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Because of the complex anatomical structure of the maxillofacial skeleton, bending plates is necessary during surgery. The fast developing three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has provided a new method for making personalized craniomaxillofacial bone plates. However, the properties of these bone plates remain unknown. This study evaluates the mechanical, fatigue, and morphological properties of these bone plates, which may provide data supporting future clinical applications. The 3DP bone plate was fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) technologies. Mechanical, surface, and defect analyses were performed to compare their properties with a standard machined sample. One-way analysis of variance was applied, with p < 0.05 considered significant. The 3DP craniomaxillofacial bone plate had better bending strength than that of the standard machined plate (p < 0.01). Whereas the fatigue resistance of the 3DP bone plate needs to be improved in the future. Surface analysis indicated greater roughness of the 3DP bone plate (p < 0.01). However, the surface roughness could be significantly reduced by polishing the surface, which would meet the needs of clinical application after polishing. Further defect analysis revealed the internal defect inside the plate, which should be avoided to improve the mechanical strength of the printed sample in the future. The 3DP titanium craniomaxillofacial bone plate has good mechanical performance and surface morphology, meeting the requirements of clinical application. However, poorer fatigue resistance and a high number of internal defects should be modified in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterized TiO2 nanotube (TiO2-nt) ultrastructure and morphology, and the physicochemical impact on high-viscosity conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC). TiO2-nt was synthesized by the alkaline method (n = 3), assessed by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and was added (3%, 5%, 7%—in weight) to KM (Ketac Molar EasyMix™). Analyses included: SEM; Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN); Setting time with Gillmore needles (ST); Color (Co); Radiopacity (XR); Water sorption (WS); and solubility (SO). Quantitative data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's tests (chr = 0.05). External and internal TiO2-nt diameters were 11 ± 2 nm and 6 ± 0 nm, respectively. Data analyses showed: (i) TiO2-nt present into KM matrix, with a concentration-dependent increase of Ti levels into KM, (ii) physical interaction between KM and TiO2-nt, (iii) longer initial ST for the 7% group compared to KM and 3% groups (p ≤ 0.01), (iv) decreased luminosity and yellowness for the 5% and 7% groups, (v) 36% greater radiopacity for the 5% group compared to enamel, dentin, and KM, and (vi) lower SO values for the 5% group, with no significant differences on WS across the groups. TiO2-nt displayed physical interaction with KM matrix, and also modified SO, XR and Co, without affecting ST. This study provides information on the potential impact of TiO2-nt on GIC performance. TiO2-nt may be proposed to boost confidence among dental surgeons in terms of GIC's handling characteristics, success rate and differential diagnostic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted to prepare calcium chelate of low-molecular-weight tuna bone collagen peptides (TBCPLMW) with a high chelation rate and to identify its structural characteristics and stability. The optimum conditions for calcium chelation of TBCPLMW (TBCPLMW-Ca) were determined through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, and the calcium-chelating capacity reached over 90% under the optimal conditions. The amino acid compositions implied that Asp and Glu played important roles in the formation of TBCPLMW-Ca. Structural characterizations determined via spectroscopic analyses revealed that functional groups such as -COO−, N-H, C=O, and C-O were involved in forming TBCPLMW-Ca. The particle size distributions and scanning electron microscopy results revealed that folding and aggregation of peptides were found in the chelate. Stability studies showed that TBCPLMW-Ca was relatively stable under thermal processing and more pronounced changes have been observed in simulated gastric digestion, presumably the acidic environment was the main factor causing the dissociation of the TBCPLMW-Ca. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the preparation of a novel calcium supplement and is beneficial for comprehensive utilization of tuna bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using laser ablation in liquids (LAL) at laser energies of 360, 660, and 800 mJ and a laser wavelength of 1064 nm with 200 pulses per shot. The Pd nanoparticle suspension deposited on porous silicon (PS) was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the crystal structure. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed the sponge-like structure of the PS and spherical clusters of Pd NPs within it. The optical properties of the prepared solution samples were investigated by testing the absorbance between 250–850 nm, and energy gap values of ∼2.35, 2.56, and 2.75 eV were calculated for the laser energies 360, 660, and 800 mJ, respectively. The electrical properties, including I – V and I p h – V , of the Al/PS/Si/Al and Al/Pd NPs/PS/Si/Al heterojunctions were calculated from I – V measurements. The observed enhancement of the fabricated Pd NPs/PS is shown by the broad spectral response in the visible to near-infrared (vis-NIR) range. The increased spectral responsivity due to coating the PS surface with Pd NPs promotes using these nanostructures in photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-Introduction Urmia Lake, which has been located in the northwest of Iran, is the largest saltwater in the Middle East. Unfortunately, nowadays various factors have exposed it to dryness and wind erosion, the result of which is the increase in soil salinity, the thinning of solute crystals, and the occurrence of dust storms. If this lake becomes dry, the climate of the area will change to hot climate and salt storms will start. Therefore, we must find new ways to control and prevent the occurrence of wind erosion. Identifying the nature of these dusts, especially their morphology, is important in providing solutions to deal with the crisis. Investigating the characteristics and morphology of dusts in the region is also useful in predicting ways and controlling factors to reduce their damages, and dust morphology is a practical method to determine their origin. Investigation of the properties and characteristics of rising dusts from this area can be useful in predicting and controlling ways to contrast/withstand their damages. 2-Methodology For this purpose, three flat sites without vegetation and prone to fine dust production were selected from the eastern shore of Urmia Lake. Each site was divided into 3 layers based on the height from sea level, but the first layer was omitted from the studying areas because of the high soil moisture due to low distance to lake, which results in decreasing dust production by this layer, and eventually 2 random samples (0-5 cm) were picked up from each layer. This research study was carried out based on 12 selected soil samples from 3 sites and their layers. The soil samples from 0 to 5 cm depth, as a surface soil of layers, were transferred to trays with dimensions of 3 x 40 x 30 cm in the wind tunnel of agriculture faculty of Tabriz University, with 370cm length, 50cm width and 70cm height. Subsequently, wind erosion was simulated by applying the maximum wind speed of 45 meters per second for 15 minutes at each height. Then, the dust particles released at 2 heights of the wind tunnel (10 and 30 cm from the floor of the device) and the control soil sample were sent to SEM to get their images. After processing these row images, the quantitative amounts of morphological properties were obtained. Finally, the statistical analyses were performed on these properties. Using a nested design to find the effect of factors such as the location, layer and height of the wind tunnel on the morphological characteristics of soils in the windblown dust. 3-Results The images which had been adopted from SEM were analyzed in Image J application and 5 parameters (perimeter, circularity, roundness, accept ratio and solidity) were calculated for each particle in samples and the average of these parameters for each soil sample was listed. The presented data were analyzed in Minitab application by using the fully nested method and for conducting these analyses, the test of normality of data was performed on data list. The results for each parameter were presented in a table which showed the effect of site, layer and location height of the sediments in wind tunnel. 