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Low friction fan cart unit is used to investigate force and motion over a range of velocities. The details of the experiment conducted in physics laboratory are presented.

Research is presented concerning the relationship existing between the present use of tobacco and a history of alcohol abuse in the health status of 589 male and female hospitalized individuals.

Recent studies have revealed differences between men and women alcoholics in symptoms, consequences, and help-seeking behavior related to alcohol usage. based on these findings, it was hypothesized that gender differences also would appear on alcohol screening instruments. The Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (Colligan, Davis, 8 Morse, 1988; SAAST: Swenson 8 Morse, 1975) of 1,920 men and 1,775 women was subjected to a within-gender, principle-components, factor analysis with a varimax rotation. Gender differences at the component level were revealed. Men endorsed the 'help-seeking for alcohol-related problems' component while women endorsed the 'help-seeking for emotional problems' component. In addition, men expressed concern about receiving a psychiatric label while women expressed concern about receiving a drinker label. The results suggest that different items need to be used in screening women for alcohol-related problems.

We discuss recent measurements of the wavelength-dependent absorption coefficients in deep South Pole ice. The method uses transit-time distributions of pulses from a variable-frequency laser sent between emitters and receivers embedded in the ice. At depths of 800-1000 m scattering is dominated by residual air bubbles, whereas absorption occurs both in ice itself and in insoluble impurities. The absorption coefficient increases approximately exponentially with wavelength in the measured interval 410-610 nm. At the shortest wavelength our value is approximately a factor 20 below previous values obtained for laboratory ice and lake ice; with increasing wavelength the discrepancy with previous measurements decreases. At [approximately]415 to [approximately]500 nm the experimental uncertainties are small enough for us to resolve an extrinsic contribution to absorption in ice: submicrometer dust particles contribute by an amount that increases with depth and corresponds well with the expected increase seen near the Last Glacial Maximum in Vostok and Dome C ice cores. The laser pulse method allows remote mapping of gross structure in dust concentration as a function of depth in glacial ice.

Tobacco use may be associated with the high death rate in people with alcohol or non-nicotine drug addiction. Researchers followed 845 people admitted to the Inpatient Addiction Program of the Mayo Clinic between 1972 and 1983. Seventy-eight percent had a diagnosis of alcoholism and 75% of the total group were smokers. A total of 222 people died during a follow-up ranging from 0.1 to 21.8 years. Fifty-one percent of the deaths were tobacco-related, a frequency twice that of the general population. Coronary artery disease accounted for 46% of all deaths and chronic obstructive lung disease accounted for 17.8% of all deaths. Sixteen people died from lung cancer. Thirty-four percent of the deaths were related to alcohol abuse. After 20 years, the cumulative mortality rate in the group was 48%, compared to the expected rate of 18.5%. These findings underscore the need to treat drug addicts for their nicotine habit., Objective.--To determine the impact of tobacco- and alcohol-related deaths on overall mortality following inpatient treatment for alcoholism and other nonnicotine drugs of dependence. Design.--Population-based retrospective cohort study. Setting.--Olmsted County, Minnesota (the Rochester Epidemiology Project), and the Inpatient Addiction Program (IAP) at Mayo Clinic, Rochester. Patients.--All 845 Olmsted County residents admitted to an inpatient addiction program for treatment of alcoholism and other nonnicotine drugs of dependence during the period 1972 through 1983. Methods.--Patients were followed up through the medical record linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project through December 1994 to obtain vital status, and death certificates were obtained for those who died. The underlying cause of death was classified as alcohol related, tobacco related, both, or neither based on the classification from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The observed number of deaths by underlying cause was compared with the expected number using cause-specific 1987 death rates for the white population of the United States. All-cause mortality was also compared with that expected for persons in the West North Central Region of the United States of like age, sex, and year of birth. Univariate and multivariate assessments were made to identify predictors of all-cause mortality from baseline demographic information. Results.--At admission, the mean (SD) age of the 845 patients was 41.4 (14.5) years, and 35% were women. Altogether, 78% had alcohol as their only nonnicotine drug of dependence and 18% had alcohol and other nonnicotine drugs of dependence, while 4% were classified as having a nonalcohol, nonnicotine drug dependence alone. At admission, 75% were current and 8% former cigarette smokers, 3% were current cigar or pipe smokers, and 2% were current users of smokeless tobacco. Follow-up after the index IAP admission totaled 8913 person-years (mean [SD] of 10.5 [5.6] years per patient). Death certificates were obtained for 96% (214) of the 222 patients who died. Of these 214 deaths, 50.9% (109) had a tobacco-related and 34.1 % (73) had an alcohol-related underlying cause (P

With my background in acting, stagecraft, and some knowledge of theatre history from high school and college, it was natural for me as a novice teacher to think about theatre as a metaphor for teaching. In this article I will discuss how over my career I conceived of teaching in terms of theatrical metaphors, and make a comparison with a common metaphor of teaching as coaching.

