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Morinda elliptica L. (Rubiaceae) is a phytomedicinal herb, used to treat gastrointestinal complications in Peninsular Malaysia. The study evaluates the in vivo hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of M. elliptica stem in thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver fibrosis in male Sprague Drawly rats. Thirty adult rats were divided into five groups of six rats each. Rats of the normal control group received intraperitoneal injections (i. p.) of vehicle 10% Tween-20, 5 ml/kg, and hepatotoxic group 200 mg/kg TAA three times per week respectively. Three supplementary groups were treated with TAA plus daily oral silymarin (50 mg/kg) or M. elliptica (250 or 500 mg/kg). After 8 weeks of treatment, all rats were sacrificed. Liver fibrosis was assessed by gross macroscopic and microscopic tissue analysis, histopathological, and biochemical analysis. The livers of the TAA treated group showed uniform coarse granules, hepatocytic necrosis with lymphocytes infiltration. Contrary, the livers of M. elliptica treated groups (250 and 500 mg/kg) were much smoother and the cell damage was much lesser. The livers of M. elliptica treated groups rats showed elevated activity of SOD and CAT with a significant decrease in MDA level at p < .0001. The level of liver damage parameters, that is, ALP, ALT, and AST, bilirubin, total protein, and albumin were restored to the normal comparable to silymarin. M. elliptica stem extract significantly promoted normal rat liver architecture with significant perfections in biochemical parameters. The molecular contents of M. elliptica with hepatoprotective influence could be discovered, is the future prospective of this study.

The area of rubber land in Indonesia currently reaches 3,672,213 ha which can produce 3,229,861 tons/year. The price of rubber in Indonesia is currently cheap because of low-quality latex. The low quality of latex is caused by the large production costs, one of which is the price of latex clotting material which is relatively expensive. Therefore, this studied aims to find a good alternative to latex coagulant but at low cost. Latex clumping material used in this research were noni juice and star fruit. The treatment in this study used noni juice and star fruit juice concentration of 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, and 20 ml, respectively. The results showed the weight of latex with noni emulsifying agents increased by 45.58% while the administration of star fruit juice was not much different, amounting to 45.70%. However, the final weight of latex given by the emulsifying agent in the form of star fruit was higher than Noni with the difference at the highest weight reached 4.23 grams. The fastest latex clumping time at 20 ml star fruit concentration is 1.18 minutes. Based on research results noni juice and star fruit potential as a latex clot.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and antimicrobial properties of four herbal mouthrinses on orthodontic patients with gingivitis Methods and Materials: A total of 60 individuals with fixed orthodontic therapy with established gingivitis were enrolled in this study. Well Diffusion method was used to formulate mouthrinses of freshly prepared fruit extracts from Punica granatum (Pomegranate), Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), Morinda Citrofilia L. (Noni) and Psidium guajava L. (Guava) and distilled water as control. The Plaque and Gingival Index scores were taken into consideration for assessing the effectiveness of mouthrinses against gingivitis. Results: ANOVA test showed significant difference between the groups for PI and GI score (p0.005). Conclusion: All the tested mouthrinses from fruit extract were equally effective in reducing gingivitis in individuals with fixed orthodontic theraoy suggesting that phytotherapeutic agents may be used in the future to inhibit oral microbial growth.

Two phenylpropanoid conjugated iridoids, deglucosyl gaertneroside (1) and morindoidin (2), were isolated from the leaves of Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae) by activity-guided fractionation using an anti-malarial activity assay. The known related iridoids molucidin (3) and prismatomerin (4), two lignans, abscisic acid, two megastigmanes, and two flavonol glycosides were also identified. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds were evaluated for anti-malarial activity against the chloroquine/mefloquine-sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum together with cytotoxicity against adult mouse brain cells. Potent anti-malarial activity of 3 and 4 (IC50 of 0.96 and 0.80 μM, CC50 of 1.02 and 0.88 μM, and SI of 1.06 and 1.10 μM, respectively) was shown, while new iridoids 1 and 2 and pinoresinol (5) displayed moderate activity (IC50 of 40.9, 20.6, and 24.2 μM) without cytotoxicity (CC50 > 50 μM). These results indicate that 1–5 may be promising lead compounds for anti-malarial drugs. In addition, our results imply the necessity of the quality control of the extract of M. morindoides leaves based on the contents of 1–5 in terms of the safety and efficacy.

