrations. Furthermore, the kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption data were examined.Methods: Hydrolyzed poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride)/rice husk nanocomposite was prepared by a two-step method. In the first step, the poly (N- vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride)/rice husk nanocomposite was synthesized through in-situ radical polymerization technique using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. In the second step, the hydrolyzed poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride) /rice husk nanocomposite was prepared through hydrolysis using sodium hydroxide solution (2 N).Findings: The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TGA. The SEM images showed that the nanocomposite had a particle size between 50-100 nm and the XRD patterns revealed an amorphous structure. The results demonstrated that more than 88% of RB was removed by a nanocomposite synthesized under the conditions of pH 8, 70 mg adsorbent, 40 mg/L dye concentration and 180 min contact time. Furthermore, the experimental data showed a good agreement with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models.

Polythiacalix[4]amides as a novel category of polyamides, with high sorption capability towards some environmentally hazardous metal cations, especially Hg2+, have been synthesized via direct polycondensation protocol using a thiacalix[4]arene dicarboxylic acid and commercial diamines. The polyamides were obtained in high yields and possess inherent viscosities in the range of 0.55–0.75 dl/g. The photophysical characteristic was studied by looking for the maximum absorption wavelength of each polymer using UV absorption spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis displayed high thermal stability for these polyamides in range of 337 to 346 °C at the point of 10% weight loss, and their char yields were about 32.9–58.5% at 600 °C. Also, glass transition temperatures were between 157 and 178 °C. To survey on possible sorption capability of these polythiacalixamides, solid–liquid extraction of some toxic transition metal cations, such as Cu2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ from wastewater was performed. Antibacterial evaluation was conducted using Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains and some reliable results have been obtained. The results showed some promising features of their ability for being employed as possible ingredients of industrial antibacterial membranes.

According to in today's competitive world, in addition to economic factors, social factors also can affect businesses and social networks as a social characteristic, the driving force and basis for social cohesion in business activities online role important. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of social networking (content of social relations, the structure of social ties, community resource information, mode of data transfer) in digital entrepreneurship development (opportunity analysis, creation and website development, e-marketing application, implementation and development of e-commerce) have been investigated. The research population consisted of 70 managers and IT experts of knowledge societies based in Kerman province of science and technology. By collecting questionnaires, 35 questionnaires were selected as samples The research method in terms of nature, correlation and data analysis software (Spss) and SEM (Smart pls) is used. The results show that social networks has a significant positive impact on the development of digital entrepreneurship and the dimensions of social networks, content, social relations, ways of transmission of information, social information resource has the greatest impact on digital entrepreneurship.

Objective Although stem cell transplantation has beneficial effects on tissue regeneration, but there are still problems such as high cost and safety issues. Since stem cell therapy is largely dependent on paracrine activity, in this study, utilization of transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)-secretome instead of the cells, into damaged ovaries was evaluated to overcome the limitations of stem cell transplantation. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, BMSCs were cultured and 25-fold concentrated conditioned medium (CM) from BMSCs was prepared. Female rats were injected intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (CTX) for 14 days. Then, BMSCs and CM were individually transplanted into bilateral ovaries, and the ovaries were excised after four weeks of treatment. The follicle count was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and the apoptotic cells were counted using TUNEL assay. Ovarian function was evaluated by monitoring the ability of ovulation and the levels of serum estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Results Evaluation of the ovarian function and structure showed that results of secretome transplantation were almost similar to those of BMSCs transplantation and there was no significant differences between them. Conclusion BMSCs-secretome is likely responsible for the therapeutic paracrine effect of BMSCs. Stem cell- secretome is expected to overcome the limitations of stem cell transplantation and become the basis of a novel therapy for ovarian damage.

