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Jujube is one of the popular fruits that possess high nutritional components and have economic value. Grading of jujube is a post-harvest process applied in the fruit industry for the tasks like fruit quality check, fruit species identification, price labelling, edibility duration estimation, safety, etc. This research investigates the proposed customised-CNN model and two classical models (i.e., VGG16 and AlexNet) for grading jujube fruits according to their stages of maturity. Primarily, jujube of four different maturity grades was identified on the field and collected from the field manually and their images were captured through a machine vision system. Further, image pre-processing and augmentation were performed to get the training/testing-ready dataset. Finally, a customised-CNN model was deployed and grading performance was examined over the original and augmented dataset using performance metrics of precision, sensitivity, and F1-measure. Furthermore, the model's classification accuracy was compared to that of classical models, where the proposed model surmounts both the classical models. Results reveal that the proposed model attained a high grading accuracy of 99.44% and 97.53% over the augmented and original datasets respectively. Also, the computation time and training parameters count were reduced to almost one-tenth and one-third of that of the VGG16 and AlexNet models. Results advocate that the classical model could be replaced with the proposed customized-CNN model and can be further investigated for other fruits for better classification accuracy, reduced parameters and reduced computational time.

The present case study is based on the nation’s biggest-ever banking failure of India’s fastest-growing private bank, YES Bank. The YES Bank fiasco showcases the prevalent flaws of uprising NPAs and mounting bad debts in the financial sector. Post Asset Quality Review (AQR) conducted by RBI elucidate that the NPA of YES Bank is seven times higher than the actual reported amount in their audit book. The sudden trauma reflected the events unfolding in the bank as the share market plummets drastically and the losses enlarged exponentially. To stymie further deterioration, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) stepped in and took over YES Bank management. The economy is already set to decelerate to an 11-year low following demonetization and the outbreak threatens to delay a revival in an emerging economy like India. The subject that this case will fit in is Capital Structure, Corporate Governance and Ethics and Auditing.

In this work, substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles (OX1− OX27) were screened against five bacterial strains, identified to be OX7 and OX11 as growth inhibitors with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 31.25 and 15.75 μg/mL, respectively. The growth inhibitory property of OX7 and OX11 was further validated by disk diffusion, growth curve, and time kill curve assays. Both disrupted biofilm formation with 92−100% reduction examined by the XTT assay were further visualized by scanning electron microscopy analysis. These compounds in combination with ciprofloxacin also exhibit synergy against Escherichia coli cells. With insignificant cytotoxic behavior on HEK293 cells, human red blood cells, and Galleria mellonella larvae, OX11 was tested against 28 multidrug resistant environmental isolates of bacteria and showed inhibition of Kluyvera georgiana and Citrobacter werkmanii strains with 32 and 16 μg/mL MIC values, respectively. The synergistic behavior of OX11 with ampicillin showed many fold reductions in MIC values against K. georgiana and Klebsiella pneumoniae multidrug resistant strains. Further, transmission electron microscopy analysis of OX11-treated E. coli cells showed a significantly damaged cell wall, which resulted in the loss of integrity and cytosolic oozing. OX11 showed significant changes in the secondary structure of human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of OX11, enhancing HSA stability. Overall, the study provided a suitable core for further synthetic alterations and development as an antibacterial agent

Dermatophytes are a group of parasitic fungi that live at the expense of the keratin in the skin, nails and hair. They are generally confined to the stratum corneum of the epidermis and skin appendages, particularly in the tropics, where heat and humidity provide the ideal conditions for the growth of fungi that cause cutaneous infections. The dermatophytes that usually cause only superficial infections of the skin are grouped into three genera: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. They can be classified into three groups according to their normal habitats: anthropophilic species, zoophilic species and geophilic species. Dermatophyte infections are subclassified in Latin names according to the sites of skin involved, e.g. Tinea faciei, Tinea manuum, Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris, Tinea pedis, Tinea capitis, Tinea unguium. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common cause worldwide for superficial dermatophytosis. By their metabolic activity they produce inflammatory responses in the form of erythema, scaling, postulation and micro-abscess formation giving rise to itching and discomfort. The high prevalence rate of superficial dermatophytic infection has shown that 20-25% of the world’s population. The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of clinical presentation, KOH examination of skin and would light examination. The article also discusses the main treatments for superficial dermatophytosis, with a practical approach to the most commonly used topical and systemic drugs, referring also to their dosage and duration of use in different types of the dermatophytic infection. Keywords: Dermatophytosis; Trichophyton rubrum; Tinea; KOH examination.