The relationship of the genes of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and scopoletin was explored to reveal the key gene involved in PAL activity, PAL expression and scopoletin accumulation in noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaves and fruit. Our results display how the enzyme activity of PAL in noni fruit and leaves increases gradually with the leaves maturity, and exogenous ethephon induces PAL activity in noni leaves, which is consistent with the scopoletin accumulation law. Based on our previous transcriptome data, three PAL fragments were retrieved, and their full lengths were cloned via RACE; named as McPAL1, McPAL2 and McPAL3. The analysis of qRT-PCR showed that McPAL3 is expressed in the leaves and mature fruit, McPAL2 in the leaves only and McPAL1 mainly in the young stage of fruit. Ethephon induced the expression of McPAL2 and McPAL3 in the leaves, and McPAL1 and McPAL3 in the fruit. In noni fruit treated with ethephon, the expression pattern of McPAL3 was consistent with the trend of the scopoletin content and total PAL activity. We conclude that McPAL3 is the key gene involved in the accumulation of scopoletin, which can be induced by ethylene (ETH).

New pandemic infection of coronaviridae family virus spread to more than 210 countries with total infection of 1,136,851 and 62,955 (4.6%) deaths until 5th April 2020. Which stopped the regular cycle of humankind but the nature is consistently running. There is no micro molecule remedy found yet to restore the regular life of people. Hence, we decided to work on natural biophores against the COVID proteins. As a first step, major phytoconstituents of antiviral herbs like Leucas aspera, Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Corallium rubrum collected and performed the lock and key analysis with major spike protein of COVID-19 to find the best fitting lead biophore using computational drug design platform. The results of protocol run showed, phytoconstituents of Morinda citrifolia and Leucas aspera were found lower binding energy range of − 55.18 to − 25.34 kcal/mol, respectively and compared with Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (− 24.29 kcal/mol) and Remdesivir (− 25.38 kcal/mol). The results conclude that, core skeletons chromen, anthracene 9, 11 dione and long-chain alkyl acids/ester-containing biophores showen high stable antagonistic affinity with S-protein. Which leads the breakdown of spike protein and ACE2 receptor complex formation and host mechanism of corono virus. In addition, the dynamic trajectory analysis confirmed the complete denaturation of spike protein by the molecule 4-(24-hydroxy-1-oxo-5-n-propyltetracosanyl)-phenol from Leucas aspera and stability of spike-ligand complex. These biophores will aid the researcher to fabricate new promising analogue and being recommended to assess its COVID-19 treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12033-021-00358-z.

Background Morinda officinalis How (MO) is a perennial herb distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, which known as one of the “Four Southern Herbal Medicines”. The extent of genetic variability and the population structure of MO are presently little understood. Here, nine morphological traits, six chemical components and Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used in integrative research of MO germplasm variation among 88 individuals collected from ten populations across four geographical provinces of China. Results Both phenotype and chemical composition have significant genetic variation, and there is a certain correlation between them such as root diameter and the nystose content, as well as geographical distribution. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed the leaf length, leaf width, nystose, 1F-furanosaccharide nystose, and the section color were the major contributors to diversity. The cluster analysis based on phenotypic and oligosaccharide data distinguished three significant groups, which was consistent with the result of a corresponding analysis with 228,615 SNP markers, and importantly, they all showed a significant correlation with geographical origin. However, there was little similarity between two cluster results. The Shannon’s information index (I) varied from 0.17 to 0.53 with a mean of 0.37, suggesting a high level of genetic diversity in MO populations, which mainly existed among individuals within populations, accounting for 99.66% of the total according to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results. Each population also maintains the connection because of certain gene communication, so that the genetic differentiation between populations was not very significant. The STRUCTURE software was used to analyse the population structure and the result showed that 88 accessions were clustered into three groups, and 67% of them were pure type, which was also confirmed through PCA. Conclusions The comprehensive study of phenotypic, chemical and molecular markers will provide valuable information for future breeding plans and understanding the phylogenetic relationship of MO population.

