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Retrospective analysis of the usage of fine needle aspiration breast cytolology has been represented in the present work. The potentialities of cytological diagnostics according to Yokohama system with characteristics of C1–C5 categories were estimated. The results of cytological conclusions of 4778 patients with breast lesions who had been examined in the Altay oncological dispensary during the year were studied. Fine needle aspiration breast cytology was used of outpatients in 89.6 % cases. The largest number of patients with pathological changes in the breast was noted in category C2 with benign processes (75.7 % of all cases). Difficult cases for cytological study, where the method could not guarantee the accuracy of the diagnosis, belong to the C3 and C4 categories (1.9 % of all cases). The cytological conclusion recommended the compulsory usage of the core biopsy. Malignant tumors were identified in 853 (19.9 %) patients with an indication of the histological type of tumors.Thus, the cytological technique (as a part of Triple test) should be chosen for outpatients with breast diseases using the Yokohama writing system (C1–C5 categories) of fine needle aspiration cytology.

Budget mobilization and improvements in the quality of tax administration are always among the top priorities for fiscal authorities. During periods of instability the role of tax compliance and budget execution increases even more. Times like these require quick analysis and adaptation of the tax system to changing economic conditions, and do not always allow conventional scientific approaches to be used in the analysis of tax collection. Fiscal authorities are faced with the need to create relatively simple tools for assessing that would allow one to analyze revenues with a minimum set of data and to assess the efficiency of the tax authorities taking into account changes in the macroeconomic environment. The integral index of collection presented in this work can help solve this problem. The essence of the approach is to analyze the coherence of two dynamics: actual tax receipts and their proxy tax base. The methodical advantages of the proposed indicator are its relative simplicity and versatility. It is applicable for most of the tax and non-tax payments and can be used both independently and in conjunction with other indicators of tax collection completeness. The above makes the index a convenient tool for quick analysis at different stages of the budget process—it can be useful not only for ex-post understanding of trends in budget revenues execution and tax administration dynamics, but also for improving the accuracy of budget forecasts ex-ante.

Here, we review an overall effectiveness of interferon-based preparations and interferon biosynthesis inducers for treatment of feline leukemia, as well as development of methodological approaches to improve efficacy of interferon therapy. Feline leukemia is a systemic hematopoietic malignancy caused by a single-stranded RNA retrovirus called Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) that leads to lethal outcome within about 3 years after the onset. FelV is widely distributed in population of domestic cats worldwide, being often detected in the blood of wild cats, including those of rare and endangered species. In some regions, FeLV prevalence may be high not only among domestic cats, but among wild as well. Currently, there are several commercially available vaccines to protect cats from FeLV infection (e.g., inactivated whole-virion vaccines such as Nobivac adjuvanted Feline 2-FeLV, two-adjuvant subunit vaccine FeLV-derived protein antigens as well as non-adjuvanted vector DNA vaccine). However, none of such vaccines provides durable protection. In addition, vaccination of cats against FeLV is often associated with development of diverse inflammatory, allergic and shock complications, and highly serious side effects such as developing vaccine-associated sarcoma at the injection site that some researchers connect with use of adjuvants like aluminum salts etc. We briefly describe FeLV virus, pathogenetic parametersassociated with FeLV infection as well as current technologies for preventing and treating feline leukemia. A historic background and current state of interferon therapy for FeLV infection as well as associated neoplastic processes in domestic cats and some wild species are evaluated. Possible interventions aimed at improving efficiency of interferon therapy of feline leukemia based on using new recombinant interferon preparations of various types and subtypes, as well as interferon inducers are discussed. In conclusion, it is noted that another interesting and potentially highly promising option in defining strategy of biotherapy associated with modulating IFN system in FeLV-infected animals might be to use of synthetic inducers triggering endogenous IFN production.

