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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of a new magnetic coagulant, obtained from Moringa oleifera seeds protein functionalized with iron oxide nanoparticles to remove four anionic synthetic dyes with coagulation/flocculation assays followed by magnetic sedimentation. The results showed that the presence of a magnetic field during sedimentation considerably accelerates the separation and increases the dye removal efficiency. Amaranth dye removal increased from 45 to 86% and Sunset Yellow from 15 to 69% with the presence of magnetic field, while Reactive Black 5 and Brilliant Blue reached 94% and 52% removal, respectively. For AM and SY dyes, the best protein concentration is 150 mg L−1, for RB5 dye is 115 mg L−1, and for BB dye is 75 mg L−1. The sedimentation time decreased from 30 to 5 min with magnetic sedimentation. The residual value of AM dye decreased from 10.76 mg L−1 to approximately 2.71 mg L−1, and with SY the residual concentration decreased from approximately 16.79 mg L−1 to 6.36 mg L−1. The removal of BB and RB5 dyes reached an approximate final value of 48.2 mg L−1 (52%) and 1.18 mg L−1 (94%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the skin can lead to oxidative stress and is believed to contribute to skin aging due to UV radiation. Moringa oleifera Lam. is one of the plants that contains various types of antioxidant compounds. This research aims to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and fractions from moringa leaves, as well as to formulate and characterize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) from the selected part of moringa leaves with the best antioxidant activity. Methods: Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. Fractionation was done using liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water as solvents. Antioxidant activity tests on the extract and fractions were conducted using TLC-Bioautography and determination of IC50 values using the DPPH method. Results: The IC50 values for the extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and aqueous-ethanol fraction were 199.79 ± 1.89, 194.96 ± 0.52, 85.77 ± 1.04, and 155.93 ± 2.51 µg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction was chosen as the active ingredient for further preparation of NLC due to its best antioxidant activity. The obtained optimal formula consisted of 0.5% ethyl acetate fraction of moringa leaves, 1.8% glyceryl monostearate, 4.2% oleic acid, 4% Tween 80, and 1% TEGO® Care 165. The resulting NLC had a particle size of 253.63 ± 4.97 nm, polydispersity index of 0.34 ± 0.06, zeta potential of -35.59 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 38.08 ± 15.94%. The antioxidant activity of NLC-Ethyl acetate fraction of moringa leaves increased compared to the IC50 of the ethyl acetate fraction, becoming 71.76 ± 0.81 µg/mL. The NLC-Ethyl acetate fraction formulation showed stability at temperatures of 2-8°C for 14 days. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. loaded NLC formula can be improved as a potential antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a fast-growing and drought-resistant tree of the Moringaceae family. The tree is known with some common names: miracle, ben oil, drumstick, horseradish or simply moringa. The plant grows in a variety of environments including harsh conditions. The plant has a high content of phytonutrients, being used as natural integrators to cure malnutrition. Phytochemical studies of plant organs showed the plant as a rich source of primary and secondary metabolites belonging to different classes of organic compounds. Pharmacological studies confirmed the use of the plant to cure several diseases and to possess nutraceutical properties. This review is aimed to contribute to the knowledge of M. oleifera by providing its plant description, phytochemistry and pharmacology.

ABSTRACT One of the most important steps is to clarify the juice, which are added synthetic polymer acrylamide base, aiming the fast settling of impurities present in the juice. However, this input is expensive and may have carcinogenic and neurotoxic actions to humans. The search for new natural flocculants that have similarity with the commercial product is of great value. A bioextract that may be promising and has coagulant action is the Moringa oleifera Lam. In this context, the objective of the research was to evaluate the consequences of the use of moringa seed extracts and various concentrations of commercial polymer, such as sedimentation aids in clarifying sugarcane juice in the ethanol production, comparing the efficiency of the bioextract moringa. In the treatment of the juice, excessive addition of flocculants can result in reduction of sugars. The bioflocculant moringa was similar in technological features and the fermentative viability compared to usual dose of commercial polymer in Brazil. The fermentation efficiency was also higher for this flocculant, followed by moringa extract. The results obtained in this research indicate potential to the moringa bioextract, particularly in countries where the doses of flocculants are higher than 5 mg.L-1.

Objective: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the potent anti-obesity effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) ethanolic extract and to clarify the link between these mechanisms and the associated metabolic and vascular risks in the experimental model of visceral obesity. Methods: M. oleifera ethanolic extract was orally administered at 600 mg/kg body weight in obese female rats daily for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, body weight was determined, and the atherogenic index, coronary artery index, glucose level, insulin resistance status, liver and kidney functions were assessed. Also, the mRNA of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in visceral adipose tissue was determined by quantitative real time-PCR. Results: The results showed that M. oleifera extract down-regulated mRNA expression of leptin and resistin, while it up-regulated adiponectin gene expression in obese rats relative to untreated obese control counterparts. This amelioration of genes expression was paralleled by a reduction in body weight and improvement of the atherogenic index and coronary artery index, as well as glucose level and insulin resistance value without adverse effects on liver or kidney functions, versus the untreated obese control ones. Conclusions: It is reasonable to assume that the anti-obesity, anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic properties of M. oleifera are mechanistically achieved via working directly on the adipokines of the visceral adipose tissue. Therefore, M. oleifera may be a good therapeutic candidate for the symptoms of metabolic syndrome.

Oral hygiene and control of microbial plaque biofilm formation are effective methods for preventing gingivitis. Mouthwashes containing leaf extracts of the medicinal plants Citrus hystrix DC. (KL), Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (NE) were assessed for oral healthcare and gingivitis adjunctive treatment. Three types of mouthwash were developed; KL, a combination of KL and MO (KL + MO), and a combination of KL, and NE (KL + NE). The mouthwashes were tested in vivo on 47 subjects with gingivitis who were allocated into five groups as (i) placebo, (ii) KL, (iii) KL + MO, (iv) KL + NE, and (v) 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). Participants were instructed to rinse with herbal mouthwash twice daily for two weeks. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and oral microbial colonies were measured at baseline and 15 days. Results showed that GI and PI of groups (ii)–(iv) significantly decreased over the placebo group, while accumulative reduction percentages of both Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp. were found in groups (iii) and (iv). Findings indicated that the herbal mouthwashes reduced GI and PI, and showed potential as oral healthcare products.