The present study investigated the chemical constituents and inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase from the seeds of Morinda citrifolia(Noni) by the chromatographic technique and semi-preparative HPLC.Fifteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the seeds, and their structures were identified on the basis of physiochemical characteristics and spectroscopic data as(9S,2E,4Z,7Z)-9-hydroxydeca-2,4,7-trienoic acid(1), azelaic acid(2), scopoletin(3), ursolic acid(4), quercetin(5), cyclo-(L-Leu-L-Ile)(6), cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Ile)(7), cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Val)(8), cyclo-(L-Leu-L-Val)(9), cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Leu)(10), caffeic acid(11), 3,4-dihydroxycinnamaldehyde(12), p-hydroxybenzoic acid(13), p-hydroxy-cinnamic acid(14), and p-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol(15).Among them, compound 1 was a new fatty acid and compounds 7-10 and 12 were isolated from Morinda plant in the Rubiaceae family for the first time.Compounds 1, 2 and 4-15 were isolated from the seeds of M.citrifolia(Noni) for the first time.All isolated compounds were evaluated for the inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and compounds 3-5 showed potential inhibitory activity with IC_(50) values of 160, 133, and 120 μmol·L~(-1), respectively.

Oxidative stress interferes with blood glucose homeostasis, leading to insulin resistance (IR) and hyperglycemia, which eventually induce type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Fermented noni (

The use of plant-based products has been shown to efficiently inhibit fungi-mediated diseases in agricultural crops. Here, we extracted and evaluated the composition of noni

Morinda lactone, a constituent of Morinda citrifolia and derivatives were synthesised by Tsuji–Trost allylation of vitamin C acetonide. Some derivatives inhibited the growth of microbial biofilms or dispersed them without being antibiotic.

Inflammation has been known to possess some essential roles in many diseases, especially those with chronic or severe conditions. Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than, a Thai traditional herbal remedy, has long been used to treat gastrointestinal sicknesses, fever, and severe illness caused by the deformities of Tridosha. In particular, this recipe has also been applied for inflammation-related conditions including gout and rheumatoid arthritis. The Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than recipe consists of dried fruits of three herbs including Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, Morinda citrifolia L., and Coriandrum sativum L. Each of these plant components of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than exhibited anti-inflammatory activities. However, anti-inflammatory effect of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than remedy has not been reported.The objective of this study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory activities of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than extract (TS) against acute and chronic inflammation in rats.To study the effects of TS on acute inflammation, ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema, carrageenan- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced hind paw edema models were carried out. In addition, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation was performed to specify the inhibitory effects of TS on chronic inflammation.The topical application of TS significantly inhibited EPP-induced ear edema in rats. In the carrageenan- and AA-induced paw edema models, the oral administration of TS significantly reduced paw volumes, compared to those of the control groups. In addition, the 7-day oral treatment of TS demonstrated a significant suppressive effect on cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation.The current study revealed that TS possesses anti-inflammatory activities against acute and chronic inflammation. Our studies support the use of TS in traditional medicine, and the development of TS as a novel natural product for treating diseases associated with inflammation.

An ideal irrigant should exhibit good antimicrobial activity along with smear removal. Various plant extracts have been used for disinfection of the root canal system. The present study aims in evaluating the tissue response and systemic toxicity of ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia versus Morinda citrifolia fresh fruit juice in an animal model.A total 48 female adult wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups as Group I- 3% sodium hypochlorite (n = 12), Group II- Saline (Control) (n = 12), Group III- ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia (n = 12), Group IV- Morinda citrifolia Fresh Fruit Juice (n = 12). A trough was made in the periapical bone, and the test sample was placed in the respective groups. The animals were euthanized for 7Serum analysis exhibited significant elevation of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) and histopathology showed a higher inflammatory response at 7Ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia was not biocompatible and more cytotoxic than a Morinda citrifolia fresh fruit juice. So, fresh fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia can be a preferred choice of natural root canal irrigant, with least possible cytotoxic effects as compared to the ethanolic extract.