Silver is commonly used in wound dressing, photography, health care products, laboratories, pharmacy, biomedical devices, and several industrial purposes. Silver (Ag+) ions are more toxic pollutants widely scattered in the open environment by natural processes and dispersed in soil, air, and water bodies. Ag+ binds with metallothionein, macroglobulins, and albumins, which may lead to the alteration of various enzymatic metabolic pathways. To analyze the uptake and metabolism of silver ions in vitro as well as in cells, a range of high-affinity fluorescence-based nanosensors has been constructed using a periplasmic protein CusF, a part of the CusCFBA efflux complex, which is involved in providing resistance against copper and silver ions in Escherichia coli. This nanosensor was constructed by combining of two fluorescent proteins (donor and acceptor) at the N- and C-terminus of the silver-binding protein (CusF), respectively. SenSil (WT) with a binding constant (Kd) of 5.171 μM was more efficient than its mutant variants (H36D and F71W). This nanosensor allows monitoring the level of silver ions in real time in prokaryotes and eukaryotes without any disruption of cells or tissues.

The present study aims to carry out synthesis and characterization of Te-doped ZnO nanoparticles using an easy, low cost and solution-free thermo-mechanical method. The structural, morphological, optoelectronic characteristics of the as-prepared Te-doped ZnO NPs were analyzed by several techniques. From the FE-SEM studies, both pristine and Te-doped ZnO showed tube-shaped morphology when ground for 60 min. Remarkably, different grinding times caused the change in the shape of spherical ZnO NPs to tube-like ZnO. SEM images illustrate that spherical-like and hexagonal tube-like ZnO were prepared with grinding times 30 min and 60 min, respectively. XRD of Te-doped ZnO NPs (0.5wt%, 3wt%, 5wt%) revealed crystallite size of 10–20 nm. XPS results showed evidence for the binding energies of ZnO and Te. Disk diffusion assay showed that Te-doped ZnO NPs demonstrated good antibacterial activity against E. coli DH5α cells compared with pristine ZnO NPs. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs was due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing lipid peroxidation of the bacterial cell wall and resulting in the leakage of cellular contents and cell death. The photoexcited electrons were trapped by the oxygen vacancies and prevented the interaction between oxygen available on the exterior of the ZnO NPs and photoexcited electrons. This results in reducing the amount of ROS generation and subsequently lower antibacterial activity.

The electric power systems are interconnected for the economical and reliable operation of power supply systems. An interconnection of power systems can be implemented through AC and DC links. A variable frequency transformer (VFT) has emerged as an alternative for asynchronous interconnection, like back-to-back HVDC links. Unlike back-to-back HVDC links, VFT requires reduced reactive power, offers quicker incipient transient recovery, and has coherent damping ability. Various control strategies have been proposed in the literature to achieve the controllable and reliable operation of VFT. The VFT can be scalable for high power exchange by implementing the VFT Park model. The VFT is essentially a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM) based system that needs slip rings and brushes in the rotor circuit. Hence, brushless doubly-fed induction machine (BDFIM) based VFT systems and their various topologies are proposed in the literature. In this paper, a comprehensive review is carried out, which includes: power system networks interconnection philosophy, power flow controllers used in the interconnected networks, FACTS controllers, and HVDC link with their technical merits and limitations. A comparison of VFT with its counter technology back-to-back HVDC link is also elaborated, which suggests VFT a better option for asynchronous grid interconnection. Moreover, a thorough literature review is done concerning VFT configuration, controls, and scaling with research papers and patents. Furthermore, detailed mathematical modeling of the VFT system is also carried out along with the numerical simulations under both steady-state and various fault conditions using PSCAD/EMTDC software.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound particles, which include exosomes, micro vesicles (MVs) and various-sized vesicles, released by healthy and diseased cells. EVs also include other vesicular structures, such as large apoptotic bodies (1–5 μm), as well as membrane particles (50–80 nm) originating from the plasma membrane. However, exosomes are nanosize (≈30–100 nm) extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that are bud-off by most types of cells and circulate in bodily fluids. Extracellular nanovesicles contain a large variety of biomolecules, including miRNA, RNA, DNA, proteins, signaling peptides and lipids, that can have diagnostic and therapeutic value. The spectrum of the existing scientific interest in extracellular nanovesicles is comprehensive, which ranges from understanding their functions and pathways to their potential clinical usage. EVs can be obtained from different body fluids with minimally invasive techniques (e.g., urine, plasma, serum), so they are most useful in disease diagnosis. High yield and purity contribute to the accurate diagnosis of various diseases, but damaged EVs and impurities can cause misinterpreted results. Over the last decade, a plethora of approaches have been developed for examining EVs using optical and non-optical tools. However, EV isolation methods have different yields and purities. Moreover, the isolation method that is most appropriate to maximize EVs recovery depends on the different experimental situations. This review explores the emerging use of micro and nano-technologies to isolate and characterize exosomes and microvesicles (MVs) from different biological samples, and the application of these technologies for the monitoring and diagnosis of different pathological conditions.