4-Discussion & Conclusions The obtained results in this research (Table 3) revealed the significant effect of site (5%) on circularity and solidity properties. Also, the effect of height in wind tunnel from floor was significant in 5% just on roundness, and the effect of other factors on morphological properties were not significant. In other words, the size of particles, the area and their parameter in soil samples did not have significant differences and even the wind erosion with given speed in explained time duration didn't act optional on the size of particles. There were no significant differences between size of diameter, area and parameters of particles before and after the wind erosion. The reason of these results can be dependent on the preparing method of samples for SEM study, in which the samples were rubbed on pin of device and the great grains were separated. Also, the effect of site and height of wind tunnel on roundness and circularity were significant, respectively. As for other morphological properties, the effects of site, layer and the wind tunnel height were not significant and there were no significant differences between the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc and copper pollution in agricultural lands due to anthropogenic activities has become a major environmental problem. While these metals are essential for plant growth, their excessive presence can lead to plant toxicity. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of zinc and copper (0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) in soil on the morphological and biochemical properties of I. aquatica, commonly known as water spinach. The morphological properties, including plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter, were assessed, along with soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Biochemical properties, specifically the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) in plant tissues, were measured using colorimetric assays. The results revealed significant morphological changes in plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves at 200 ppm zinc treatment compared to the control. Additionally, the number of leaves significantly increased at the 100 ppm copper treatment, while the stem diameter decreased significantly at 300 ppm. Both zinc and copper treatments slightly reduced soil pH and increased soil EC. At the 300 ppm treatment, substantial changes in phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the stems and leaves of I. aquatica. Copper treatment at 200 ppm increased the TPC of leaves, while 100 ppm copper treatment increased the TFC of stems. Furthermore, the 300 ppm zinc treatment significantly increased the TPC and TFC in stems and leaves. These findings indicate that zinc and copper concentrations have notable effects on the morphological and biochemical properties of I. aquatica. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain an appropriate balance of these metal elements to cultivate plants that are morphologically and physiologically resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since prostate cancer is one of the most important causes of death in today's society, the investigation of why and how to diagnose and predict it has received much attention from researchers. The cooperation of computer and medical experts provides a new solution in analyzing these data and obtaining useful and practical models, which is deep learning. In fact, deep learning as one of the most important tools for analyzing data and discovering relationships between them and predicting the occurrence of events is one of the practical tools of researchers in this way. This study segments and classifies prostate cancer using a deep learning approach and architectures tested in the ImageNet dataset and based on a method to identify factors affecting this disease. In the proposed method, after increasing the number of data based on removing dominant noises in MRI images, image segmentation using a network based on deep learning called faster R-CNN, and then feature extraction and classification with architecture Various deep learning networks have reached the appropriate accuracy and speed in detection and classification. The aim of this study is to reduce unnecessary biopsies and to choose and plan treatment to help the doctor and the patient. Achieving the minimum error in the diagnosis of malignant lesion with a criterion called Sensitivity of 93.54% and AUC equal to 95% with the ResNet50 architecture has achieved the goal of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Alcea flower (as a natural source of antioxidants and colour) polyphenols might be easily deteriorated during processing and preservation. So, encapsulation is a suitable approach to overcome this problem. In this study, Alcea flower extract (AFE) was encapsulated using different carriers (maltodextrin (MD) and MD with gum arabic (GA), whey protein concentrate (WPC), and GA‐WPC). The production yield (~70%) was higher when MD‐WPC mixture or MD alone were used. The moisture content, water activity (aw), and wettability time of samples containing MD were less than other samples while their solubility was higher. Bulk and tapped density and also hygroscopicity were lowest in the samples produced using MD‐WPC, with improved flowability. The morphological characteristics of particles (matrix‐type particles with smooth and spherical surfaces in MD samples and wrinkled and indented in protein carriers) were affected by the carrier composition. Chemical structure evaluation (FTIR) indicated the successful coating of polyphenols in the carrier matrix. Generally, TPC (0.93 mg GAE mL−1) and retention of DPPH (82.4%), ABTS (94.1%), hydroxyl radical scavenging (77.2%) and reducing power (87.5%) of the samples produced with MD‐WPC were higher than other carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of cellulosic fibers is becoming increasingly widespread worldwide as promising raw material in polymer composite reinforcement. However, and despite the multiple advantages of cellulosic fibers like the lower density, cheap cost and biodegradability, their use is limited due to hydrophilic character which reduces their affinity with hydrophobic matrices. A natural fiber treatment, whether chemical or physical, is advised to address this issue. The purpose of this study is to characterize the Ampelodesmos mauritanicus plant (AM) fibers extracted by the chemical method (2% NaOH for 48 h) and treated (chemically and physically). We carried out acetylation, mercerization and microwaves modification of the AM plant fibers to reduce their hydrophilic character. The influence of chemical and physical treatments on the structure and morphology of AM plant fibers was characterized by analytical techniques as per International Standard. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the AM fibers have a good crystallinity index (52.4%). Microwave physical treatment at 550 W increased their density from 1.00 to 1.55 g/cm3, their Young's modulus and tensile strength from 11.0 to 18.6 GPa and from 155 to 290 MPa, respectively, giving the highest values. It is followed by chemical treatments: first with acetic anhydride (C4H6O3) for 4 h and then with 3% NaOH also for 4 h. It should be observed that the data have a very considerable dispersion that calls for statistical analysis (method of Weibull with two and three parameters was utilized). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with the mechanical behavior of dual bonding filler; chitosan (CTS) and date palm (DP) fibre in bio-epoxy composites. The primary objective of this research was to find out if the addition of CTS particles to a DP/bio-epoxy composite could enhance its mechanical properties. Bio-composites are being developed to better understand and manipulate the unique features of these versatile polysaccharides. CTS was included into the bio-epoxy matrix through solution mixing. Bio-epoxy composites with 40% DP fibre loading were developed by dispersing different CTS filler ratios - 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. For the purpose of comparison, a control sample was prepared without the inclusion of the CTS filler. The mixture was then manually disseminated for 7–10 min before being uniformly drenched into a steel cast mould with dimensions of 150 mm (width) 150 mm (length) 3 mm (thickness) and taken to the hot press, after which it underwent heating at a temperature of 110 °C for a duration of 10 minutes, while being subjected to a significant pressure of 250 bar. Tensile properties, impact properties, flexural properties, morphological characterization, water absorption, and thickness swelling were all measured on the prepared bio-composites. Among the CTS fractions, DP/CTS20 has the highest tensile strength (24.04 MPa) and tensile modulus (4.93 GPa), flexural strength (45.11 MPa), and impact strength (2.70 J/m2). The scanning electron microscope exposes the properties of fibres and polymers, as well as the reason for tensile test deficiency. Remarkably, bio-composites with higher CTS content have elevated moisture content and dimensional instability. Generally, we diagnosis that DP/CTS20 had the best tensile, flexural, and impact properties, as well as the highest water absorption and thickness swelling of any CTS compositions. The discovery improved our knowledge of bio-composite implementation trends, allowing us to assess their potential for more dependable implementations of much more sustainable green products. Furthermore, material enhancements such as bio-epoxy toughening to change the ductility behavior to improve energy absorption or natural fibre pretreatment can improve interbonding between the matrix and filler.