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are cholinesterase inhibitors widely used as pesticides in agriculture and nerve agents in battlefields. Exposure to these compounds leads to accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses and overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Seizure activity is one of the major manifestations of OP poisoning that is produced as a result of hyperstimulation of brain muscarinic receptors and subsequent recruitment of other neurotransmitter systems. Disruption of the excitatory/inhibitory balance can lead to OP-induced seizure activity and subsequent brain damages. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian central nervous system, is synthesized from glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase and modulates neuronal excitability. After release, GABA binds to two different types of receptors: ionotrpic (GABAA and GABAC) and metabotropic (GABAB) receptors. Drugs that enhance GABAA-mediated inhibition are effective in treatment of OP-induced seizures. There is discrepancy in the literatures regarding changes on brain GABAergic system during OP intoxication. This review discusses the mechanism and toxic effects of OP compounds, brain GABAergic system, and how it changes following exposure to OP compounds.

Dextrin-g-polypyrrole/graphene oxides (PDGP/GO) nanocomposite was synthesized using in-situ polymerization and direct blending of PDGP and graphene oxide nanoparticles. The products were named nanocomposite 1 and nanocomposite 2, respectively. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Surface morphology and structure of nanocomposites were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The performance of the synthesized nanocomposites in removing Pb (II) and methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions was evaluated. The effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and contaminant concentration on Pb (II) and methylene blue uptake capacity was studied. On the other hand, the percentage removal of Pb (II) metal ion by nanocomposite 2 (96%) was higher than that of nanocomposite 1 (88%). The optimum condition for effective removal of methylene blue dye by nanocomposite 1 (94%) and nanocomposite 2 (98%) could be obtained at pH 8, nanocomposite dosage of 100 mg, contact time of 60 min and methylene blue concentration of 80 mg/L. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics equations and thermodynamic models were used to determine the mechanism of Pb (II) and methylene blue adsorption on the nanocomposite 2. The results showed that the Langmuir isotherm, pseudo-first-order kinetic and spontaneous adsorption were suitable models for Pb (II) sorption on nanocomposite 2, while the Freundlich isotherm, pseudo-second-order kinetic and spontaneous adsorption were suitable models for methylene blue dye removal. Therefore, the PDGP/GO nanocomposite prepared by direct blending could be considered as a promising adsorbent for Pb (II) and methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions.

Background: Oocyte developmental competence is one of the key factors for determining the success rate of assisted reproductive technique. Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM), on preimplantation embryo development and expression of genes involved in embryo competence derived from oocytes selected with brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) test. Materials and Methods: Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from NMRI mice ovaries. COCs were stained with BCB and then BCB+ (colored cytoplasm) oocytes cultured in IVM medium supplemented with 0.3 or 0.6 mg/ml LC. COCs untreated with LC were used as control. Fertilization rate and blastocyst development rate were determined after in vitro fertilization. In addition, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to measure relative genes expression related with development (Ccnb1, Mos, Ces5, and Dppa2) and apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-xL) in oocytes and embryos. Results: Oocytes treated with both LC concentrations showed higher blastocyst development rate compared with untreated oocytes (p

Abstract  Various symmetrical dialkyl and diacyl disulfides are prepared easily in high yields from the corresponding alkyl and acyl halides under mild and nonaqueous conditions using N,N′-dibutyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-ethylenediammonium tetrahydroborate (BTMETB) or N,N′-dibenzyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediammonium tetrahydroborate (BZTMETB) and elemental sulfur. The quaternary diammonium borohydrides were easily prepared by treatment of the corresponding quaternary diammonium chloride or bromide with alkaline solution of sodium borohydride at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary.  Reduction of structurally different carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes, ketones, α,β-unsaturated enals and enones, acid chlorides, and imines was accomplished efficiently using high capacity ionene based borohydride reagents. Aldehydes and imines were reduced to the corresponding alcohols and amines in excellent yields in methanol at ambient temperature while ketones and acid chlorides were reduced in iso-propanol and THF-MeOH at reflux. Chemoselective reduction of aldehydes over ketones was achieved successfully with these reagents. Complete regioselectivity was also observed in the reduction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and simple synthesis of α-hydroxy phos�phonates has been achieved via reaction of aldehydes with tri�methylphosphite in the presence of Amberlyst-15 in water. The reaction is highly selective with excellent yields under mild con�ditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIO 3 in the presence of wet SiO 2 is highly efficient and a mild reagent for selective deprotection of a variety of thioacetals/thioketals to the corresponding parent carbonyl compounds at room temperature and under solvent-free conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]