Background and Objective: The ethanol extract of noni leaves (Morinda citrifolia L.) can be used as insecticides to control populations of German cockroaches that have been resistant to synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to determine the potency of the ethanol extract of noni leaves to kill and repel German cockroaches and affect the amount of food consumed. Materials and Methods: The methods used in this study were the contact toxicity test, the repellency test and the food consumption test. The noni leaves extract and German cockroach populations were provided in the laboratory. Results: The noni leaves extract concentration of 20% (residue of 3.14 mg cm2 1) was very effective in killing the standard population and effective in killing the field population of German cockroaches. The sub-lethal concentration noni leaves extract of 0.36% (residue 0.056 mg cm2 1) and 1.08% (residue 0.169 mg cm2 1) was very high grade as repellent of German cockroaches. The sub-lethal concentration of noni leaves extract did not inhibit the amount of food consumption in German cockroach populations. Conclusion: Leaves of noni plants can be used as bioinsecticides to control German cockroach populations that have been resistant to commercial insecticides.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L) has long been used for herbal medicine to treat various medical conditions, such as arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, heart disease, blood vessel problems, tumour and cancer. One of the compound in some fruit is ethanol. Ethanol in the pharmaceutical industry is often used as a solvent. Regulation of the Head of the National Agency of Drug and Food Control of the Republic of Indonesia (BPOM RI) Number HK.03.1.23.06.10.5166 Year 2010 states that alcohol-containing drugs, traditional medicines, and supplements must declare the alcohol content (in percentage) on the label. There are many available noni herbal medicines on Indonesia's market, either with or without a distribution license. This research aims to analyse alcohol content, product type, distribution licence, and label of alcohol content on noni herbal medicines from herbal drugstores or online shops in Jakarta. Determination of alcohol content in this study was performed using Gas Chromatography Headspace method. The result showed that 13 out of 20 samples contained alcohol ranging between 0.04 - 1.07%. None of the samples with detected alcohol had a label "contains alcohol in per cent (%)". Eighteen samples were categorised as "beverages" and two samples were categorised as "traditional medicines or herbal medicines". These two samples contain 0.21 and 0.07% alcohol. In accordence with the Fatwa of the Indonesian Council of Ulama, these herbal medicines are "allowed" to be consumed with certain conditions: the medicines do not endanger the health and do not encourage substance abuse, their use must follow the recommended dosage and they should not be used intentionally to get drunk. Out of 18 samples within the "beverage" category, only 12 samples were halal; the other 6 were haram.

The need for the development of new methods for the reduction or elimination of the infections and diseases caused by mosquitoes and bacteria is very vital. The biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from biological sources especially plant extracts had contributed greatly to the inhibition of several microbes due to the presence of some secondary metabolites found in them. The biological approach of AgNPs synthesis is ecofriendly compared with other methods of AgNPs synthesis. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of AgNPs synthesized using the leaf extract of Morinda citrifolia against selected vector mosquitoes and bacteria. The leaves of Morinda citrifolia obtained were air dried, pulverized, extracted, and mixed with silver nitrate to form AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The mosquito repellency and antimicrobial activities of the synthesized AgNPs were determined using standard methods. The peak at 436.14 nm on the UV–Visible spectrum confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The TEM microgram confirmed the synthesis of a spheroidal shape AgNPs with particle sizes in the range of 15–40 nm and an average size of 28 nm. The peak at 3.5 keV on the EDX microgram further confirmed the formation of AgNPs. In addition, the impact of green-synthesized AgNPs on some vector mosquitoes and human pathogens revealed percentage repellency in the range of 17.65 to 60.00% and percentage inhibition zones ranging from 20 to 64% respectively. Our study was the first among other studies to ascertain that AgNPs synthesized using Morinda citrifolia leaf extract possess promising mosquito repellency and antibacterial efficiency.

Gynochthodes betongensis, a new species from Thailand, is described and illustrated. Gynochthodes cinnamomoea (syn. Morinda cinnamomea) is placed in the synonymy of G. villosa. Gynochthodes hispida is newly recorded for Thailand. Lectotypes are designated for G. puberula and M. cinnamomea. A key to the Thai species is also presented.

Human pancreatic α-amylase inhibition is currently a promising therapeutic target against type 2 diabetes (DMT2) because it can reduce aggressive digestion of carbohydrates into absorbable monosacc...

Background: Nature and its products can be utilized for regeneration in periodontal destruction and damage to supporting tissues. We come across the use of various graft materials to reestablish the lost bone and for the long-term survival of teeth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bone fill efficacy of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract in the periodontal bone defect. Materials and Methods: This randomized study included twenty patients indicated for periodontal regenerative therapy and were equally divided and assigned into the experimental and control group. Open flap debridement alone was performed in the control group, while placement of extract along with open flap debridement was done in the experimental group. Clinical parameters assessed were gingival index, probing pocket depth, and relative attachment level, and the amount of bone fill was assessed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) at baseline and at 6-month interval. Results: From the values of clinical parameters, there was a mean reduction in probing pocket and gain in attachment level and a 27.7% increase in bone fill in experimental group as compared to the control group from CBCT analysis. Conclusions: The use of M. citrifolia fruit extract in the intraosseous defect was found to be efficacious in terms of relative attachment level and the amount of bone fill, and it had shown some anti-inflammatory affect.