To minimize potential health hazards, there is awareness to avoid asbestos fibers in brake pads. Therefore, this study aims to produce composite brake pads using Elaeocarpus ganitrus seed powder as a substitute for asbestos. The composition of Elaeocarpus ganitrus seed powder was varied from 8%, 10%, and 12% by weight. The properties of the brake pads, including their morphology, physical characteristics, mechanical performance, and wear behavior, were thoroughly investigated and analyzed. The experimental results showed a positive correlation between the addition of 12% by weight of Elaeocarpus ganitrus and the increase in the density and hardness of the resulting sample. In addition, wear resistance increases with increasing percentage of Elaeocarpus ganitrus. Samples containing 12% by weight of Elaeocarpus ganitrus seed powder gave better properties compared to other composite samples. The research findings indicate that Elaeocarpus ganitrus particles can be an alternative to asbestos in the manufacture of brake pads.

In the present study, Guinea seed starch (GS) is extracted using four different isolation methods (Sodium hydroxide [NaOH], potassium metabisulphite [KMS], citric acid [CA], and distilled water [DW]) to investigate the effect of isolation methods on different properties of starch. The water and oil absorption capacity range from 0.69 to 1.12 g g−1 and 0.81 to 0.95 g g−1, respectively. The swelling and solubility of isolated starches are temperature dependent and increase with temperature (70–90 °C). The amylose content also varies with isolation method and all the starch showed typical A‐type X‐ray patterns. The mean particle size of GS is 9.86–13.36 µm and shows round to polygonal shapes with pores. The isolation method impacts glass transition temperatures and enthalpies, which vary between 73.36–83.67 °C and 0.72–23.69 J g−1, respectively. The pasting temperature (PT) also varies with the isolation method and follows the pattern of CA (84.80 ± 0.07 °C) > KMS (81.97 ± 0.06 °C) > DW (81.95 ± 0.05 °C) > NaOH (79.82 ± 0.03 °C). All the starches showed shear thinning behavior, and storage modulus is higher than loss modulus, representing that the elastic component is higher than the viscous component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maleated natural rubber (MNR) was prepared and compounded with four alternative vulcanization systems: sulfur, peroxide, phenolic, and mixed sulfur-peroxide vulcanization systems. It was found that the peroxide and mixed sulfur-peroxide cured systems show a plateau curing curve, while the sulfur-cured system exhibits reversion, and the phenolic cured system gives marching cure behavior. Also, thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on dynamically cured MNR and thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TPC-ET) blends (i.e., MNR/TPC-ET TPVs) by using these vulcanization systems were also prepared and characterized. The height and area underneath the dynamic vulcanization peaks in the mixing torque-time curves directly relate to the degree of vulcanization and strength along with the nature of crosslink structures, and these had the rank order peroxide > mixed sulfur-peroxide > phenolic > sulfur by vulcanization system. This is in good agreement with the maximum torque, tensile strength, hardness, moduli, and toughness of MNR compounds. The locations of the peaks also correspond to the scorch time (ts1), and the sulfur and phenolic cured systems with scorch times of 2.31 and 2.44 min showed peaks at 3.3 and 3.4 min, respectively, offering improved process safety. The sulfur-cured TPV had sulfidic linkages and the smallest-sized vulcanized rubber domains, giving it the highest tensile strength, elongation at break, storage modulus, and rubber elasticity (i.e., the lowest tension set and tan δ). However, the phenolic cured TPV had the highest stiffness, Young's modulus, and large vulcanized rubber domains, which relate to low content of Chroman ring structures in the crosslinked MNR vulcanizates, with a comparatively low interfacial area and hence weak interfacial interactions between MNR and TPC-ET phases. Furthermore, the mixed sulfur-peroxide and peroxide curing systems gave intermediate tension set, tan δ, and elongation at break. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of nitrogen has become a threat to human health and the environment due to high concentrations of nitrate and nitrite accumulating in surface and ground waters. Biological dinitrogen fixation (N2) is a very important natural process in world agriculture. Rhizobia is a common name for a certain Gram-negative group of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria that can form nodules on the root and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes as their host plants. Azotobacter spp. is a free-living microorganism that has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. Field trials were carried out of Eskişehir Osmangazi University Field Crops Department experiment areas during the production season of 2017 and 2019. The study was evaluated the effects on morphological and phenologocial characters of two N doses (0 and 25 kg ha-1 N), four bacteria inoculations (control, Rhizobia, Azotobacter, Rhizobia + Azotobacter) on chickpea cultivars (Azkan, Akca, Cakir, Isik). Experiment arranged in split split plot experimental design with three replications. Nitrogen application positively affected number of days to emergence, number of branches, branch diameter and grain yield. Phenological and morphological properties affected by climate conditions. The high temperature caused the number of days to emergence, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity to be earlier in the second year. Plant height, first pod height and grain yield were higher first year than second year due to high precipitation. While the response of the cultivars was different in terms of phenological properties, Azkan cultivar gave the best results in terms of morphological properties. Rhizobia + Azotobacter inoculation gave the best results in terms of phenological and morphological characteristics except for number of days to maturity. Rhizobia + Azotobacter inoculation can lead to additional income generation of the farming community in Turkey. The use of biofertilizers may reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and we get healthy, pollution-free production for a better future for our increasing populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims at synthesizing by reaction in the solid state orthophosphate type compounds usable in different applications (electrochemical performances, laser materials, magnetic materials, ionic conductors, potential in optics, catalysts, sensors, ceramics, etc.). The optimal operating conditions have been determined. The characterization of the materials obtained was carried out from a structural point of view by X-ray diffraction, Raman, and infrared spectroscopies, and morphologically, by scanning electron microscopy coupled with analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The Rietveld procedure was used for the refinement investigation, and the findings reveal that the observed and calculated patterns are in excellent agreement. In the complete composition range (0 ≤ x ≤ 2), the Ba2 − xPbxSr(PO4)2 compounds crystallize in the hexagonal system at space group R 3 ¯ m with multiple units per crystal lattice Z = 3 and produce a solid solution. In solid solutions, the a and c lattice parameters varied, with a reduction in the a and c parameters proportional to the radius of the corresponding replaced ions. The M(1) and M(2) positions in the lacunar anionic orthophosphate structure were shown to be preferentially occupied by Pb2+/Ba2+/Sr2+ ions in solid solutions. The