Section 310 of the Communications Act of 1934 should be revised to allow reciprocal access to foreign investors in the mobile communications sector in response to the European Union's 1994 Green Paper. The Green Paper on a Common Approach in the Field of Mobile and Personal Communications in the European Union suggests that EU member states should be allowed to restrict access to markets by countries that do not permit reciprocal access. However, current US law limits foreign ownership of common carrier radio licenses. Executive branch waivers as well as legislative revisions should be considered for countries with liberalized telecommunications markets.

As a part of a prospective study to assess the effect of nicotine dependence treatment among smokers undergoing inpatient treatment for other addictions, we surveyed the treatment staff about their attitudes toward smoking. The study was carried out in the Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Unit (ADDU), an inpatient addictions' treatment unit at Mayo Clinic. The subjects for this report were the ADDU staff. The attitude survey used was modified from that of Bobo and Gilchrist, and the survey was conducted for all staff before and after the prospective intervention study. Compared with the pre-study survey, the post-study survey indicated more staff thought nicotine dependence treatment should be provided to all smokers (p = 0.025). The percentage who thought that nicotine dependence treatment should be encouraged at the time of admission to the unit also increased (p = 0.005). Overall, staff attitudes toward nicotine dependence treatment changed toward more acceptance. While the intervention trial likely had an effect, other factors could also have played a role in this apparent change in staff attitude. Keywords - nicotine dependence; smoking cessation.

A questionnaire called the Self-Administered Nicotine-Dependence Scale is developed to help in deciding proper intervention techniques for nicotine-dependent subjects. The six domains identified in the questionnaire include loss of control, consequences of use, social skills deficit, self-efficacy, social support for smoking and concern for healthy life-style. The scale includes 32 items split into two subscales of 16 items each. The two subscales showed positive results in predicting smoking status six months after the training.

The Common Alcoholic Logistic Revised Scale (CAL-R), which is developed to screen patients treated for alcoholism, can be used with both MMPI and MMPI-2. Tests of a criterion group of 1221 alcoholics and a contrast sample of 7621 non-alcoholic patients proved that CAL-R is as effective as CAL.

The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine have refined the definition of alcoholism to include current ideas so that the term is used in an understandable, scientifically and medically correct manner. The new proposed definition takes into account the fact that alcoholism is a disease with biological and psychosocial factors . Its causes, symptoms, complications and treatment are dependent on environmental and physical considerations. The new definition includes genetic vulnerability, basic behavior changes, and the concept of denial. This revised definition more closely matches the definition of alcoholism found in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, revised, and the proposed tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The new definition should encourage earlier diagnosis and treatment by professionals and nonprofessionals., To establish a more precise use of the term alcoholism, a 23-member multidisciplinary committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine conducted a 2-year study of the definition of alcoholism in the light of current concepts. The goals of the committee were to create by consensus a revised definition that is (1) scientifically valid, (2) clinically useful, and (3) understandable by the general public. Therefore, the committee agreed to define alcoholism as a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (JAMA. 1992;268:1012-1014)

Current Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria and Their Implications for Treatment The definition of alcoholism has evolved to reflect recent insights concerning the heterogeneity of the disease and the multiple factors […]

We developed a MMPI alcoholism scale based on adult medical patient samples. Our criterion group consisted of 736 inpatients (525 males; 211 females) diagnosed as having alcoholism according to DSM-III criteria. Three contrast samples that totaled 13,120 individuals were used for control purposes. MMPI items were chosen by means of logistic regression. The 33 items yielded by this procedure formed a provisional scale (CA for common alcoholism logistic) that worked equally well for males and females. With new cross-validation samples, with sensitivity (proportion of alcoholics correctly identified) set at 90%, the specificity (proportion of nonalcoholics correctly identified) ranged from 90% to 96% for selected contrast samples. We conclude that this scale shows promise as a screening device in similar populations.