Morinda citrifolia, L commonly called noni, has a long history as a medicinal plant and is reported to have a broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, antihelmin, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and immune enhancing effects. Photochemical analyses of ethanol and hexane extracts of noni fruit revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and steroids. Proximate composition of the noni fruit revealed a moisture content of 54.21, crude protein 2.18, crude fat 3.25, crude fiber 4.49, ash 0.73 and carbohydrate 35.14%. The Vitamin C content was estimated using iodometric titration and found to be 134.10 mg/100g. This suggests that the noni fruit can if consumed can help promote good health.

Morinda citrifolia is a plant with broad nutraceutical and therapeutic effects and used in the traditional treatment of several ailments. The objective of this work is to investigate the phytochemistry of the fruit juice of M. citrifolia on one hand and on other hand to evaluate its antiradical and antibacterial activity. The phytochemical investigation was carried out by tube staining tests of the extract of two types of fruit juice of M. citrifolia. The antioxidant activity of these juices was evaluated by reducing the DPPH radical method. Concerning the antibacterial activity, it was tested on the in vitro growth of 10 reference bacterial strains using the well diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemistry of M. citrifolia fruit juices revealed the presence of large groups of secondary metabolites including polyphenols, reducing compounds, mucilage and terpernoids. The antioxidant activity of M. citrifolia fruit juices is dose-dependent and higher than that of ascorbic acid. Antimicrobial activity on other hand revealed that fruit juices inhibit growth inhibitory activity of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, S. epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus oralis, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. This observed difference is significant for each juices on the strains (p

Background Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) is a tropical tree that bears climacteric fruit. Previous observations and research have shown that the second day (2 d) after harvest is the most important demarcation point when the fruit has the same appearance as the freshly picked fruit (0 d); however, they are beginning to become water spot appearance. We performed a conjoint analysis of metabolome and transcriptome data for noni fruit of 0 d and 2 d to reveal what happened to the fruit at the molecular level. Genes and metabolites were annotated to KEGG pathways and the co-annotated KEGG pathways were used as a statistical analysis. Results We found 25 pathways that were significantly altered at both metabolic and transcriptional levels, including a total of 285 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 11 differential metabolites through an integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. The energy metabolism and pathways originating from phenylalanine were disturbed the most. The upregulated resistance metabolites and genes implied the increase of resistance and energy consumption in the postharvest noni fruit. Most genes involved in glycolysis were downregulated, further limiting the available energy. This lack of energy led noni fruit to water spot appearance, a prelude to softening. The metabolites and genes related to the resistance and energy interacted and restricted each other to keep noni fruit seemingly hard within two days after harvest, but actually the softening was already unstoppable. Conclusions This study provides a new insight into the relationship between the metabolites and genes of noni fruit, as well as a foundation for further clarification of the post-ripening mechanism in noni fruit.

COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has claimed millions of lives. This disease is caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which requires the binding of its spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for infection of the host cell. Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit juice has antiviral activity that involves enhancement of immune system function. SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction experiments were carried out to further investigate the antiviral properties of noni juice and its major iridoids. Noni juice inhibited binding by approximately 69%. Scandoside was the most active of the three iridoids evaluated, reducing average spike protein-ACE2 interaction by 79.25%. The iridoids worked synergistically towards inhibiting spike protein binding when assayed together, improving activity by more than 22% above the expected level. But the modest activity of the most abundant iridoid, deacetylasperulosidic acid, indicates that other phytochemicals (i.e. scopoletin, quercetin, rutin and kaempferol) are also involved. Our results suggest that the presence of several biological active phytochemicals in noni juice enhances resistance to SARS-CoV-2 by interfering with its ability to bind ACE2. This is a new and significant anti-viral mechanism of noni juice that does not directly involve its immunomodulatory properties.

A green synthesis approach has been employed to synthesize silver doped zinc oxide (Ag-ZnO) nanoparticles from the fresh leaf extract of Morinda citrifolia using a simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles are investigated using FTIR, XRD, UV–Visible, SEM and antioxidant analysis. FTIR spectra displayed characteristic peaks related to ZnO. The formation of hexagonal crystal structure for the synthesized nanoparticles is confirmed from the XRD analysis. The calculated band gap energy is found to be decreased for the Ag-ZnO nanoparticles. The surface morphology analyzed using SEM indicated that pure ZnO nanoparticles synthesized without using the leaf extract are more agglomerated whereas the Ag-ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using the leaf extract are almost spherical in shape with less agglomeration. A maximum radical scavenging activity of 83% is observed for the green synthesized Ag-ZnO nanoparticles.