vibrational spectra of this solid solution series of crystalline orthophosphate are assigned by comparison with other orthophosphate materials and interpreted based on factor group analysis in space group R 3 ¯ m (D3d5). Raman and IR spectroscopy studies give results justifying the crystal symmetry already demonstrated by X-ray diffraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of acidified chlorite (NaClO2) and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching were evaluated relative to the properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fabricated from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres (OPEFB). The MCC properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods, and they were compared with commercial MCC. The results revealed that all MCC belongs to cellulose type 1 and OPEFB-NaClO2-MCC showed a higher crystallinity index than OPEFB-TCF-MCC. The TGA indicated that all MCC samples showed a higher decomposition temperature compared to pure cellulose. However, OPEFB-NaClO2-MCC showed better thermal stability than OPEFB-TCF-MCC. It was clear from SEM images that the different MCC particles had rough surfaces and micro-sized particles. Overall, results confirmed that the obtained MCC samples displayed comparable properties with those of commercial MCC. The MCC produced from OPEFB using NaClO2 is a promising material to prepare high value-added products compared to MCC produced using TCF delignification treatment.

Washingtonia is a palm tree that enriched with lignocellulosic biomass, which provided it with the potentiality for various applications. In this study, different biomass from Washingtonia plant, i.e. leaf stalk (W-LS), trunk core (W-TC), and trunk spine (W-TS) fibers, were collectively investigated by characterization. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination, the spine-shape structure of W-TS fiber along with its small particle size might facilitate it for fabrication reactivity. From chemical and elemental composition analysis, both W-TC and W-TS fibers were found with high cellulose content, while with the closely similar residual elements, suggesting them from the same source of trunk segment. However, the low cellulose content of W-LS fiber with its high ash content had somehow reduced its crystallinity and thermal stability properties. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the crystallinity was estimated the highest for W-TS (68.2%), and while with the lowest for W-LS fiber (57.3%), which in line with the detected functional groups by Fourier Transform Infrared-ray (FTIR) spectrophotometry. In thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis, all fibers possessed great thermal resistance with Tonset in the range of 307.4–328.1°C and Tpeak in the range of 352.4–347.9°C. Washingtonia fiber had a high potential to be applied as a bio-material for versatile applications in the future.

There is practically no information on the dynamics of changes in the morphological traits of plants of the Malva genus during cultivation, although such information is very important in terms of understanding the patterns of yield formation of this crop. The study revealed the influence of row spacing and plant spacing on the dynamics of morphological traits during the growing season. We found that during the study period, the number of flowers on mallow plants decreased throughout the year. The dynamics of decrease in the number of flowers during the year practically did not depend on the distance between plants. The year factor was shown to be more important for the dynamics of the process than the distance between plants. During the study period, the total mass of flowers on the mallow plants decreased throughout the year. The dynamics of the process depended on the row spacing. The annual differences between the regression coefficients between the variants with different row spacing were not significant, indicating that the year factor was more important in identifying the dynamics of reduction of flower weight than the row spacing factor. The dynamics of the process of flower weight reduction during the year depended on the distance between plants. Differences between the variants of row spacing in terms of the dynamics of the changes in flower weight during the year were significant in 2020 and 2021, and practically no differences were seen in 2022. During the study period, the weight of one flower on the mallow plants decreased during the year. The dynamics of the process depended on the row spacing. The aboveground organs of mallow demonstrated significant growth intensity during the first 20 days after the onset of the five-leaf stage, after which plant growth stabilized. During this period, the mass of leaves, the number of flowers and the mass of buds grew especially intensively. By day 40, the weight of the plant as a whole and the weight of the fruit usually reach their maximum. The mass of buds, the number of flowers and the mass of leaves exhibited fluctuating dynamics during the observation period. Interannual differences between the morphological parameters were insignificant, with the exception of the number and weight of the fruits. Differences in these indicators over the years can reach 10 times.

This study set out with the aim of assessing the morphology and properties of lignocellulosic fiber extracted from the tubers mainly found in tropical forests called arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Arrowroot bagasse (ABF) and husk fibers (AHF) were extracted and the physical, chemical, thermal, morphological properties, as well as crystallinity, were characterized. The chemical composition analysis revealed that ABF has higher cellulose (45.97%) than AHF (37.35%), cassava bagasse (10.04%), and corn hull (15.30%). In addition, ABF are significantly low in lignin (2.78%) and density (1.11 g/cm3) than AHF, corn hull, and cassava. In this research, the physical, chemical, thermal, structural, and morphological properties of arrowroot bagasse and husk fibers were investigated by particle size analysis, chemical composition analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. With respect to the above characterization of fibers, it was found that the lignocellulosic biomasses from arrowroot are alternative promising sustainable material, which can be used in food packaging as a renewable filler.

To ensure the safety of infrastructure users, the long-term skid resistance is a crucial factor and is determined in large by the mineralogical and morphological characteristics of surfacing aggregate. Most studies have investigated these aggregate properties separately without considering the interrelation between one another. The objective of this study is to consider the morphological characteristics as well as the mineralogical fingerprint of aggregate to develop an innovative approach to optimize the aggregate selection process. The investigations are based on 11 different aggregate types with a broad range of mineralogy, commonly used in Germany. The long-term influence of polishing and wearing on the surface aggregate was simulated by means of the Aachen Polishing Machine and the Micro-Deval test respectively. To evaluate the impact of these tests, the aggregate shape was characterized by means of an imaging system called Aggregate Image Measurement System while the skid resistance of aggregates was evaluated with the British Pendulum Test. The test results show that the quartz and calcite are the key crystals to determine the anti-wear resistance of aggregates. A correlation between the skid resistance, morphological properties and mineralogy is derived, which proves the mineralogical fingerprint technology is practical for characterization of aggregates used in pavement surface layers.