Temperament occupies an important place in Unani Medicine and forms the basis of pathology, diagnosis and treatment. This concept was originally introduced by Hippocrates (460-370 BC) in which he stated that “It is more important to know what sort of person has a disease than to know what sort of disease a person has”. Ibn Sina says “Allah most beneficent has furnished every one and each of its member with a temperament which is entirely the most appropriate and best adopted for the performance of its functions and passive state”. Human interest in the liver is as old as the science of medicine. Since time immemorial it has been considered as one of the vital organs of a human body. It was during the Greco-Arabian period of medical history that the intimate relationship between the liver and the health of the individual was established. Considering liver as an important and essential organ, Hippocrates (460-377 BC) says “if we live a good life, it is because of the health of our liver” (Ibn-e-Zohr, 1989). Galen (131-210AD) believed that liver retained a dominant role as the “seat of sanguification and the source of veins”. According to Avicenna- “Physicians regard the liver as the seat of manufacture of the dense part of the humours” (Grunner, 1930). Avicenna further writes- “Liver is a large factory where due to digestive and metabolic changes, the various humours of the body are formed in plenty (Kabiruddin, 1947). According to Unani Physicians, humours play an important and deciding role in the creation of human temperament. Therefore it can be revealed that liver is an important metabolic organ, which plays an important role in the formation of temperament of a person.

To study the efflux of gold (Au) in living cells, a genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensor has been developed. The gold-sensing domain GolB from

Encountering foreign bodies in orofacial region is a rare entity. Children are usually more prone to such accidents especially in anterior region with open pulp chambers or root canals. Frequently these foreign bodies are embedded in the oral cavity either due to iatrogenic reasons or traumatically producing various types of reactions ranging from pain to abscess and fistula. Most common foreign bodies noted in the oral cavity include amalgam obturating materials broken instruments needles pins paper clips beads pencil tips etc. Case history clinical evaluation and radiographic investigations play a key role in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. This paper presents three uncommon cases of embedded foreign bodies in oral cavity in adult patients. The foreign particles presented here included broken bur piece stapler pin and a piece of steel wire.

India has been an agrarian economy since ancient times; despite the diminishing value added of agricultural activities to total domestic production or GDP, the agriculture sector has remained the largest employer and thus proved to be the driver of growth and poverty reduction. Moreover, in the recent period of a pandemic where every economic activity came to a halt and showed a negative growth rate, agricultural activities, on the other hand, grew positively, employing job losers in these challenging times. However, agriculture in India faces lots of obstacles due to its limitations in policy formulation and implementation. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide an outline of Indian agriculture growth – reviewing its agricultural policy reforms and observing the fundamental concerns that have shaped the expansion of the agriculture sector.