Aim. To perform a morphological study of seal lice (Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) of the genus Antarctophthirus Enderlein, 1906 taken from Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus L., 1758) at Tyuleniy Island, Okhotsk Sea, Russia).Material and Methods. Seal lice were collected from the nasal passages of Northern fur seal C. ursinus pups during a scheduled ecological and virological expedition to Tyuleniy Island in August 2017. Fourteen samples of seal lice (11 imago males, 1 imago female, 1 nymph of the 2nd age, 1 nymph of the 3-rd age) were stored in 70% ethanol at room temperature from the time of collection until the start of the study. Morphological features of the insects were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy and compared with the available data in the scientific literature.Results. Unique patterns of the arrangement of spines were found in the examined samples that is a sufficient species feature for representatives of this family and allows the identification of a new species of seal lice.Conclusion. A new species of seal lice, Antarctophthirus nevelskoyi n.sp., was identified and described and named after the famous Russian explorer of the Far East, Admiral Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (18131876).

Aim. The aim of this work was to briefly summarize the current understanding of the phenomenon of echolocation in the order of bats (Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1779).Discussion. The paper discusses: the place of bats among other taxonomic groups of animals that have the ability of echolocation; the history of the discovery of "ear vision" in bats by L. Spallanzani in the 18th century; the first scientifically based assumptions regarding the use of ultrasound by bats and the discovery of this phenomenon in the middle of the last century; methods for emitting and receiving ultrasound by various taxonomic groups of bats; physical patterns underlying the propagation of ultrasonic waves; characteristics of the returned echo and algorithms for echolocation in bats; echolocation interactions between insectivorous bats and nocturnal moths and possibilities for ultrasonic monitoring of bat populations.Conclusion. The inclusion of ultrasound monitoring of bat populations in integrated ecological and virological studies could form a new point of growth in systems to ensure biological security at both national and global levels.

According to observation data obtained at the drinking water intake in the Kamyanske reservoir in the village of Auly, the basic patterns of water blooming were specified. Water abstraction in here is performed from the depth of 8-9 m, which roughly corresponds to a mid-point of the maximum depths. It was determined that the number of algae per unit volume is very large - significantly higher than at the water intake of the Dnieper Water Supply Station (DWSS), which is located in the downstream of the Kyivska HPP. In some cases, it may exceed 1000 million in 1 dm3. During the study period, a decrease in algae amount was recorded, mainly, starting from 2018. The largest algae amount per a volume unit is usually observed in September, i.e. later than in the surface layer of water. The largest algae amount was recorded in September of 2010 and 2014. The factors that contributed to the development of algae at this time are given. Such factors were primarily high air and water temperatures, as well as low cloud cover. There is some delay in changing weather conditions. From June to November, blue-green algae are dominant in the water intake in the village of Auly, the share of which in August-October reaches 95-99%. From December to April, diatomic algae are dominant. The share of green algae is the highest in summer, but it does not usually exceed 2-3% of the total. The significant development of algae in the Kamyanske Reservoir is confirmed by remote sensing data. According to satellite data, it was found out that in this reservoir the largest blooming is observed in the place of water intake location. The dependence of water blooming on hydrometeorological conditions, in particular the direction of wind currents is also shown. The dominance of the northeast wind over the Kamyanske Reservoir in the summer causes a wind setup to the water intake, which results in the increase in the number of algae cells per volume unit.

Currently, the heterogeneity of economic space, relatively low development rates and negative trends in the socio-economic development of individual territories, and limited resource opportunities (including investment opportunities) are among the significant problems of municipalities. One of the mechanisms for solving them at the level of local government bodies is the institution of inter-municipal cooperation. The aim of the paper is to analyze the possibilities of territorial and sectoral inter-municipal cooperation aimed at overcoming the negative imbalances of the region's investment development (based on a case study of the Vologda region). The methods of cluster analysis and time series analysis were used, as well as tabular and graphic methods for the visual representation of the study results, the application packages MS Excel and STATISTICA. The paper examines the main trends in the development of inter-municipal cooperation processes in the Russian economy, identifies the specifics of the interaction of municipal entities in the Vologda region, and presents a territorial and sectoral approach to the development of different forms of cooperation based on the example of the Vologda region. The obtained results can be used by regional and local authorities in the development of investment policy, the formation of a system of organizational and economic mechanisms for the intensification of investment processes in the region. The study materials presented in the paper may be interesting for scientific discussion, for use in scientific and educational activities.