Copyright of Journal of Food & Dairy Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis fermented Moringa oleifera Lam (MO-B). • Fermented Moringa oleifera Lam exert the high content of phenolic compounds. • MO-B strongly attenuate the pro-inflammation cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. • MO-B inhibited the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. • MO-B significantly reduces TLR4/NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is traditionally used to treat various ailments, including swelling, hypertension, and diabetes. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) - fermented MO (MO-B) on LPS-mediated RAW 264.7 cells. HPLC analysis showed that (+)-catechin, ellagic acid, and quercetin-3-glucuronide contents of MO-B were markedly higher than those of MO extract. MO-B contained kaempferol, which was not observed in MO. MO-B exhibited better inhibitory effects on the inflammatory factors NO and ROS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells than MO and B. lactis , and the expression of pro-inflammation cytokine (IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα) was significantly downregulated in LPS-activated macrophages following MO-B-treatment. MO-B also suppressed the TLR4/NF-κB pathway cells and ameliorated the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways, involved in the regulatory mechanisms underlying NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Our results suggest that MO-B have the possibility to be a novel anti-inflammatory agent for use in therapeutics or as an ingredient in functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera (MO) is an important plant for traditional medicine. The present study aimed to identify the MO active phytochemical compounds for their ability against inflamed macrophages. An ethyl acetate extract fraction of MO was fractionation by flash column chromatography. Human macrophages were stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide and then treated with fractions of MO to examine their anti-inflammatory activity and cellular mechanism. The active fractions were analyzed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS). MO treated cells showed a decreased production of pro-inflammatory mediator in response to lipopolysaccharide. This was evident at both mRNA and protein levels. The study revealed that MO suppressed mRNA expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, PTGS2, NF-κB (P50), and RelA. Furthermore, the extract effectively inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2. Interestingly, the effect of MO inhibited phosphorylation of IκB-α and the ability to reduce expression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, suppressing its nuclear translocation. Moreover, LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis of the MO active fraction revealed seven compounds, namely 3,4-Methyleneazelaic acid, (2S)-2-phenylmethoxybutane-1,4-diol, (2R)-2-phenylmethoxybutane-1, 4-diol, γ-Diosphenol, 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-6-(1-oxobutyl)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetrione, 3-Hydroxy-β-ionone, and Tuberonic acid. Our findings highlight the ability of MO compounds to inhibit inflammation through regulation of the NF-κB pathway.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wilting and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) addition on the silage fermentation quality and microbial community of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf silage. Unwilted (direct-cut) or wilted M. oleifera leaves were prepared either with or without LP (1.0 × 106 cfu/g) followed by either 60 or 120 days of ensiling, leading to eight treatment groups. The results showed that lactic acid was the dominant fermentation product, and no butyric acid was detected for any of the treatments. Higher acetic acid and propionic acid were detected during the fermentation of wilted silage compared to unwilted silage. Although NH3-N content increased after wilting, the content was far below 10% of the dry matter (DM). In addition, higher pH was observed after 120 days of ensiling compared to 60 days. Wilting also influenced the bacterial community structure. Lactobacillus was the most dominant genus in unwilted samples while Enterobacteriales, Weissella, and Pantoea were the most dominant genera in wilted samples. Furthermore, the relative abundance of undesirable microorganisms was far below that of lactic acid bacteria in all treatments. In summary, wilting had significant effects on fermentation quality, and it was shown that M. oleifera leaves can undergo quality ensiling directly without the addition of LP.

Moringa oleifera leaves are an inexpensive substitute for staple foods. Despite limited data, Moringa oleifera leaf protein (Mo-Pr) may be allergenic in BALB/c mice. In mouse models and allergic patients, dendritic cells (DCs) may be involved in food allergy. In addition, some allergens, including food allergens, can directly activate DCs and induce Th2 polarization. We investigated whether Mo-Pr can modulate the functional profile of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro. BMDCs were obtained from mouse bone marrow cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 7 days and then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Mo-Pr. BMDC phenotypes were evaluated via flow cytometry, cytokine production was assessed using ELISA, the expression of key genes was studied using qRT-PCR, the effects on T-cell differentiation were investigated using mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and transcriptional changes in BMDCs were investigated using RNA-Seq. Mo-Pr-specific IgE was investigated in recipient serum after BMDC transfer. Mo-Pr treatment significantly induced BMDC maturation, increased the expression of CD80/86 and MHC II, resulted in the production of IL-12 and TNF-α, and induced T-cell differentiation. Mo-Pr treatment stimulated BMDCs' expression of the Th2 promoters OX40L and TIM-4, induced the production of the Th2-type chemokines CCL22 and CCL17, and decreased the Th1/Th2 ratio in vitro. Healthy recipients of Mo-Pr-treated BMDCs produced Mo-Pr-specific IgE.