Chemical polymerization produces polyaniline in two concentrations (0.02,0.05g) at room temperature. The reaction of polymerization was exothermal in nature. The characterization peak was observed in the FTIR range between 1470 and 1560cm-1which defined benzenoid and quinoid ring. To find out the effects Fe2O3, this investigation was carried out with two weights of Fe2O3 (0.05 and 0.02 g). In the experiment part, 32 mice were separated into eight groups, as indicated. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in sperm motility, concentration, percentage of live sperm and testosterone concentration with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the percentage of abnormal sperm in group treated with PANI-Fe2O3-Cys without magnetic field in comparison with control group. The results also showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in sperm motility, Relative sperm count of live sperm and testosterone concentration, with a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperm in group treated with PANI-Cys and PANI-Fe2O3-Cys exposed to magnetic field in comparison with the samples without magnetic field. The group treated with PANI alone showed an improvement in all parameters studied except the percentage of abnormal sperms which showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease. Using the alternating magnetic field, it was found that it has a obvious effect on the work of the material PANI- Fe2O3-Cys and PAN-Cys. Thus, it affects sperm motility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the fabricated polylactic acid (PLA) and hybrid natural fiber (NF) biocomposites via a melt extrusion method were investigated. NFs from locally grown plants were utilized as fillers. Polyethene glycol (PEG) was used as the plasticizer to improve the processability of the PLA. The effect of PLA/NF biocomposite processing was assessed by mechanical characterization (tensile, modulus, strain at break, and impact tests), and thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry [DSC] analysis). The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermo‐mechanical analysis (TMA) of the samples were also analyzed. The mechanical properties of PLA/NF biocomposites improved as compared with that of PLA. The DMA findings show that the storage modulus and loss modulus exhibited a slight reduction for PLA/NF biocomposites compared with the PLA sample. In opposite, the glass transition temperature (Tg) from DSC thermogram results showed no obvious changes in values compared with the PLA sample. Furthermore, the findings of TMA showed a significant decrease in coefficient of thermal expansion values of PLA/NF biocomposites compared with those of PLA samples. The overall findings from this work indicated that PLA/NF biocomposites have the potential to make novel biocomposites and suitable for further application especially in biomedical applications due to its good stiffness, tensile strength, and dimensional stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Ürünleri Dergisi is the property of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Urunleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At room temperature (RT), Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have been created through pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of tin in various liquid mediums. FTIR, TEM, electrical characteristics and UV–Visible absorption spectrum were used for investigating the particle properties. The prepared material is spherical NP, with size and size dispersion are dependent upon liquid media, as seen by TEM micrographs. The shift of the Sn–O band from 681 cm−1, 663.4 cm−1 to 657 cm−1 in double deionize water, ethanol and methanol, respectively, could be related to the increase of the concentration of SnO2 NPS and change of particles size. Depending on the quantum confinement model, the band gap energy related to SnO2 NPs is larger in various liquid medium compared to that of bulk SnO2 because of a decrease in size of the particle. Poor rectification properties because of charge carriers' recombination of holes and electrons in depletion region, along with the tunneling effect based on the two sides of heterojunction and existence of defect states can be seen in the J–V characteristics of Al/SnO2 NPs/c-Si/Al heterojunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetorheological fluid hybrid material (MRF122) was investigated for determining the thermal stability, rheological and morphological properties, in order to employ further these properties to design a spherical joint system that uses this fluid. To improve the rheological properties of the magnetorheological fluid, an energization program was applied, by introducing it into a magnetic field with a magnetic induction of 0.37 T, for 5 days. The thermal analysis established that MRF122 and the energized-MRF122 are stable up to 175 °C, above this temperature continuing with an oxidative decomposition of the liquid hydrocarbon mixture in which the ferromagnetic microcrystals are suspended; six exothermic stages of oxidation and structural transitions of iron and of its oxides follow. At over 900 °C, magnetite (majority) and siderite phases are formed. Rheological measurements show that the viscosity of both samples decreases with increasing shear rate, and throughout the shear rate range, the viscosity of the energized MRF122 sample is lower than that of the MRF122 sample. When the magnetic field is applied for the energization, the agglomerations of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in MRF122 probably disperse. Both fluid samples have non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic behaviour (viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate). By determining the storage modulus and the loss modulus as a function of the increasing angular frequency, the elastic properties of MRF122 decrease, while the plastic properties increase (as well as the tangent of the loss factor). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to investigate the effect of black seed fiber as a reinforcing material for the fabrication of cornstarch-based biocomposite. The casting procedure was applied to fabricate the biocomposite at different concentrations of black seed fiber (3%, 6%, and 9%) and plasticizer mixture of fructose and glycerol set at a proportion of 30% (1:1) for total weight. The biocomposite films were tested in terms of casting procedure physical, tensile, thermal, and morphological properties. Increasing the black seed fiber concentration from 3% to 9% decreased the density and moisture content of the films by 15.67% and 29.04%, respectively, and soil burial tests showed that the films became less resistant to biodegradation. On the other hand, an increase in tensile strength (40%), Young's modulus (26%), and crystallinity index (64%) were observed when 9% of black seed fiber was added, reflected in a consistent structure and outstanding matrix-reinforcement compatibility. It was also found that reinforced biocomposite exhibited better thermal stability and more intermolecular hydrogen bonding compared to the control film. Overall, the addition of black seed fiber as promising reinforcing material significantly improved the performance of the films, which may contribute to the development of the biopolymers industry in response to both community needs and environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.) is a cool-season wheatgrass fodder plant whose vegetative form grows