Hypertension is one of the major causes of stroke. Stroke can be prevented by controlling hypertension. Noni fruit proved to have antihypertensive effect. Noni Fruit contains scopoletin and xeronin compounds that play a role in antihypertensives. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of noni fruit extract to controlling hypertension. The research method used is pre-test and post-test matched control group. The 6 Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups consisting of 1 treatment group and 2 control groups. Group P1 was induced by using ketamine 0.05 ml + epinephrine 0.2 ml + 6 ml noni fruit extract, group K (-) induced by ketamine 0.05 ml + epinephrine 0.2 ml without extract, and group K (+) induced by using ketamine 0.05 ml + epinephrine 0.2 ml + captopril 2.5 mg. The results showed that epinephrine can be used as a hypertensive inducer. Noni fruit extract as much as 6ml can provide antihypertensive effects. In Vitro, test result showed that noni fruit extract can reduce blood pressure by an average decrease in blood pressure of 58,5 mmHg While captopril 25,5 mmHg. in addition to the in vitro test, the results of the in-silico test showed that the noni fruit extract can significantly reduce blood pressure compared to anti-hypertensive drugs (captopril). the value of scopoletin in noni fruit is -7.6. and captopril only -5.7.

La expansión demográfica a nivel mundial, y en el Perú, particularmente trae consigo un sin número de problemas, destacando sobre ellos, los relacionados a la salud; siendo este, un pilar fundamental para el progreso y desarrollo de los pueblos; por ello, la presente investigación se avocó a determinar el valor de uso medicinal de la flora empleada por el poblador del distrito de Víctor Larco, Trujillo, La Libertad, Perú. Se aplicaron un total de 96 entrevistas semi - estructuradas a los pobladores del distrito en mención, a fin de obtener información respecto al nombre común, parte utilizada, tipo de preparación, modo de aplicación, usos medicinales, así como el índice de valor de uso (IVU). Paralelamente se colectó, secó, montó, etiquetó y determinó taxonómicamente los especímenes referidos por la población. Se reportan 50 especies de plantas de uso etnomedicinal en el distrito; distribuidas en 46 géneros y 30 familias, de las que destacan por su número de especies: Asteraceae (7), Lamiaceae (4), Fabaceae (3), Liliaceae (3) y Rutaceae (3). Se concluye que las especies más importantes empleadas en el tratamiento y/o cura de las enfermedades padecidas por el poblador del distrito de Victor Larco, según su Indice de Valor de Uso (IVU) son: Linum usitatissimum L. “linaza”, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf “hierba luisa”, Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck “limón”, Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. “sábila”, Solanum tuberosum L. “papa”, Hordeum vulgare L. “cebada” y Morinda citrifolia L. “noni”.

Baduy people have local wisdom about the use of plants, among others, as ingredients to prevent the presence of rice pests (Oryza sativa L.). the importance of these pest-preventing plants to produce allelopathy in order to prevent rice pests (Oryza sativa L.). To find out what plants are used by Baduy people, this research is necessary. Exploration of pest control plants is carried out using the PEA (Participatory Ethnobotanical Appraisal) approach, besides that it also uses survey methods and open interview techniques. The results of the survey were 21 non-key informants and 5 key-informants from the Outer Baduy community and 12 non-key informants and 1 key informant from the Inner Baduy community, 35 species from 22 plant families were used in all rituals to prevent the presence of rice pests. . Plants that have similarities in usage by the Outer Baduy and Inner Baduy are Bamboo Wuluh leaves (Schyzostachyum iraten), Noni leaves (Morinda citrifolia), Bemban (Donax canniformis), Walang leaves (Achasma walang Val.) And Langge leaves (Homalomena cordata) . The percentages of plant organs used to prevent the presence of rice pests are leaves (77%), stems (17%) and fruit (6%). The method of processing plants as raw material for rice pest prevention ingredients is to cut them in small volumes / chop (39.74%), pound (52.56%), ferment (3.85%) and burn (3.85%). Baduy rituals in preventing the presence of rice pests include 5 types namely Ngubaran Samara Pungpuhunan ("Treatment" of Main Plants), Ngubaran Cangkudu ("Treatment" of Noni), Ngubaran Bangban ("Treatment" of Bemban / Donax canniformis), Fumigation, and Leuit Susumpingan (Lumbung offerings)