We have successfully studied the detailed electrical transport properties of SnO2 nanocrystallites. The tetragonal phase of the sample was confirmed by XRD measurement. The average crystallite size calculated from the Scherer equation and Williamson Hall analysis is found to be slightly different because of the strain effect in the crystal lattice. DC resistivity and dielectric properties have been studied for the material. DC resistivity measurement as a function of temperature depicts the metal to insulator transition in the sample that may be useful for resistive switching devices. The transition temperature for the as-synthesized sample is found to 353 K. Dielectric properties of the material were examined in the frequency range 42Hz-5MHz. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent decrease and ac electrical conductivity increase with increasing frequency.

Due to the potential toxicity of mercury, there is an immediate need to understand its uptake, transport and flux within living cells. Conventional techniques used to analyze Hg2+ are invasive, involve high cost and are less sensitive. In the present study, a highly efficient genetically encoded mercury FRET sensor (MerFS) was developed to measure the cellular dynamics of Hg2+ at trace level in real time. To construct MerFS, the periplasmic mercury-binding protein MerP was sandwiched between enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) and venus. MerFS is pH stable, offers a measurable fluorescent signal and binds to Hg2+ with high sensitivity and selectivity. Mutant MerFS-51 binds with an apparent affinity (K d) of 5.09 × 10−7 M, thus providing a detection range for Hg2+ quantification between 0.210 µM and 1.196 µM. Furthermore, MerFS-51 was targeted to Escherichia coli (E. coli), yeast and human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293T cells that allowed dynamic measurement of intracellular Hg2+ concentration with a highly responsive saturation curve, proving its potential application in cellular systems.

Nickel (Ni2+) is an essential mineral nutrient that is required in trace quantities, but exposure to excess amounts can be toxic or carcinogenic. Mechanisms underlying Ni2+ imbalance and toxicity are poorly understood because most analytical methods currently used to probe this metal are invasive or also have toxic effects. To address these problems, a genetically encoded FRET-based probe for nickel metal (FProNiM) was constructed for real-time detection of Ni2+ in live cells. FProNiM was constructed by sandwiching the bacterial periplasmic nickel-binding protein NikA between the fluorescent protein variants ECFP and Venus. Ni2+ binding to FProNiM induced a conformational change that could be detected by a change in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) ratio (acceptor/donor fluorescence). In vitro studies demonstrated that FProNiM is specific for Ni2+, insensitive to changes in pH from 5.0 to 8.0, and has an affinity (Kd) of 21.6 μM, which allows detection of Ni2+ concentrations from 0.1 to 5000 μM. The sensor variant FProNiM-5 was also expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), yeast, and mammalian cells. In each cell type, changes in Ni2+ concentrations were detected with subcellular resolution using confocal microscopy.

In this work, Dy3+ and Cu doped cobalt ferrites with general chemical formula Co0.8−xDyxCu0.2Fe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) have been synthesized via sol–gel route. The cubic phase confirmation and chemical bonding were revealed using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy respectively. Thermal stability of as-prepared samples was checked by thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Raman spectroscopy was used for further confirmation of the single-phase cubic spinel structure of the samples. The average crystallite size was found to decrease from 17.5 to 12.4 nm and the lattice constant was increased from 8.3564 to 8.3811 A on incorporation of Dy3+ ions. The dc electrical resistivity in the temperature range of 303–393 K shows the semiconducting nature of the as-prepared samples. The activation energies for different samples were estimated from the Arrhenius plot and found to be in range of 0.25–0.30 eV. The dielectric constant (e′), ac conductivity (σac) and dielectric loss (tanδ) have been analyzed in the frequency range of 42 Hz - 5 MHz at room temperature. All the dielectric parameters were found to decrease on adding Dy3+ ions. The variation of dielectric properties e′, tanδ, and σac with frequency indicates the typical Maxwell–Wagner type dielectric behavior due to interfacial (space charge) polarization and the exchange of electrons among Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of as-prepared ferrite nanoparticles show the weak super-exchange interactions which cause the large g-value and broadening of the resonance line as compared to the free electron g-value. The prepared ferrites have high dielectric permittivity and low loss making them promising materials for the applications in high frequency memory storage devices.