during early spring in the rangelands of Turkey. Due to their natural growth in dry pastures, especially in sheep grazing meadows, it has shown great potential to support the breeding of pastures in these rangelands. For this study, junegrass seeds have been collected from 47 different locations of the KOP region in 2015. In 2017 and 2018, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, where collected seeds were grown. Leaf length, leaf width, leaf color, the number of the tiller, bunch diameter, and hay yield of all the experimental genotypes were determined as part of the morphological parameters. The KC-17 population had the maximum leaf length of 11.87 cm whereas the KC-43 population had the maximum leaf width (i.e. 2.60 mm). In the molecular part, the genetic distance amongst populations according to the ISSR based dendrogram was between 0.61 and 0.87. It was determined that the KC-1 and KC-2 populations showed a large genetic similarity. The KC-18 and FR populations were connected externally to the dendrograms and were found to have a closer genetic relationship with the KC-45 population. When comparing the morphological and molecular dendrograms, there was a clear difference between the two. The results obtained from this preliminary study on phenotypic and molecular characterization of junegrass genotypes are beneficial for the further improvement of the species as an important forage crop for Turkish rangelands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo requires treatment to extend its service life. However, as bamboo strips could serve as a suitable candidate for lamination, the treatment may affect its bendability. The current study investigated the effects of boric acid treatment on the physical, mechanical, adhesion, and morphological properties of bamboo strips. Owing to their availability and popularity in local industries, four Malaysian bamboo species were used in this study, namely Gigantochloa scortechinii, Gigantochloa levis, Dendrocalamus asper, and Bambusa vulgaris. These four species' bamboo strips were treated with 5% boric acid and their properties were evaluated. The findings revealed that the boric acid treatment had varying degrees of effect on the properties of the bamboo. Despite having lower treatability and stability, both G. scortechinii and G. levis have greatly superior mechanical properties that justify their use in the production of laminated products. The boric acid treatment was found to provide several benefits to bamboo strips intended for lamination, including increased wettability, dimensional stability, and mechanical strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Propolis has high potential beneficial bioactive properties such as anti-oxidative, anti­microbial, and anti-tumour activities. However, the bitter taste and the insolubility nature of propolis in water lead to some limitations in their usage in functional food applications. Experimental Approach: Herein, we evaluated the effects of nanoencapsulation of propolis at the different concentration levels (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 %) into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanoparticles using the electrospraying method, on the structural, physical, antioxidant, antimicrobial and thermal properties. Key Results: The results revealed that the fabricated nanocapsules (PVA-NPs) obtained under optimal conditions had uniform size distribution and unstable particles with small particle size between 104-258 nm, a polydispersity index

This study explores the effect of alkali treatment at ambient (25 °C) and elevated temperatures (100 °C) on the physicochemical, structural, morphological, and thermal properties of Calamus tenuis cane fibers (CTCFs) for the first time. Our purpose is to investigate their potential use as reinforcement in polymer composites, since cane fibers are generally known for their accurate and consistent geometrical orientation. Treatment with 8% (w/v) sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is carried out at ambient temperature and at 100 °C for 4 h. Chemical analysis and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) indicate some removal of non-cellulosic elements from CTCFs during alkali treatment, resulting in increased surface roughness, as confirmed by using SEM micrographs. This removal of non-cellulosic elements leads to an enhancement in the density of the treated CTCFs. Untreated and treated fibers are analyzed for maximum degradation temperature, thermal stability, and kinetic activation energy (Ea) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In particular, Ea was considerably diminished with treatment and temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show an improved crystallinity index (37.38% to 44.02%) and crystallite size (2.73 nm to 2.98 nm) for fibers treated with 8% NaOH at ambient temperature. In conclusion, a general benefit was achieved by treating CTCFs, though the influence of increasing temperature treatment appears controversial.

The goal of this study is to thoroughly comprehend the advantages of rattan (Calamus beccarii) as potential reinforcement in polymeric composites. The influence of various chemical treatments on thermal, morphological, mechanical and water absorption characteristics of natural rattan (RA) stem fiber were investigated. In this research, RA fiber surface was modified through different chemical treatments such as alkalization, bleaching, and benzoylation. The presence of voids and rough surfaces was investigated on SEM micrographs which are due to removal of lignin, wax, and oils from the fiber surface to a large extent. The results obtained from Fourier transform infrared may indicate the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compounds in the case of untreated and treated RA fiber. The increase in tensile strength and Young’s modulus confirms improvement in the mechanical properties of the RA fiber after chemical treatment. It was observed that alkali-treated RA fibers exhibit highest mechanical properties (295.28 MPa tensile strength, 8.23 GPa Young’s modulus). Also, X-ray diffraction analysis gives a higher crystallinity index (62.50%) for treated RA fiber. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms that there was an increase in the thermal stability of the fiber after chemical treatment. Overall results confirm that the RA fiber is appropriate for use as a reinforcing phase in composite materials for prospective engineering semi-structural applications such as roofing sheets, bricks, door panels, furniture panels, interior paneling, storage tanks, and pipelines.

The significant environmental pollution caused by synthetic fibers drew researchers’ attention to the development of eco-friendly reinforcement for composite products. This study seeks to identify an alternative novel natural fiber from the Cryptostegia Grandiflora (CG) plant as a reinforcement material for bio composites. The fiber chemical compositions, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, and tensile test for single fiber are all examined. The fiber had a cellulose content of 79.20% and a crystallinity index of 62%. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis confirms that Cryptostegia Grandiflora fiber (CGF) can withstand temperatures as high as 230°C. It has a density of 1.02 g/cc and a tensile strength of 791 MPa on average. This novel Cryptostegia Grandiflora fiber will undoubtedly be used as reinforcement material in bio-composite materials.