Cholelithiasis and acute/chronic pancreatitis are some of the most common diseases in the practice of any doctor. There are numerous causes of cholelithiasis and pancreatitis (age, female gender, pregnancy, obesity, etc.), but the impact of hormones on these disorders is still poorly understood. One of the conditions for the formation of stones in the biliary tract is an increased level of fat in blood. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, somatotropic hormone, thyrotropic hormone, insulin, and thyroid hormones have lipotropic activity. In particular, deficiency of thyroxine and triiodothyronine disrupts fat metabolism in the body. There is also some evidence that reduced evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract increases the risk of cholelithiasis, which is probably a result of hypothyroidism. Pancreas functioning is also affected by hormones. Hypothyroidism can be accompanied by a decrease in calcitonin secretion, which will eventually lead to the development of chronic pancreatitis.Objective: to analyze the studies evaluating the impact of hypothyroidism on the formation of concretions in the biliary tract and the risk of acute or chronic pancreatitis and to report a case.Materials and methods. We analyzed the impact of hypothyroidism on the incidence of cholelithiasis and acute or chronic pancreatitis and reported a case of these disorders.Results and discussion. There is evidence that patients with hypothyroidism have increased serum levels of cholesterol; hypothyroidism causes cholestasis, while in patients with cholelithiasis, concomitant thyroid disorders significantly reduce the contractility of the gall bladder. Cholelithiasis was observed in 44.6% of patients with thyroid nodules, 33.3% of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), and 22.2% of patients with primary and postoperative hypothyroidism. In 31.9% of women with thyroid hypofunction, concretions in the bile duct developed within 1–1.5 years after hypothyroidism diagnosis. In the study evaluating cases of concomitant hypothyroidism and chronic pancreatitis, the examination of patients with primary hypothyroidism revealed signs of pancreatic dysfunction in 64.1% of patients. Pancreatic dysfunction manifests itself with various changes in exocrine and endocrine functions and aggravates with hypothyroidism progression.Conclusion. Both literature data and our clinical experience confirm that hypothyroidism of any origin leads to the development of cholelithiasis and pancreatitis; therefore, the patients require preventive measures in advance.

Functionalization of heterocyclic systems with sulfur- and phosphorus-containing pharmacophores has long shown itself as an effective method for construction of new bioactive substances. At the same time, some types of the compounds are represented by only a few examples, and it prevents further evaluation of the contribution of certain structural elements to biological effects of the sulfonyl- and phosphoryl-substituted heterocyclic derivatives studied. Therefore, a relevant task for organic and medicinal chemistry still remains development of new methods for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with sulfonyl and phosphoryl groups, as well as determination of the biological activity of these substances. A structural variety of sulfonyl- and phosphoryl-substituted heterocycles can be achieved by using heterofunctional low-molecular compounds with sulfonyl and phosphoryl groups. This review highlights the information on biologically active heterocyclic compounds synthesized from acrylonitriles and enamines of sulfones, phosphine oxides, and phosphonates series.

The purpose of the article is to actualize the problems of personality values and senses in university teachers’ professional activities. The authors present and substantiate the methodology for identifying the relation between personal significance for teachers of various aspects of their professional activities and time costs for the implementation of these aspects (components). The methodology is based on their pairwise comparison. This comparison is carried out first by the criterion of the significance of these aspects, and after 1-2 weeks – by the criterion of their time cost. Based on their own work as well as other studies, the authors identify three of the most timeconsuming aspects of teachers’ activity: the preparation and conducting of lessons and lectures; scientific products creation; work with documents. It is confirmed that the preparation and conducting of lessons and lectures as well as the preparation of various plans, programs, reports, etc. are the dominant components of university teachers’ activity. The disparity between the personal significance and time costs is the smallest if it concerns preparation of lessons. In this case, the time cost is compensated by understanding of its importance. As for work with documents, such compensation does not exist here. So, it turns into a potential source of internal tensions and conflicts. The component “creation of scientific products” is quite contradictory: time costs for it subjectively seem quite large while this component is perceived as not high significant. This is consistent with other studies that show that this aspect of activity often turns out to be formally motivated, not related to serious scientific research. In the article, the situation, empirically recognized by many authors, gets a fundamentally new interpretation, as the temporal parameter acquires the status of value. The authors propose to consider time costs in relation to various aspects of university teachers’ activities in this particular context.