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada - RBAI is the property of Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada - RBAI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wilting and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) addition on the silage fermentation quality and microbial community of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf silage. Unwilted (direct-cut) or wilted M. oleifera leaves were prepared either with or without LP (1.0 × 106 cfu/g) followed by either 60 or 120 days of ensiling, leading to eight treatment groups. The results showed that lactic acid was the dominant fermentation product, and no butyric acid was detected for any of the treatments. Higher acetic acid and propionic acid were detected during the fermentation of wilted silage compared to unwilted silage. Although NH3-N content increased after wilting, the content was far below 10% of the dry matter (DM). In addition, higher pH was observed after 120 days of ensiling compared to 60 days. Wilting also influenced the bacterial community structure. Lactobacillus was the most dominant genus in unwilted samples while Enterobacteriales , Weissella , and Pantoea were the most dominant genera in wilted samples. Furthermore, the relative abundance of undesirable microorganisms was far below that of lactic acid bacteria in all treatments. In summary, wilting had significant effects on fermentation quality, and it was shown that M. oleifera leaves can undergo quality ensiling directly without the addition of LP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds available in Ecuador were used. • Coagulant-flocculant action was tested through jar tests. • Three real water sources, including a waste water effluent, were evaluated. • Experimental design was used for optimum particle size range selection. • COD, turbidity and E. Coli levels were reduced below legislation requirements. Abstract Moringa oleifera (MO) Lam. seeds and MO powder waste (an available residue from oil-extracted MO cotyledon), available in the Ecuadorian coast region were investigated as natural coagulant-flocculant agents for drinking and wastewater treatment applications. The optimum particle size range of crushed moringa seeds without husk at a fixed dosage of 50 mg/L was evaluated during jar tests. Three water sources from the Metropolitan District of Quito (MDQ), Ecuador: Monjas and San Pedro Rivers (main rivers that crosses the district) and the effluent from a Pilot Water Resource Recovery Facility (PWRRF), were selected. When coagulation-flocculation process was applied as a sole process after the recollection of crude water, the statistical results from a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) over the sources concluded that water quality was improved by 41.90–51.94%, 55.32–71.10%, and 74.42–87.73%, for chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and E. Coli , respectively. In addition, the use of moringa powder waste and complete moringa seeds also proved suitable for COD, iron, and turbidity removal, where moringa powder was significantly apt for turbidity removal, and moringa treatments with husk, were significantly apt for iron reduction. The statistical differences from particle size range and dosage studies, as well as the results from the use of different moringa seed parts are thoroughly discussed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of using Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) seeds in the biosorption of nitrate present in aqueous solutions by means of batch and fixed-bed column biosorption processes. The batch assays showed that nitrate biosorption is enhanced under experimental conditions of pH 3 and a biosorbent mass of 0.05 g. For the experiments in dynamic mode, the results obtained from the statistical parameters showed that lesser pH, lesser feed flow rate, and higher initial concentration will result in an increase of the maximum capacity of the bed. These conditions were confirmed by experimental analysis. The best experimental conditions, according to the values for percentage removal (91.09%) and maximum capacity (7.69 mg g−1) of the bed, were those used in assay 1, which utilized pH 3, feed flow rate of 1 mL min−1, and initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg L−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its unique economic value, Moringa oleifera Lam. has become a tree species with great development potential. This paper firstly introduced the value of development and utilization of M. oleifera in nutrition, medicinal, industrial, greening, etc. Then, focusing on the current development status of M. oleifera industry in Guangxi ad combining Guangxi's resource conditions, it came up with recommendations for the comprehensive development and rational utilization of M. oleifera. Besides, it made a prediction of the prospect of Se-enriched M. oleifera industry in Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) has a wide range of uses due to its high nutritional value and the high oil content of its seeds. Many aspects of its reproductive biology remain poorly understood. We investigated the floral morphology of drumstick, its stigma receptivity and the structural and cytochemical features of the stigma and style at different developmental stages. The inflorescences are panicles of hermaphroditic flowers, with a pistil consisting of one open-type stigma and a hollow stylar canal. Stigma receptivity was assayed based on pollen germination, pollen tube growth and fruit set following artificial pollination. Flowers at later developmental stages exhibited greater stigma receptivity, higher percentages of pollen germination and a higher fruit set than those in earlier stages. Enhanced stigma receptivity was associated with increased amounts of insoluble polysaccharides, lipids and proteins in the canal cells at later developmental stages. An ultrastructural study of the cells lining the canal indicated that they were secretory cells containing an enlarged endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, mitochondria, plastids and ribosomes. Post-anthesis, these organelles exhibited degeneration at the end of the secretory phase. This study provides an important contribution to current knowledge of the anatomy and ultrastructure of the style and stigma in drumstick. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural functional hydrophilic colloids with glycolipid-lowering activities have remarkable application prospects but scarce. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf (MOL) is a good candidate for novel plant-based functional hydrophilic colloid, but the development of high-purity MOL polysaccharide (MOLP) is limited due to high protein and pigment contents in MOL and bottleneck of green preparation. In this study, a green preparation strategy for high-purity MOLP as a functional hydrophilic colloid was established through comparative evaluation of different enzyme-assisted extraction and conventional/non-conventional purification methods on purity and function of MOLP. Liquid nitrogen pulverization coupled with cellulase enzymolysis, high-temperature treatment and yeast fermentation was optimal to extract MOLP. Dual protease enzymolysis in combination of dual resins absorption was screened out as the most efficient purification method for MOLP in comparison with TCA, sevage, enzymolysis, and chromatography methods. High-purity MOLP with high molecular weight exceeding 1000 kDa and high proportions of Ara and Gal showed strong glycolipid absorption inhibitory activity, prebiotic effect on human gut probiotics related to glycolipid metabolism, and good function property e.g. light color, viscoelasticity, emulsibility and water/oil holding capacity, which exceeded commercial pectin in bioactivity and resembled commercial pectin in functionality. The positive correlation between purity of MOLP and function was clarified in terms of correlation coefficients of total sugar content/molecular weight distribution and bioactivity/functionality. It offered theoretical direction for the development of high-purity polysaccharide as functional hydrophilic colloid from leaf-derived raw materials. [Display omitted] • Three-step enzyme-assisted extraction effectively extracted Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf polysaccharide (MOLP). • Dual protease enzymolysis in combination of dual resins was optimal to purify MOLP. • MOLP had stronger glycolipid-lowering activity than commercial pectin. • MOLP had good functional property and resembled commercial pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken to assess variation in antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of thirteen Moringa oleifera cultivars obtained from different locations across the globe. Standard antioxidant methods including the DPPH scavenging, ferric reducing power (FRAP) and β-carotene-linoleic acid model were used to evaluate the activity. Variation in the antioxidant activity was observed, with TOT4951 from Thailand being the most active, with activity five times higher than that of ascorbic acid (reference compound). A different trend was observed for the activity in the FRAP and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae) strains using the microdilution method. Acetone extracts of all cultivars exhibited good antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae (MIC values of 0.78 mg/mL). The remaining extracts exhibited weak activity against the two microorganisms. For the antifungal activity, all the extracts exhibited low activity. Variations were observed in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Cultivars TOT5169 (Thailand) and SH (South Africa) exhibited highest amounts of total phenolic compounds while TOT5028 (Thailand) exhibited the lowest amounts of five times lower than the highest. The information offer an understanding on variations between cultivars from different geographical locations and is important in the search for antioxidant supplementation and anti-ageing products.