Titanium (Ti)-based implants play a significant role in rigid internal fixation in maxillofacial surgery. No study has reported that three-dimensional-printed Ti alloy plates (3D-Ti plates) have comprehensively excellent properties similar to standard plates (Matrix-MANDIBLE, SYNTHES, Switzerland) (Synthes-Ti plates). In this work, we manufactured 3D-Ti plates by selective laser melting with Ti6Al4V powder. The surface morphology, mechanical properties, and bone–plate contact rate of the 3D-Ti plates and the Synthes-Ti plates were characterized and compared via electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Vickers hardness test, three-point bending test, and software calculation. Human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSCs) were cultured on the plates to test their biocompatibility. Importantly, the 3D-Ti plates were placed into a mandibular fracture model to assess the effect of medical application for 4 and 24 weeks. The 3D-Ti plates were demonstrated to have similar biocompatibility and stability for rigid internal fixation with the Synthes-Ti plates, lower roughness (106.44 ± 78.35 nm), better mechanical strength (370.78 ± 1.25 HV10), and a higher bone–plate contact rate (96.9%). These promising results indicate the feasibility of using 3D-Ti plates for irregular shapes and complex anatomical structures in a clinical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to thoroughly comprehend the advantages of rattan (Calamus beccarii) as potential reinforcement in polymeric composites. The influence of various chemical treatments on thermal, morphological, mechanical and water absorption characteristics of natural rattan (RA) stem fiber were investigated. In this research, RA fiber surface was modified through different chemical treatments such as alkalization, bleaching, and benzoylation. The presence of voids and rough surfaces was investigated on SEM micrographs which are due to removal of lignin, wax, and oils from the fiber surface to a large extent. The results obtained from Fourier transform infrared may indicate the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compounds in the case of untreated and treated RA fiber. The increase in tensile strength and Young’s modulus confirms improvement in the mechanical properties of the RA fiber after chemical treatment. It was observed that alkali-treated RA fibers exhibit highest mechanical properties (295.28 MPa tensile strength, 8.23 GPa Young’s modulus). Also, X-ray diffraction analysis gives a higher crystallinity index (62.50%) for treated RA fiber. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms that there was an increase in the thermal stability of the fiber after chemical treatment. Overall results confirm that the RA fiber is appropriate for use as a reinforcing phase in composite materials for prospective engineering semi-structural applications such as roofing sheets, bricks, door panels, furniture panels, interior paneling, storage tanks, and pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant environmental pollution caused by synthetic fibers drew researchers’ attention to the development of eco-friendly reinforcement for composite products. This study seeks to identify an alternative novel natural fiber from the Cryptostegia Grandiflora (CG) plant as a reinforcement material for bio composites. The fiber chemical compositions, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, and tensile test for single fiber are all examined. The fiber had a cellulose content of 79.20% and a crystallinity index of 62%. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis confirms that Cryptostegia Grandiflora fiber (CGF) can withstand temperatures as high as 230°C. It has a density of 1.02 g/cc and a tensile strength of 791 MPa on average. This novel Cryptostegia Grandiflora fiber will undoubtedly be used as reinforcement material in bio-composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of acidified chlorite (NaClO2) and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching were evaluated relative to the properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fabricated from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres (OPEFB). The MCC properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods, and they were compared with commercial MCC. The results revealed that all MCC belongs to cellulose type 1 and OPEFBNaClO2-MCC showed a higher crystallinity index than OPEFB-TCF-MCC. The TGA indicated that all MCC samples showed a higher decomposition temperature compared to pure cellulose. However, OPEFB-NaClO2-MCC showed better thermal stability than OPEFB-TCF-MCC. It was clear from SEM images that the different MCC particles had rough surfaces and micro-sized particles. Overall, results confirmed that the obtained MCC samples displayed comparable properties with those of commercial MCC. The MCC produced from OPEFB using NaClO2 is a promising material to prepare high value-added products compared to MCC produced using TCF delignification treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Study of the process followed by an Emulsion Polyvinyl Chloride droplet in a spray dryer is necessary to understand the morphology of produced dry powder. For the Production of E-PVC, vinyl chloride monomer turns into liquid under pressure and high temperature. This liquid is extracted into the water in the form of emulsion with the help of an emulsifier, and polymerization is performed using water-soluble catalysts. Investigating the operational parameters of the latex drying process can provide helpful information for the design process. In the present study, a pilot plant of Arvand petrochemical spray dryer with a scale of 1:10 is constructed and studied. The purpose of this study is to experimentally analyze the drying of E-PVC in a pilot-scale spray dryer with a particular focus on determining the effects of drying conditions on the powder properties including morphology. For this purpose, the pilot-scale dryer is constructed, and the impact of various parameters such as inlet air temperature, atomization ratio, and latex concentration on outlet temperature and powder moisture content are investigated. A scanning electron microscope is employed to observe the particle morphology parameters mentioned above. The results showed that the outlet temperature decreased dramatically by increasing the atomization ratio and latex concentration. The results showed that more than 90% of the E-PVC particles are solid spheres. About 6% of donut-like particles, about 3% of particles with pore, less than 1% of broken hollow particles. The SEM image of latex used in experiments with a concentration of 40% and a Class D was taken to determine the shape of the latex particles. The picture showed that the particles were spherical before the drying, so the particles' final deformation is due to spray parameters changes during the drying process. From the morphological viewpoint, the number of agglomerates increased at higher inlet temperatures. More than 84% of particles maintained their spherical shape and have a diameter of 15-20 microns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to show the effect of cows' manure, date palm residues, sand fraction and the interactions between them in treating the common cracking phenomenon in some soils of holy karbala governorate, and their role in improving some of the physical characteristics of those soils, represented in soil aggregates stability, modules of rupture, and linear expansion coefficient.Two agricultural sites were selected whose soils are characterized by heavy clay textures and widespread of cracking phenomenon within the holy Karbala governorate, the first was in Al-Kamaliya area and the second in Al-Khairat area. The results, showed a decrease in number of cracked masses, and their sizes in both studied soils. with an increase in levels of addition of animal manure, and plant residues and sand,and reached to lowest in treatments in which cracks disappeared while the highest values of mean weight diameter were reached in the treatments in which cracks disappeared for the soil of two study sites. Results showed that the decreased values of modules of rupture and linear expansion coefficient of soil with increasing the rates of addition and reaching to the lowest values in the treatments in which cracks disappeared compared to reference treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study set out with the aim of assessing the morphology and properties of lignocellulosic fiber extracted from the tubers mainly found in tropical forests called arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Arrowroot bagasse (ABF) and husk fibers (AHF) were extracted and the physical, chemical, thermal, morphological properties, as well as crystallinity, were characterized. The chemical composition analysis revealed that ABF has higher cellulose (45.97%) than AHF (37.35%), cassava bagasse (10.04%), and corn hull (15.30%). In addition, ABF are significantly low in lignin (2.78%) and density (1.11 g/cm3) than AHF, corn hull, and cassava. In this research, the physical, chemical, thermal, structural, and morphological properties of arrowroot bagasse and husk fibers were investigated by particle size analysis, chemical composition analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. With respect to the above characterization of fibers, it was found that the lignocellulosic biomasses from arrowroot are alternative promising sustainable material, which can be used in food packaging as a renewable filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Washingtonia is a palm tree that enriched with lignocellulosic biomass, which provided it with the potentiality for various applications. In this study, different biomass from Washingtonia plant, i.e. leaf stalk (W-LS), trunk core (W-TC), and trunk spine (W-TS) fibers, were collectively investigated by characterization. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination, the spine-shape structure of W-TS fiber along with its small particle size might facilitate it for fabrication reactivity. From chemical and elemental composition analysis, both W-TC and W-TS fibers were found with high cellulose content, while with the closely similar residual elements, suggesting them from the same source of trunk segment. However, the low cellulose content of W-LS fiber with its high ash content had somehow reduced its crystallinity and thermal stability properties. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the crystallinity was estimated the highest for W-TS (68.2%), and while with the lowest for W-LS fiber (57.3%), which in line with the detected functional groups by Fourier Transform Infrared-ray (FTIR) spectrophotometry. In thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis, all fibers possessed great thermal resistance with Tonset in the range of 307.4–328.1°C and Tpeak in the range of 352.4–347.9°C. Washingtonia fiber had a high potential to be applied as a bio-material for versatile applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niobium pentoxide Nb2O5 nanoparticles were synthesized by laser ablation in water employing 1064nm, 12.09 J/cm2 laser fluence and 150 pulses. X-ray pattern showed intense peaks of orthorhombic T-Nb2O5 and the grain sizes ranged from (58.245 -244.664nm) while dislocation density was (0.294--0.016nm) and micro strains were (5.2-3.4nm). The optical properties showed an absorption edge at (309nm) and the energy band gap was (4.15eV). TEM image showed spherical agglomerated particles with moderate concentration, while the average particles size was about (40nm). FESEM images also showed small spherical particles aggregated forming larger sized particles and the average particles size was less than (30nm). EDX image confirmed the existence of niobium and oxygen elements and the stoichiometry of niobium pentoxide was 66.03%. AFM image showed vertically oriented (pyramid shaped) particles with average particle size (9nm) while roughness was (3.558nm) and RMS roughness was (4.194nm). FTIR results and Raman spectroscopy showed a peak referring to the Nb-O-Nb bond which indicates the formation of the Nb2O5 complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the production and characterization of phosphate glass fibers (PGF) for application as composite reinforcement. Phosphate glasses belonging to the system 52P2O524CaO13MgO (11-(X + Y)) K2OXFe2O3YTiO2 (X:1, 3, 5) and (Y:0.5, 1) were elaborated and converted to phosphate glass fibers. First, their mechanical properties and chemical durability were investigated. Then, the optimized PGF compositions were used afterward as reinforcement for thermosetting composite materials. Polyester matrices reinforced with short phosphate glass fibers (sPGF) up to 20 wt % were manufactured by the contact molding process. The mechanical and morphological properties of different sPGF-reinforced polyester systems were evaluated. The choice between the different phosphate-based glass syntheses (PGFs) was determined by their superior mechanical performance, their interesting chemical durability, and their high level of dispersion in the polyester matrix without any ad sizing as proven by SEM morphological analysis. Moreover, the characterization of mechanical properties revealed that the tensile and flexural moduli of the developed polyester-based composites were improved by increasing the sPGF content in the polymer matrix in perfect agreement with Takayanagi model predictions. The present work thus highlights some promising results to obtain high-quality phosphate glass fiber-reinforced polyester parts which can be transposed to other thermosetting or thermoplastic-based composites for high-value applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulsed laser ablation technique is a safe and eco-friendly method, this technique was used to prepare gold (Au) and zinc oxide (ZnO) in two forms, both as core:shell nanoparticles (CS NPs) and a nanocomposite (NC). The absorption behaviour for Au/ZnO NCs and Au:ZnO CS NPs was investigated the UV-visible of Au NPs peak at 525 nm whiles the peak of the ZnO NPs at 375 nm. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show the average size of Au NPs is 30–45 nm adhering to ZnO NPs with an average size of 55–60 nm. In Au/ZnO CSNPs, Au acts as a core while the ZnO nanoparticles produced a shell; in spherical gold nanoparticles, the average shell thickness of ZnO is 10–15 nm. As synthesised, the Au:ZnO CSNPs are endowed with high photocatalytic activity even after multiple cycles of photo-catalytic reactions when compared with Au/ZnO NCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduced an automated approach employing 3D scanner for quick and precise aggregates shape analysis. Recognizing existing gaps, there is still an industry demand to propose a standardized method for measuring material characteristics using 3D scanning. By addressing the limitations of previous studies, this research considered unexplored aspects of 3D scanning to improve the speed and efficiency of that. This research comprehensively examined nearly 1500 aggregates from five natural sources and five types of slag. Four statistical tests named Mann-Whitney U, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Bootstrap, and Permutation were utilized to determine the optimal sample size for scanning. The findings suggest that scanning just 100 aggregates from each source is sufficient to be a small representative of the whole dataset and it can significantly reduce resource use while maintaining data integrity. As a practical insight, it has tried to scan a batch of 25 aggregates simultaneously in one session which could improve efficiency of scanning by reducing the processing time to just 0.6 min per particle. In MATLAB® software, some common bounding volume techniques such as Axis-Aligned, Oriented, Ellipsoid, and Sphere Bounding Box were used to analyze morphological properties. The findings showed that the aggregates sourced from Basalt, Moraine, and most of slags have more cubical shapes, while Porphyrit and Diabase aggregates are more elongated, flaky, and angular. This study also provided a comparative study of how various techniques for stone crushing affect the morphology of aggregates. The results indicate that a combination of jaw, cone, and horizontal impact crusher produces more spherical and cubical aggregates. Replacing of the cone crusher with a gyratory crusher in the same combination can improve elongation and sphericity slightly but may increase flaky particles. These insights offer valuable guidelines for future research and practical applications in construction material optimization. • Developing an automated approach for obtaining the 2D/3D shape index of aggregates. • Applying Bounding Volume Techniques in MATLAB to analyze morphological properties. • Influence of the source of aggregates on the shape properties of particles. • Effects of the employed crushing methods on the shape index of aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to prepare calcium chelate of low-molecular-weight tuna bone collagen peptides (TBCPLMW) with a high chelation rate and to identify its structural characteristics and stability. The optimum conditions for calcium chelation of TBCPLMW (TBCPLMW-Ca) were determined through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, and the calcium-chelating capacity reached over 90% under the optimal conditions. The amino acid compositions implied that Asp and Glu played important roles in the formation of TBCPLMW-Ca. Structural characterizations determined via spectroscopic analyses revealed that functional groups such as -COO−, N-H, C=O, and C-O were involved in forming TBCPLMW-Ca. The particle size distributions and scanning electron microscopy results revealed that folding and aggregation of peptides were found in the chelate. Stability studies showed that TBCPLMW-Ca was relatively stable under thermal processing and more pronounced changes have been observed in simulated gastric digestion, presumably the acidic environment was the main factor causing the dissociation of the TBCPLMW-Ca. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the preparation of a novel calcium supplement and is beneficial for comprehensive utilization of tuna bones.