An attempt to establish the relationship between the formation of meta-subject competencies in delinquent adolescents in the framework of educational and extracurricular activities in an educational institution and the transition of forms of its behavioral manifestations from social disapproval to behavior regulated by legal norms was made. The authors outline that in order to structure knowledge about metasubject competencies, they are classified into meta-activities, meta-ways and meta-abilities that directly affect the rehabilitation of delinquent adolescents by means of educational and extracurricular activities organized in an educational institution. Methods of research: comparative and theoretical analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, monographs and thesis works, documentation; generalization, comparison, systematization. Research result. The authors come to the conclusion that delinquent adolescent, due to the features of their socially disapproved forms of life, have well-defined formed competencies, but apply them in asocial behavioral manifestations. The article pays attention to the importance of improving the effectiveness of activity of educational institutions on the formation of delinquent adolescents’ metasubject competencies as a means of overcoming adolescent deviation. However, attention is drawn to the possible risks in this area of activity due to the delinquent adolescents’ frequent absence from school, so the authors also paid attention to the need to form academic motivation in delinquent adolescents to achieve the goals of forming metasubject competencies and overcoming delinquency.

The aim of the study is to estimate potentiality of the cytological diagnostics of different types of mucin producing carcinomas of the breast.Materials and methods. Cytological evidences of the investigation of 35 patients with mucinous mass in cytological specimens were studied. Different types of mucinous carcinomas which had been diagnosed by cytological method were identified retrospectively.Results. “Pure” mucous carcinomas were divided into two types: hypocellular (A) and hypercellular (B) (n = 9 (25.7 %) and 14 (40 %), respectively). Mixed carcinomas (mucous carcinoma with invasive no special type carcinoma) were noticed of 12 women (34.3 %). 24 cell characteristics of mucin producing carcinomas were identified. Some cytological characteristics were estimated due to multiple factor analysis and discriminant analysis.Conclusions. Investigation results indicated that cytological technique is a high-quality diagnostic method. The fraction of correct classification of mucous carcinoma types based on discriminant analysis was 92–99 %.The study protocol was approved by the biomedical ethics committee of The Altai State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia.

Background. In modern psychology the study of mechanisms of creative thinking is of great interest. Attention is one of the important factors affecting the operation of intuitive thinking component. The Objective of the paper is to study the effect of anticipatory attention on the insight and analytical frequency in solving anagrams. Design. During the experiment, the participants performed two successive tasks. The first task included stimuli identification when the subjects were presented with stimuli — anagrams and pseudowords. The task was to identify the anagram correctly. In the second task (if the stimulus had been the anagram), the participants had to solve the anagram, noting whether the solution was analytical or an insight. The anagram and pseudoword had different letter order. The participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group whose subjects were informed about the difference and were asked to use it for a lexical solution and the control group whose subjects were not informed about the difference. It was expected that the identification of the anagram in the first task will shape anticipatory attention patterns for the experimental group, which will affect the frequency of insight solutions in the second task. Results. The subjects of the experimental group were found to have a correlation relationship between the speed characteristics of the first and second tasks for analytical solutions. For insight solutions, no such connection was found. Conclusion. The results demonstrate that insights and analytical solutions are the result of two separate processes of finding solutions that proceed in parallel.

This article presents the results of training, selection and control of a group of assessors to determine the odour threshold. General recommendations of the European standard EN 13725: 2003 “Air quality － Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry” for the training, selection and supervision of a group of assessors were used in this work. A trained assessor team or panel is the odour measuring instrument. The dynamic olfactometry method was used to determine the concentration of odour in a gas sample. N-butanol was chosen as the odour sample. The experimental setup for the selection and training of a group of assessors to determine the odour threshold is a information measuring system. This information measuring system provides high accuracy and reliability of measurements. The authors chose the Scentroid SM 100 olfactometer and the Agilent 7800 A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer with a 5975C mass-selective detector as a mean of measuring in information system. The referenced value of odour threshold for n-butanol was set to 38 ppb for a panel of 8 selected n-butanol assessors. The number of steps in the dilution series was 6. The instrumental dilution range was 11 ppb to 145 ppb.