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. (LM-A) is reported to have many health beneficial bioactivities and no obvious toxicity, but have mild adverse effects. Little is known about the mechanism of these reported adverse effects. Notably, there has been no report about the influence of LM-A on intestinal microecology. In this study, animal experiments were performed to explore the relationships between metabolic adaptation to an LM-A-supplemented diet and gut microbiota changes. After 8-week feeding with normal chow diet, the body weight of mice entered a stable period, and one of the group received daily doses of 750-mg/kg body weight LM-A by gavage for 4 weeks (assigned as LM); the other group received the vehicle (assigned as NCD). The liver weight to body weight ratio was enhanced, and the ceca were enlarged in the LM group compared with the NCD group. LM-A-supplemented-diet mice elicited a uniform metabolic adaptation, including slightly influenced fasting glucose and blood lipid profiles, significantly reduced liver triglycerides content, enhanced serum lipopolysaccharide level, activated inflammatory responses in the intestine and liver, compromised gut barrier function, and broken intestinal homeostasis. Many metabolic changes in mice were significantly correlated with altered specific gut bacteria. Changes in Firmicutes, Eubacterium rectale/ Clostridium coccoides group, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, segmented filamentous bacteria, Enterococcus spp., and Sutterella spp. may play an important role in the process of host metabolic adaptation to LM-A administration. Our research provides an explanation of the adverse effects of LM-A administration on normal adult individuals in the perspective of microecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fibre and elements (phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese, lead, chromium, molybdenum, cadmium, cobalt, nickel and copper) were determined in extracted and unextracted Moringa oleifera leaves. The leaves were ground in a laboratory grinder (unextracted leaves) and a portion was subjected to continuous comprehensive water extraction at 95-100°C (extracted leaves). Next, densification was carried out in a rotary evaporator, where the material was dried natively in vacuum. The chemical content of the samples was analysed according to standard methods. The concentration of P was determined by the colorimetric method. An Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used to determine K, Na and Ca by emission flame spectroscopy, and Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr, Mo, Cd, Co, Ni and Cu by absorption flame spectroscopy. The nutritional value of herbs depends on the chemical composition of dry mass, especially the content of crude protein, mineral components and fibre fractions. The crude protein content of the extracted and unextracted leaves was 13.6 and 31.6% dry matter (d. m.), respectively. No crude fibre was found in the moringa leaf extract. Dried leaves contained 8% d. m. of crude fibre. Concentrations of crude fat in unextracted leaves implicated that they had five-fold more lipids than extracted from leaves. Total carbohydrates appeared to be the main component of dry mass. More total carbohydrates were found in the extract than in dried leaves (71 and 50% d. m., respectively). The research showed significant differences in the content of macronutrients between extracted and unextracted leaves of moringa. The extracted leaves contained higher quantities of all the studied macroelements. Moringa oleifera leaves may be considered to be a good and safe source of Fe, Zn and Cu. No Ni or Cd was found in the leaves of moringa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the potent anti-obesity effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. ( M. oleifera ) ethanolic extract and to clarify the link between these mechanisms and the associated metabolic and vascular risks in the experimental model of visceral obesity. Methods M. oleifera ethanolic extract was orally administered at 600 mg/kg body weight in obese female rats daily for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, body weight was determined, and the atherogenic index, coronary artery index, glucose level, insulin resistance status, liver and kidney functions were assessed. Also, the mRNA of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in visceral adipose tissue was determined by quantitative real time-PCR. Results The results showed that M. oleifera extract down-regulated mRNA expression of leptin and resistin, while it up-regulated adiponectin gene expression in obese rats relative to untreated obese control counterparts. This amelioration of genes expression was paralleled by a reduction in body weight and improvement of the atherogenic index and coronary artery index, as well as glucose level and insulin resistance value without adverse effects on liver or kidney functions, versus the untreated obese control ones. Conclusions It is reasonable to assume that the anti-obesity, anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic properties of M. oleifera are mechanistically achieved via working directly on the adipokines of the visceral adipose tissue. Therefore, M. oleifera may be a good therapeutic candidate for the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. is rich in phytochemical compounds especially glucosinolates (GSs) and isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are active compounds for cancer chemoprevention benefits of Brassicaceae vegetables. In this study, we determined the total contents of GSs and ITCs and their specific profiles in different Moringa tissues including seeds, stems, leaves and roots. Seeds (seeds with shell and seed kernel) showed significantly higher levels of total GSs and ITCs than that of other Moringa tissues. The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing capacity of total ITCs extracted from different Moringa tissues was determined by lead (II) acetate assay in 24-well plates. The H2S releasing capacity of different Moringa tissues were evaluated and compared. Moringa seeds showed the highest H2S releasing capacity, followed by roots, leaves and stems. Our results suggest that Moringa based foods may exhibit health benefits due to its GSs and ITCs contents that are the precursors for H2S, in addition to the recognized action mechanisms of ITCs.