In the present work, spinel ferrite T0.35Zn0.55Cu0.1Fe2O4 (T = Mn, Ni) nanoparticles have been synthesized via the sol-gel method. We have used the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate structural properties. Thermal stability of the samples was checked by Thermo-gravimetric and Differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The surface morphology and the shape of the particles were demonstrated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns confirm the formation of the single-phase polycrystalline cubic spinel structure with Fd-3m space group. The average crystallite size evaluated from XRD data is found to be 13.7 nm and 15.6 nm which is consistent with the results of particle size estimated from TEM. The DC resistivity evaluated through the two-probe measurement, lowering of resistivity with a rise in temperature providing the traditional semiconducting behavior of spinel ferrites. The dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant ( e ' ), ac conductivity ( σ a c ), and dielectric loss ( t a n δ ) are investigated as a function of frequency and temperature. The results of dielectric measurement revealed a general dielectric dispersion due to the Maxwell-Wagner type of interfacial polarization and the hopping of charge carriers between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. The prepared samples exhibit low dielectric loss and high resistivity which make them suitable for high frequency microwave and power transform applications.

Dermatopytosis are superficial infections of keratinized tissue caused by organisms of three genera of fungi known as the dermatophytes. In contrast dermatomycosis represents systemic and deep fungal infections that may have prominent cutaneous and systemic manifestations. This paper demonstrates both concepts of dermatophytosis Unani and Modern. In Unani literature, it is terned as Qooba. Explaining the historical review of any disease is a very difficult thing, why did it come into existence, currently how much treatment is available for the disease and also, there is a need to assess the progression of disease whether it is progressive or curable. We always try to control the disease, So for this we review the disease from time to time and try to give the best treatment to cure the disease. It is also interesting to note that a number of physicians have done immense work in the field of Qooba. Some of the few may be Greeko- Roman, Arabs, Persian physician who has done some great amount of work with regard to Qooba. As we may talk about the historical records and ancient literature of Qooba, It was the father of medicine,Hippocrates(377-460 BC) who first gave an ample amount of literature and right direction through his valuable humour theory.

Thiamine (vitamin B1) plays a fundamental role in energy metabolism. Its deficiency in humans manifest in the form of serious diseases like Beriberi and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. Monitoring of thiamine within living cells in real time is of acute interest in medicine. Fluorescent indicator protein for thiamine (FLIPT) is a genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based nanosensor developed in this study that allows real time monitoring of thiamine levels within living cells. Nanosensor is constructed by sandwiching thiamine binding protein (thiB) between cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), a FRET pair. Definite conformational change in the sensory domain thiB is depicted as a change in the level of this attuned solute under in vitro and in vivo conditions. This turn out when thiamine binds to sensory domain that brings the donor-acceptor pair in vicinity resulting in increased FRET ratio. Henceforth, any variation in thiamine concentration changes the resultant FRET ratio. The constructed nanosensor was very specific to thiamine and stable to pH within physiological range. The calculated affinity (Kd) of FLIPT is 529 nM. Chimeric protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), yeast and mammalian cells to monitor the thiamine levels. Thus, FLIPT is a genetically encoded FRET based nanosensor that allows real time monitoring of thiamine levels within living cells in a non-invasive manner.

Antimicrobial Nigella sativa seed-based nanocomposite, MnO2/BC, was synthesized and utilized for the water purification through adsorption, and the photocatalytic degradation. MnO2/BC was prepared by co-precipitation method, and characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, and DSC techniques. The composite was investigated for inhibition of bacterial cells growth. FT-IR spectrum indicated the presence of oxygenous groups on the surface; TGA and DSC showed thermal degradation; and XRD, SEM, and TEM investigations indicated amorphous, and porous nature of MnO2/BC having particle size of 190–220 nm. The nanocomposite inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria cells in water. The adsorption of Methylene blue from water was investigated in batch method in terms of amount of MnO2/BC, dye concentration, pH, time, and temperature. 1.0 g L−1 of MnO2/BC removed more than 98% of Methylene blue from aqueous solution having concentration of 10 mg L−1 and pH 7.0 at 27 °C. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of MnO2/BC was 185.185 mg g−1 at 45 °C. The adsorption was an endothermic process which obeyed Freundlich isotherm, and pseudo-second order kinetics. Therefore, the Methylene blue binding onto MnO2/BC surface was site-specific partially through the weak hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. The photocatalytic activity of MnO2/BC has been investigated by degrading the Methylene blue molecules/ions in water under the sunlight and 85% of degradation was achieved during 120 min irradiation. The dye was desorbed at lower pH and regenerated MnO2/BC was used for second cycle of Methylene blue adsorption. The results obtained for this study are much better than the previous Methylene blue adsorption studies with acid washed Black cumin seeds and MnFe2O4/BC for which the capacities were 73.529 mg g−1 and 10.070 mg g−1 at 27 °C, respectively (J. Mol. liq. 2018a, 264, 275–284; J. Clean. Prod. 2018a, 200, 996–1008).