Soil quality is its ability to perform the most important ecological functions, determining the conditions for the existence of biota and the quality of adjacent spheres – water and air. This article is devoted to the study of the remediated area after oil pollution, subject to overgrowing. A comprehensive assessment of the ability of the remediated soil to provide ecosystem services has been conducted. The properties of the remediated soil were assessed with traditional physicochemical methods. The ability of the established Technosol to create ecosystem services was assessed by microbiological activity, the composition of vegetation on the site, as well as by phytotesting to determine the redox activity of the test culture. Technosol properties (pH, organic carbon content, catalase activity, CO2 efflux) varied greatly within the remediated area, which was also reflected in the phytotesting results. In certain areas of the investigated territory Technosol had a good ecological state, but in other areas it had a satisfactory and unsatisfactory state with moderate to severe toxicity. The residual content of oil products in the layer of 20–50 cm under the brought soil had a negative effect on the height of the test culture. A close correlation was established between the indicators of microbiological activity and the state of the test culture (height, weight, redox activity), together they reflected the ability of Technosol to provide ecosystem services or perform the ecological functions of the soil. Residual oil products and the associated certain toxicity did not interfere with the self-overgrowth process of Technosol.

Digital learning has become an everyday experience for a significant part of the population during a pandemic, regardless of their technical and psychological readiness. Both the more and less technologically advanced countries have faced the inevitable need for large-scale deployment of digital learning. This paper presents an assessment of the development of digital learning in Lithuania and the EU countries in 2019, i.e., before the pandemic began. The evaluation is carried out using the Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning, developed by the Center for European Policy Studies (CEPS) using official indicators and expert evaluation. Despite the growing number of studies aimed at assessing the digital divide in modern society and in education in particular, there is still a lack of empirical material to shed light on the link between the extent of digitalization, its determinants (such as national governance in promoting digitalization), and changes in learning outcomes caused by digitalization. The findings from the CEPS study presented in the paper are the first attempt to move beyond the assessment of the prevalence of learning digitalization in different European countries, taking a holistic view of digitalisation-induced changes in learning outcomes and participation with a special focus on digital learning policy as an important component of digitalisation development. The aim of this article is to assess the digital learning situation in Lithuania using the Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning, which was developed before the pandemic in 2019. The progress of European Union countries in developing digital learning is reviewed in the paper, based on the results of CEPS (2019) research. The Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning and the results of Lithuania’s assessment using the methodology developed by CEPS are presented here. The description of the situation in Lithuania is based on the second component of the Index titled “Institutions and policies for digital learning”. In order to qualitatively assess the country’s strategic provisions for digital learning, the method of analysis of the country’s strategic documents was applied. Public expert opinions were included into the analysis of the situation in Lithuania. An interpretation of the comparative analysis of the obtained index values is presented. Standard indicators from the Eurostat, Eurobarometer, OECD, Bertelsmann Stiftung, World Bank, and expert surveys were used to create the combined Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning. The index is constructed as a weighted average of indicators divided into three categories: learning participation and outcomes, institutions and policies for digital learning, and availability of digital learning. The assessment of the situation in the EU countries, carried out according to the developed methodology, allowed to calculate the value of the Index for each country. Lithuania ranks 11th in the overall EU-27 ranking with an Index value of 0.623. A more detailed analysis allowed us to see that the countries’ ratings can differ significantly according to the different categories of the Index. The Scandinavian countries lead in terms of learning participation and outcomes and, together with the Netherlands and Austria, in terms of availability of digital learning. Southern European countries received relatively high ratings in the Index category “institutions and policies for digital learning”, which reflects their determination to strengthen their position in the digital world. Estonia and the Netherlands also found themselves among the leaders in this category. Lithuania’s relatively high position in the list is also based on positive evaluations of the indicators of the second component of the Index (i.e., policies and institutions), while participation and learning outcomes were assessed modestly. Using the example of Lithuania, the article provides arguments in favor of why the second component of the Index should not be given.