Drosophila sechellia is an island endemic host specialist that has evolved to consume the toxic fruit of Morinda citrifolia, also known as noni fruit. Recent studies by our group and others have examined genome-wide gene expression responses of fruit flies to individual highly abundant compounds found in noni responsible for the fruit’s unique chemistry and toxicity. In order to relate these reductionist experiments to the gene expression responses to feeding on noni fruit itself, we fed rotten noni fruit to adult female D. sechellia and performed RNA-sequencing. Combining the reductionist and more wholistic approaches, we have identified candidate genes that may contribute to each individual compound and those that play a more general role in response to the fruit as a whole. Using the compound specific and general responses, we used transcription factor prediction analyses to identify the regulatory networks and specific regulators involved in the responses to each compound and the fruit itself. The identified genes and regulators represent the possible genetic mechanisms and biochemical pathways that contribute to toxin resistance and noni specialization in D. sechellia.

To clarify the role of Acetobacter sp. in fermented noni juice, the physiochemical properties, main active ingredients and volatile constituents were comprehensively analyzed. The sugar content and acidity tended to be stable after 12 days of fermentation. Acetobacter sp. had no significant influence on major active ingredients of products. The headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) were performed to describe the characteristic flavor profiles during fermentation. A total of 55 flavor compounds were screened with odour threshold and Kruskal-Wallis p 0.05. Among them, 14 different biomarkers were selected with Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) greater than 1. The concentrations of ketones and aldehydes increased significantly, mainly contributing to the floral, fruit and green features. The content of hexanoic acid, octanoic acid and butanoic acid as the main source of peculiar odor were significantly reduced, indicating Acetobacter sp. could improve the unpleasant odor of fermented noni juice.

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of a dietary supplementation of polysaccharides-rich noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit extract (NFP) on the anti-oxidant enzyme activities, cytokines level, and expression of corresponding genes in blood of cashmere goats. Twelve castrated, 2-yr-old male cashmere goats (45.44 ± 3.30 kg of BW ± SD) were used in a 2 × 2 crossover design: the basal diet with or without (CON) supplementation of NFP at 4 g per kg DM (0.4%). Each period lasted for 29 d, including 1 wk for diet transition, 20 d for adaptation, and the last 2 d for sampling. The results showed that NFP supplementation increased (P0.05) the levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in serum. The expressions of CAT, GPx4, TrxR, SOD1, IL-6, and TNF-α genes were upregulated (P0.05), whereas the levels of malondialdehyde (P = 0.015) and reactive oxygen species (P = 0.051) in serum were reduced. The body weight gain of goats was increased (P = 0.006) with a nonsignificant increase of feed intake with NFP supplementation. In conclusion, dietary NFP supplementation enhanced the antioxidant status and immune function in blood of cashmere goats.Due to the limited pasture supply and the seasonal imbalance of nutrients in grazed pastures in China, cashmere goats are commonly raised in a confined yard-feeding system, which may result in oxidative stress from a lack of green pastures. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit polysaccharides contain various biological compounds that function as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and to enhance immune responses, hence likely to relieve oxidative stress in animals. Previous researches in our laboratory have shown that polysaccharides-rich extract from noni fruit (NFP) enhanced rumen fermentation in cashmere goats. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of NFP supplementation on serum antioxidant status and immune function in cashmere goats. The results showed that dietary supplementation of 0.40% NFP enhanced the immune signaling molecule levels and antioxidant enzyme activities by upregulating the expression of related genes in blood and reduced the levels of lipid peroxides and free radicals in serum, while mature goats improved body weight. Therefore, NFP could be a viable source of antioxidants for cashmere goats.