In this study, Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) were fermented with or without pyroligneous acid (PA) for 3, 7, 14, and 30 days. PA addition enhanced the contents of acetic acid and true protein (P < 0.01) and decreased pH (P < 0.01) and the contents of coliform bacteria, nonprotein nitrogen (P < 0.01), and ammonium nitrogen (P < 0.01). With the addition of PA, the abundance of Lactobacillus increased, but the abundance of Enterobacter decreased. A total of 754 metabolites were identified. In the MOL fermented with PA, the contents of apigenin, arbutin, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, and 4-methoxy cinnamic acid increased, while the content of skatole decreased compared with the contents for the MOL fermented without PA. The detected metabolites were correlated with bacterial communities, especially Lactobacillus and Weissella. In conclusion, the addition of PA improves the fermentation quality and protein preservation and affects the microbial communities and metabolites of fermented MOL. • Pyroligneous acid (PA) improved the fermentation quality of Moringa oleifera leaves. • PA increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased that of Enterobacter. • PA changed the metabolites during the fermentation of M. oleifera leaves. • The metabolites were strongly correlated with Lactobacillus and Weissella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research evaluates the groundwater nitrate concentration of the Maringá region (Paraná State, Brazil) aiming at nitrate removal by coagulation/flocculation using a natural coagulant obtained from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera Lam. plant (MO) combined with an activated carbon filter. Groundwater samples were collected in Maringá City metropolitan area and characterized by physicochemical analyses. The results showed groundwater NO3− concentrations ranging from 0-60 mg NO3− L−1. Thus, the nitrate variation in the water used in the coagulation/flocculation assays lay between 10-60 mg · L−1 of NO3−. In these assays both aqueous and saline MO raw extracts were added (concentrations between 0.25-11 g · L−1). Coagulation/flocculation treatment with aqueous MO extract presents nitrate removal of 73.3 %, and saline MO extract presents 85.4 %. The source that presented the highest nitrate concentration along with the ideal MO concentration in the coagulation/flocculation process was used for the coagulation/flocculation process followed by activated carbon filtration. The treatment with MO combined with the filter met Brazilian, American, and international potability standards for nitrate and turbidity. The present study reveals the presence of nitrate in the groundwater of the area and also enables new procedures for treating this kind of water in small rural properties and needy communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Infertility is still a phenomenon in the community, so consuming Moringa leaves (&lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; Lam.) is expected to increase fertility. This study aimed to determine the effect of Moringa leaf extract (&lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; Lam.) on the diameter of the primary and secondary follicles in female mice (&lt;i&gt;Mus musculus&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; This study was an experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The population of this study was 45 mice and samples were obtained by a simple random sampling technique from as many as 24 mice with the following criteria: Weight 20-25 g, 2-3 months old, female and in good health. Data analysis was performed through the ANOVA Test with a confidence level of α = 0.05 and further tested for the least significant difference (LSD). &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Moringa leaf extract significantly positively affects the diameter of primary and secondary follicles in female mice (p<0.05). The average primary follicle diameter was P&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; (92.65 μm), P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (124.92 μm), P&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;(150.72 μm), P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (175.68 μm) and the average secondary follicle diameter was control (157.17 μm), P&lt;sub&gt;1 &lt;/sub&gt;(171.33 μm), P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (204.57 μm), P&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (211.11 μm). Giving Moringa leaf extract (&lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; Lam.) significantly increases the diameter of mice's primary and secondary follicles due to the presence of vitamin E in Moringa leaf extract (&lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; Lam.). &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; This can stimulate granulosa cells to secrete the hormone estrogen, causing an increase in the diameter of the primary and secondary follicles.

The use of natural antioxidants has been widely promoted in the food industry, because it is economically viable and very attractive with consumers. In this study, we determined the extractable total phenolic content (FET) of crude ethanol extracts of the leaves (EL), flowers, and seed pods of Moringa oleifera Lam. We also evaluated the antioxidant effect of the extracts on oxidative stability of soybean oil, through the accelerated PDSC and Rancimat techniques using the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) as positive control. The values of FET in the extracts ranged from 41.75 ± 3.35 to 53.69 ± 1.00 mg GAE g, and EL extract exhibited best result. The results of oxidative stability in both techniques showed that the EL extract provided greater protection to the oil, indicating a correlation between the amount of FET and the protective effect. Comparison made between the synthetic antioxidants and extracts revealed that in the Rancimat technique, extracts were less effective than the synthetic antioxidants TBHQ and BHT, however, in the PDSC technique the EL extract was more effective than BHT, proving to be a good alternative for applications in the soybean oil, replacing this synthetic antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), a medicinal plant used in complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of diverse ailments, were studied for antiviral activity on poliomyelitis virus. The dried and powdered leaves of the plant, Moringa oleifera, were extracted with methanol, water and petroleum ether using standard methods. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated using the end-point cytopathic effect assay on L20B cell lines. Phytochemical evaluations of the extracts were also carried out. The poliovirus was titrated and determination of the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50) done on L20B cells. Antiviral properties were determined against the three sero-types of poliovirus (SL1, SL2 and SL3) using the end-point cytopathic effect assay on L20B cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, resins, fats and oil, acidic compounds and proteins. Poliomyelitis viral infectivity was inhibited by the extracts giving a range of specificity indices of 2.47 - >125. This shows that the extracts selectively inhibited the virus and that their activity against the virus was not just a consequence of toxicity to the cells. The research has shown that the plant possesses potent antiviral potentials and could serve as a possible source of lead antiviral drug against poliomyelitis since the disease has no known drug for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, and antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. suggest that it might have beneficial effects on colitis. The present study was performed to investigate the anticolitis effect of Moringa oleifera seeds hydro-alcoholic extract (MSHE) and its chloroform fraction (MCF) on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Materials and Methods: Both MSHE and MCF with three increasing doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered orally to separate groups of male Wistar rats, 2 h before ulcer induction (using acetic acid 4%) and continued for 5 days. Prednisolone (4 mg/kg) and normal saline (1 ml/kg) were used in reference and control groups, respectively. All rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last dose (at day 6) and tissue injuries were assessed macroscopically and pathologically. Results: Extracts with three doses mentioned before were effective to reduce weight of distal colon (8 cm) as a marker for inflammation and tissue edema. Three doses of MSHE and two greater doses of MCF (100 and 200 mg/kg) were effective to reduce ulcer severity, area, and index as well as mucosal inflammation severity and extent, crypt damage, invasion involvement, total colitis index, and MPO activity compared with controls. MCF (50 mg/kg) was not significantly effective in reducing evaluated parameters of colitis compared with controls. Conclusion: It is concluded that MSHE and MCF were both effective to treat experimental colitis and this might be attributed to their similar major components, biophenols and flavonoids. Since the efficacy was evident even in low doses of MSHE, presence of active constituents with high potency in seeds is persuasive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a tree species with the known value of food, medicine and water treatment, and is promising for bioenergy use. Our objective was to evaluate, using RAPD markers, the genetic diversity of sixteen accessions from Germplasm Bank (BAG) of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, Sergipe, Brazil. We estimate the diversity indices, and genetic similarity between accessions. The Shannon index and the index of genetic diversity (H) were 0.33 and 0.22, respectively. We observed by Jaccard similarity that, the accessions MO1 and MO12 are the most similar (0.27), and MO13 and MO16 are the most divergent (0.69). By UPGMA and PCoA groupings, we identified that MO1, MO2, MO12 and MO13 are genetically isolated. The results are important in designing strategies for conservation, but because of low diversity detected in this investigation, new activities of collection should be realized, with integration and characterization of new accessions, to ensure the ever increasing diversity of the collection.