The comprehensive investigation of Raman modes, magnetic and dielectric properties have been carried out on Mn-Co co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles by fixing Mn content (5%) and varying doping concentration of Co (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%). Average crystallite size estimated from Williamson Hall analysis is found to be in decreasing order on increasing concentration of Co and ranging between 29.4 nm and 19.2 nm. Transmission electron microscopy analysis gives evidence that the pre-synthesized Mn-Co co-doped SnO2 powder samples contain nanoparticles with particle size 24.5 nm for 5% Mn doped SnO2 and 14.5 nm for 5% Mn + 5% Co co-doped SnO2. These nanoparticles exhibit a very strange ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic transition and superparamagnetic phase of the samples grows on increasing Co content. This improved superparamagnetic phase in Mn-Co co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles may offer ferrofluids and several biomedical applications like MRI, drugs delivery, hyperthermia, etc. The origin of electric polarization in the Mn-Co co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles has been explained on the basis of dielectric permittivity and typical dielectric dispersion. The small polaron hopping and correlated barrier hopping was found as a dominating ac conduction mechanism in 5% Mn doped SnO2 and heavily co-doped (5% Mn + 5% Co) SnO2. The typical behavior of increasing ac activation energy in Mn-Co co-doped SnO2 samples with frequencies have also been depicted.

Disposal of collected waste is the least preferable way of sustainable solid waste management. But most of the cities in developing nations prefer to use open dumping in an inappropriate and non-scientific way, causing negative impacts on the environment as well as human health. This study offers a novel approach for scientific landfill site selection and sustainable waste management in Aligarh city, India. This could be possible through relevant data collection, selection of suitable models for criterion weighting, and model validation. In order to prepare a suitable landfill site selection map, a GIS-based ensemble FAHP-SVM and FAHP-RF model was implemented. Considering the previous studies and the characteristics and the study area, a total of eighteen thematic layers (decision criteria) were selected. The result reveals that land value, nearness to residential roads, nearness to hospitals and clinics, distance from waste bins, and NDBI having a fuzzy weight of > 0.10, indicates significant factors; whereas land elevation, land slope, surface temperature, soil moisture index, NDVI and urban classification having a fuzzy weight of 0, indicates these criteria have no importance for the present study. The result further reveals that FAHP-RF with an AUC value of 0.9182 is the more accurate model in comparison to FAHP-SVM. According to the final result of weight-based overlay, a total of seven potential landfill sites were identified, out of which three sites were determined as most suitable by considering current land cover, environmental and economic concerns, and public opinions. This study proposed a zonal division model based on the location of suitable landfill sites for sustainable waste management in the study area. The findings of this study may provide a guideline to the decision-makers and planners for optimal landfill site selection in other cities of developing countries.

Disposal of waste without treatment is the least preferable way of sustainable solid waste management (SWM). But most cities in developing nations still use open dumps, causing negative impacts on the environment and human health. This study offered a novel approach for selecting landfill sites and sustainable SWM in Aligarh city, India. This was done through data collection, selecting models for criterion weighting, and validation. In order to prepare a landfill site suitability map, a geographic information system (GIS)-based ensemble fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-support vector machine (FAHP-SVM) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-random forest (FAHP-RF) models were implemented. Considering the previous studies and the study area characteristics, eighteen thematic layers were selected. The result revealed that land value; distance from residential roads, hospitals and clinics, and waste bins; and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) have a fuzzy weight greater than 0.10, indicating significant factors. In contrast, land elevation, land slope, surface temperature, soil moisture index, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and urban classification have a zero fuzzy weight, indicating these criteria have no importance. The result further revealed that FAHP-RF with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.91 is the more accurate model than FAHP-SVM. According to the final weight-based overlay result, seven potential landfill sites were identified, out of which three were determined as most suitable by considering current land cover, public opinions, and environmental and economic concerns. This research proposed a zonal division model based on landfill sites location for sustainable SWM in Aligarh city. However, the findings may provide a guideline to the decision-makers and planners for optimal landfill site selection in other cities of developing countries.