Food supplements based on fermented

BackgroundMorinda citrifolia(Noni) is a plant that has long been used in various products such as foods and cosmetics. Although noni has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, detailed mechanism at the cellular level has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we focused on understanding as to how noni fruit can positively stimulate body’s immune responses.MethodsTo do this, an ethanol extract of noni fruit (Mc-fEE) was prepared and administered for 30 days to male C57BL/6 mice for in vivo experiment. NK cell activity and cytokine production level from Mc-fEE-treated mice were analyzed by flowcytometry, real-time PCR, and ELISA. Mc-fEE-triggered molecular events were detected from RAW264.7 cells and splenocytes using Western blotting and real-time PCR analyses.ResultsThe mRNA expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin families, interferon (IFN)-β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were increased by Mc-fEE treatment in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting analysis showed that the phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 subunits these were enhanced in Mc-fEE-treated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, according to in vivo experiments, it was considered that Mc-fEE can increase the population of splenic NK cells and subsequent upregulation of their cytotoxic activity against YAC-1 cells, a T- cell lymphoma.ConclusionIn this paper, we could confirm that Mc-fEE has remarkable immunostimulatory effects by activation and increase of the NK cell population.

Organisms can generally be divided into two nutritional groups: generalists that consume various types of food and specialists that consume specific types of food. However, it remains unclear how specialists adapt to only limited nutritional conditions in nature. In this study, we addressed this question by focusing on Drosophila fruit flies. The generalist Drosophila melanogaster can consume a wide variety of foods that contain high glucose levels. In contrast, the specialist Drosophila sechellia consumes only the Indian mulberry, known as noni (Morinda citrifolia), which contains relatively little glucose. We showed that the lifespan of D. sechellia was significantly shortened under a high-glucose diet, but this effect was not observed for D. melanogaster. In D. sechellia, a high-glucose diet induced disorganization of the gut epithelia and visceral muscles, which was associated with abnormal digestion and constipation. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that many immune-responsive genes were suppressed in the gut of D. sechellia fed a high-glucose diet compared with those fed a control diet. Consistent with this difference in the expression of immune-responsive genes, high glucose-induced phenotypes were restored by the addition of tetracycline or scopoletin, a major nutritional component of noni, each of which suppresses gut bacterial growth. We propose that, in D. sechellia, a high-glucose diet impairs gut immune function, which leads to a change in gut microbiota, disorganization of the gut epithelial structure and a shortened lifespan.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevailing bone metabolic disease. Morinda officinalis polysaccharide (MOP) has biological activities and medicinal potential. This study explored its mechanism in OP. Rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were pretreated with low/high concentrations of MOP and subjected to osteogenic differentiation (OD) or adipogenic differentiation (AD) induction. The protein markers of OD (RUNX2 and BMP2) and AD (CEBPα and PPARγ) and miR-21 expression were detected. miR-21 was overexpressed to study its effects on rBMSC OD and AD. rBMSCs were transfected with miR-21 inhibitor and treated with high concentration of MOP for verification. The targeted relationship between miR-21 and PTEN was verified by bioinformatics and dual-luciferase assay. The PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins were detected. Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced OP rats were treated with MOP. Rat bone mineral density (BMD), serum bone metabolism indexes bone-derived alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and osteocalcin (BGP) levels were assessed by BMD detectors and ELISA kits. miR-21 expression in rBMSCs was detected. After treatment with low/high concentrations of MOP, the OD of rBMSCs was increased and AD was inhibited and miR-21 was upregulated. miR-21 overexpression enhanced the OD of rBMSCs and inhibited AD. miR-21 knockdown reversed the effect of high concentration of MOP on rBMSCs. miR-21 targeted PTEN. After treatment with low/high concentrations of MOP, PI3K, and AKT phosphorylation were increased and the PI3K/AKT pathway was activated. BMD, BALP, BGP, and miR-21 levels in OVX rats were decreased. MOP partially alleviated OP in OVX rats. Briefly, MOP enhanced rBMSC OD and inhibited AD via the miR-21/PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis.

This study analyzed the morphological and ultrastructural effects of damnacanthal and nordamnacanthal on T-lymphoblastic leukemia CEM-SS cells.Light microscopy, Giemsa staining, Wright's staining, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were carried out to determine apoptosis, necrosis, and ultrastructural changes that occurred within the cells.The outcomes showed that these compounds induced cell death by apoptosis and necrosis, specifically at higher doses of 10 and 30 μg/mL. Condensation and fragmentation of the nuclear chromatin, which further separated into small, membrane-bound vesicles known as apoptotic bodies, were observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm. The plasma membranes and cytoskeletons also showed marked morphological changes upon treatment with damnacanthal and nordamnacanthal, indicating apoptosis.Therefore, we report that damnacanthal and nordamnacanthal exhibit anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis and necrosis in CEM-SS cells, and they have potential as a drug for the treatment of T-lymphoblastic leukemia.