This paper reports the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves (EL), flowers (EF), seed pods (EP) and seeds (ES) from Moringa oleifera Lam. The antioxidant potential was assessed, upon the addition of the extracts to fish oil, by means of the total extractable phenol content (TEP), the DPPH free radical scavenging efficiency and using pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (P-DSC). The results of TEP and DPPH showed that the ES extract does not present a potential to be used as an antioxidant additive, and it was thus discarded from the remaining analyses. Thus, the following treatments were prepared: pure fish oil, fish oil with BHT (100 mg kg), fish oil with TBHQ (100 mg kg) and fish oil with EL, EF and EP-all at the concentration of 100 mg kg, in relation to the total extractable phenolics contained in each one of the extracts. The leaf and flower extracts displayed a protecting effect, with an increase in about 20 and 11 % of the OIT values, respectively. However, such protection was smaller than that conferred by the synthetic antioxidants utilized. As for the thermal analysis results, it was noticed that EL presented the highest thermal stability among the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) using mixed strains can increase the nutritional value and antioxidant content of Moringa oliefera Lam. leaf flour (MLF). However, little is known about the chemical composition and metabolite profiles of MLF during the fermentation process. In this work, mixed strains of Aspergillus Niger, Candida utilis and Bacillus subtilis were inoculated into MLF for SSF. The MLF's contents of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), reducing sugar, tannin and phytic acid all changed significantly as fermentation proceeded. A metabolomic analysis was performed using GC-TOF-MS, resulting in the identification of 347 metabolites. Fermentation with mixed strains significantly affected levels of amino acids, sugars, and organic acids; concentrations of most amino acids, oligosaccharides, organic acids, nucleosides, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and myo-inositol were higher after 3 d of SSF than at the start. Additionally, several intermediate metabolites were detected in 3 d fermented MLF. The mixed microorganisms' metabolic activity thus seems to peak after 3 d of fermentation under the tested conditions. These results provide new insights into the changes in the chemical composition and metabolite content of MLF during SSF and reveal possibilities for producing valuable compounds via this process. • Solid-state fermentation was conductive to improving drumstick leaf nutritional value. • Protein content was increased. • Anti-nutritional factors tannins, phytic acid were decreased. • Some beneficial metabolites were released during fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of tremendous advances in the field of medicine, there is no truly satisfactory drug for the treatment of renal calculi. In the present study, the efficacy of the root bark of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) as an antiurolithiatic agent was investigated using an experimentally induced urolithiatic rat model. Hyperoxaluria was induced in rats using 0.75% ethylene glycol in water. Aqueous (AqE) (200 mg kg- 1 body weight) and alcoholic extracts (AlcE) (200 mg kg- 1 body weight) of the root bark of M. oleifera were given orally in curative and preventive regimens over a period of 28 days. Both the extracts significantly (P < 0.001) lowered the urinary excretion and kidney retention levels of oxalate, calcium and phosphate. Moreover, elevated serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by the extracts. The results were comparable with the standard drug, cystone (750 mg kg- 1 body weight). The reduction of stone forming constituents in urine and their decreased kidney retention reduces the solubility product of crystallizing salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, which could contribute to the antiurolithiatic property of root bark of M. oleifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a chronic disease clinically defined by loss of alveolar bone and connective tissue degeneration. Although Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO), a tree belonging to the Moringacea family, is widely used as an anti-inflammatory agent, its effect on periodontitis is still unclear. In this work, the phenol compounds in MO leaf extract (MOL) were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and the anti-periodontitis effects and mechanism of MOL were predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Moreover, the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-periodontitis properties of MOL were confirmed in vivo and in vitro. In total, 88 phenolic compounds and 234 potential MOL periodontitis targets were screened, involving 2916 biological processes (BP). The p38α MAPK (MAPK14) pathway and OPG/RANKL complex were predicted to be involved in the process of molecular docking. Furthermore, experimental validation suggested that MOL significantly ameliorated inflammation and reduced alveolar bone resorption. The OPG/RANKL ratio was regulated through the inhibition of MAPK14, and the anti-periodontitis effect was realized by the antioxidant properties of MOL. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of rat vital organs and the survival rate of RAW 264.7 cells confirmed the safety of MOL. The present study provides valuable insights into how MOL reduces inflammation and alveolar bone resorption associated with periodontitis. In conclusion, MOL safely inhibits chronic periodontitis highly likely by regulating the expression of p38α/MAPK14-OPG/RANKL. Network pharmacology coupled with experimental validation is an effective way to find new drugs in the future. The original data presented in the study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. [Display omitted] • This is the first report of the anti-PD efficiency of MOL by regulating p38α-OPG/RANKL pathway. • Eighty-eight phenolic compounds were identified in MOL using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. • MOL regulated inflammation cytokines expression and alveolar bone resorption in vivo and vitro. • Network pharmacology coupled with experimental validation is an effective way to find new drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Moringa oleifera Lam., a food plant, is considered to be the best medicine. • Different extracts were evaluated for antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. • Phytochemical composition was unveiled through total bioactive contents and UHPLC-MS analysis. • Pearson correlation analysis was performed to find the relation between biological activities and total bioactive components. • In docking studies, herbimycin and prekinamycin showed good binding affinity with all the enzymes. Moringa oleifera Lam. is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to the subcontinent with a wide array of uses. It is used as food plant by human and animals. Since it contains beneficial higher calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, protein, potassium and iron contents, it is also used to treat malnutrition in children. The present study is conducted for comprehensive phytochemical profiling via total bioactive contents and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS) analyses, and biological profiling by determining the antioxidant potential via DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant power), phosphomolybdenum and metal chelation assays. In addition, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase inhibition assays were also performed. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate the relationship between biological activities and total bioactive content of the extracts. Chemical profiling showed that total phenolic contents are present in highest concentrations in ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts and seed. Further total bioactive contents were correlated with their optimum anti-oxidant capacities for ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC. Altogether 67 phytochemicals were identified from aerial parts of the plant and its seed with major classes as phenolics, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids and alkaloids. The ethyl acetate extract of seed showed good inhibition of AChE (2.77 mg GALAE/g extract) and BChE (8.05 mg GALAE/g extract) followed by the inhibition potential of water extract as 8.34 mg GALAE/g extract. The ethyl acetate extract also showed most significant (61.93 mg-KAE/g) tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The hexane extract of seed showed good inhibition of α-glucosidase (6.32 mmol ACAE/g extract) and α-amylase (0.47 mmol ACAE/g extract). In silico docking studies were performed, where two herbimycin and prekinamycin showed good binding affinity with all the enzymes. It can be concluded that the presence of complex phytochemicals with multi-functional potential distinguishes Moringa oleifera Lam. as a promising source of health-promoting component and recommended its use in biopharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclosan is widely used as a common bactericide and disinfectant, which can be found in surface and groundwater and also in sewage treatment plants, and its frequent use results in environmental impacts. Thus, there is a need to remove this emerging pollutant, and the adsorption process is a good alternative owing to its ease of operation and low cost. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the adsorption of triclosan, using Moringa oleifera Lam. seed husks functionalized with iron oxide nanoparticles. The kinetic study showed that the adsorption equilibrium occurred in 600 min with an adsorptive capacity of 29.57 mg g−1, and the best fit was the pseudo-first-order model, and the adsorption isotherms were adjusted in the Langmuir model, obtaining a maximum capacity value of 103.45 mg g−1. The values of the thermodynamic parameters indicated that biosorption occurred in a spontaneous, exothermic, and reversible manner, and the competition of ions showed that the salts did not interfere with the adsorption of the contaminant. The material was reused for a total of five cycles, indicating that the developed material has a high potential for removing emerging contaminants. [Display omitted] • Development of a new efficient bioadsorbent for triclosan removal. • Maximum adsorption capacity of 103.45 mg g −1. • The bioadsorbent was reused in five cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves were collected from 5 Cameroonian localities. • A large collection of their FTIR-ATR profiles was used to discriminated them. • AComDim approach highlighted influential abiotic factors and their interactions. • The "agroclimatic zone" was the most significant factor, "maturity" the least one. • The "year" factor was involved in all significant interactions. The quality control of the chemical composition leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. is fundamental for the dietary treatment of diseases or for any quantitative study on human nutrition. To highlight the impact of climatic and edaphic factors on the chemical composition of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves, a multivariate chemometric method, ANOVA (ANalysis Of Variance) Common Dimensions (AComDim) was used to interpret the changes in their Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra. Leaves were collected from five geographical areas of Cameroon, recognized for their climatic and soil diversity. The factor "agroclimatic zone" was the most significant, followed by "month/year" (January, April and September between 2015 and 2017), "year" and "maturity" factors. Three slightly significant interactions between "year" and "agroclimatic zone" or "maturity" or "month/year" were observed. For a given agroclimatic zone, January samples were richer in polysaccharides than April samples which were characterized by a highest amount in proteins and aromatic compounds. The "maturity" factor revealed that young leaves contained fewer proteins and antioxidant compounds. The "year" factor was involved in all significant interactions and confirmed the temporal character of the studied factors. The diversity of climate and soils in Cameroon must be taken into account if a certain typicity of collected Moringa Oleifera leaves, or a constant quality may be assured before their marketing phase in powder form as a dietary supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral hygiene and control of microbial plaque biofilm formation are effective methods for preventing gingivitis. Mouthwashes containing leaf extracts of the medicinal plants Citrus hystrix DC. (KL), Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (NE) were assessed for oral healthcare and gingivitis adjunctive treatment. Three types of mouthwash were developed; KL, a combination of KL and MO (KL + MO), and a combination of KL, and NE (KL + NE). The mouthwashes were tested in vivo on 47 subjects with gingivitis who were allocated into five groups as (i) placebo, (ii) KL, (iii) KL + MO, (iv) KL + NE, and (v) 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). Participants were instructed to rinse with herbal mouthwash twice daily for two weeks. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and oral microbial colonies were measured at baseline and 15 days. Results showed that GI and PI of groups (ii)–(iv) significantly decreased over the placebo group, while accumulative reduction percentages of both Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp. were found in groups (iii) and (iv). Findings indicated that the herbal mouthwashes reduced GI and PI, and showed potential as oral healthcare products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Hypothyroidism is the most common disorder arising from hormone deficiency. It frequently affects women than men. The prevalence of overall hypothyroidism has been reported to be 4.8-11%. Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice for all types of hypothyroidism. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Barg-e-Sahajna (Leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam.) among diagnosed patients of primary hypothyroidism., Methods: This study was an open observational study. A total of 22 patients were screened, out of which 10 were excluded (did not meet inclusion criteria) and 2 refused to consent to be part of the study, rest 10 participants were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent finally 8 subjects completed the study and 2 are dropout in last follow up. The drug was given in the form of decoction at the dose of 5 g fresh leaves twice a day after meal for 45 days., Results: The study effects on objective parameter thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were found extremely significant when compared before (16.62 ± 11.49, 132 ± 19.32, 9.28 ± 1.46) and after (4.75 ± 3.12, 150.37 ± 20.68, 11.84 ± 3.81) treatment with a significant decrease in serum TSH level (p<0.0246) and an increase in serum T3 (p<0.0005) and T4 (p<0.0438) levels. The results were analyzed using paired "t" test., Conclusions: The improvements in thyroid profiles (TSH, T3 and T4) after consuming 'Barg-e-Sahajna' show that the test drug is effective in primary hypothyroidism and the relief was considerable. No significant effect on safety parameters (serum-glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase [SGOT], serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], blood urea, and serum creatinine) was observed. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Barg-e-Sahajna is preliminarily safe and effective in the management of primary hypothyroidism., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

An adsorbent was developed from the residues of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed husks functionalized with iron nanoparticles for subsequent application to the removal of metformin from contaminated water. The material, MOM-Fe 3 O 4 , was characterized using TEM, SEM imaging, and EDX analysis, which revealed that iron nanoparticles were retained in the pores. The application of MOM-Fe 3 O 4 to waste water resulted in a 93.9% reduction in the metformin content, demonstrating the efficacy of the material. Kinetic and equilibrium data were fitted to the pseudo-first-order and Langmuir models, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters indicated an exothermic and reversible process. A high adsorption capacity, 65.01 mg g−1 at 298 K, demonstrated the potential of using the new material as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of pharmaceuticals such as metformin. • This is the first time moringa seed husks are functionalized with nanoparticles. • The biosorbent produced was efficient for removal of metformin. • Maximum adsorption capacity was 65.01 mg g−1 at 298 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A phenolic glycoside from Moringa oleifera Lam. can ameliorate metabolic syndrome in db/db mice. • Niazirin effectively regulated energy homeostasis. • Niazirin improved hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in db/db mice through AMPK pathway. • Niazirin reduce fatty acid synthesis and induce fatty acid oxidation in db/db mice through AMPK pathway. The increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome requires more functional food products with low cost and excellent effects to assist treatment. The crude extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. showed excellent hypoglycemic activity. The current study was designed to investigate the effects and mechanism of niazirin, a bioactive component from Moringa oleifera Lam. seed, on diabetic metabolic syndrome. C57BL/6J mice were treated daily with 5 mL/kg/body weight (BW) of saline, while db/db mice were similarly treated with 5 mL/kg/BW of saline, 10 and 20 mg/kg/BW of niazirin, respectively. Results indicated that niazirin could significantly reduce body weight, water and food intake, improve hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, non-alcoholic fatty liver. Furthermore, niazirin improved the hepatic energy metabolism via AMPK signaling pathway. Our study provides an evidence of an edible plant product, niazirin, may help in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera (MO) is an important plant for traditional medicine. The present study aimed to identify the MO active phytochemical compounds for their ability against inflamed macrophages. An ethyl acetate extract fraction of MO was fractionation by flash column chromatography. Human macrophages were stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide and then treated with fractions of MO to examine their anti-inflammatory activity and cellular mechanism. The active fractions were analyzed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS). MO treated cells showed a decreased production of pro-inflammatory mediator in response to lipopolysaccharide. This was evident at both mRNA and protein levels. The study revealed that MO suppressed mRNA expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, PTGS2, NF-κB (P50), and RelA. Furthermore, the extract effectively inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2. Interestingly, the effect of MO inhibited phosphorylation of IκB-α and the ability to reduce expression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, suppressing its nuclear translocation. Moreover, LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis of the MO active fraction revealed seven compounds, namely 3,4-Methyleneazelaic acid, (2S)-2-phenylmethoxybutane-1,4-diol, (2R)-2-phenylmethoxybutane-1, 4-diol, γ-Diosphenol, 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-6-(1-oxobutyl)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetrione, 3-Hydroxy-β-ionone, and Tuberonic acid. Our findings highlight the ability of MO compounds to inhibit inflammation through regulation of the NF-κB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drumstick tree is a fast-growing multipurpose tree with a large biomass and high nutritional value. However, it has rarely been exploited as a protein source. This study investigated solid-state fermentation induced by Aspergillus niger , Candida utilis and Bacillus subtilis to obtain high-quality protein feed from drumstick leaf flour. The results showed that fermentation induced significant changes in the nutritional composition of drumstick leaf flour. The concentrations of crude protein, small peptides and amino acids increased significantly after fermentation. The protein profile was also affected by the fermentation process. Macromolecular proteins in drumstick leaf flour were degraded, whereas other high molecular weight proteins were increased. However, the concentrations of crude fat, fiber, total sugar and reducing sugar were decreased, as were the anti-nutritional factors tannins, phytic acid and glucosinolates. After 24 h fermentation, the concentrations of total phenolics and flavonoids were increased. The antioxidant capacity was also significantly enhanced., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Shi, Yang, Li, Chen and Zhang.)