N-acetyl-5-neuraminic acid (NeuAc) plays crucial role in improving the growth, brain development, brain health maintenance, and immunity enhancement of infants. Commercially, it is used in the production of antiviral drugs, infant milk formulas, cosmetics, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical products. Because of the rapidly increasing demand, metabolic engineering approach has attracted increasing attention for NeuAc biosynthesis. However, knowledge of metabolite flux in biosynthetic pathways is one of the major challenges in the practice of metabolic engineering. So, an understanding of the flux of NeuAc is needed to determine its cellular level at real time. The analysis of the flux can only be performed using a tool that has the capacity to measure metabolite level in cells without affecting other metabolic processes. A Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based genetically-encoded nanosensor has been generated in this study to monitor the level of NeuAc in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Sialic acid periplasmic binding protein (SiaP) from Haemophilus influenzae was exploited as a sensory element for the generation of nanosensor. The enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) and Venus were used as Fluroscence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) pair. The nanosensor, which was termed fluorescent indicator protein for sialic acid (FLIP-SA), was successfully transformed into, and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The expressed protein of the nanosensor was isolated and purified. The purified nanosensor protein was characterized to assess the affinity, specificity, and stability in the pH range. The developed nanosensor exhibited FRET change after addition to NeuAc. The developed nanosensor was highly specific, exhibited pH stability, and detected NeuAc levels in the nanomolar to milimolar range. FLIP-SA was successfully introduced in bacterial and yeast cells and reported the real-time intracellular levels of NeuAc non-invasively. The FLIP-SA is an excellent tool for the metabolic flux analysis of the NeuAc biosynthetic pathway and, thus, may help unravel the regulatory mechanism of the metabolic pathway of NeuAc. Furthermore, FLIP-SA can be used for the high-throughput screening of E. coli mutant libraries for varied NeuAc production levels.

Globalization is a huge term. It has come to be used in every industry and in every geographical location. It has influenced trade and commerce of all types. It has brought countries together. There was no way warring countries could be united except for by trade. Globalization has made this possible! Today, one can get Swiss watches, French champagnes, Chinese noodles, and other specialized items inevery corner of the Earth. The initiation and development of globalization and Indian textile industry took place simultaneously in the 1990s. The Indian textile industry, until the economic liberalization of Indian economy was predominantly an unorganizedindustry. The economic liberalization of Indian economy in the early 1990s led to stupendous growth of this Indian industry. The Indian textile industry is one of the largest textile industries in the world and India earns around 27 percent of theforeign exchange from exports of textiles and its related products. &nbsp

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease with an unacceptably high mortality rate caused by an infection or trauma that involves both innate and adaptive immune systems. Inflammatory events activate different downstream pathways leading to tissue damage and ultimately multi-organ failure. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular energy, thermoregulation, metabolite biosynthesis, intracellular calcium regulation, and cell death. Damaged mitochondria induce the high Ca2+ influx through mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). It also generates excessive Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and releases mtDNA into the cytoplasm, which causes induction of NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis. Mitophagy (Autophagy of damaged mitochondria) controls mitochondrial dynamics and function. It also maintains cellular homeostasis. This review is about how pulmonary sepsis affects the body. What is the aftermath of sepsis, and how mitophagy affects Acute Lung Injury and macrophage polarisation to overcome the damages.

Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles and Mg(OH)2–rGO nanocomposites were prepared by microwave assisted co-precipitation method. The morphological study of the as-prepared samples was done by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The real and imaginary parts of complex impedance were studied as a function of frequency over a range of 50Hz to 5MHz at room temperature. The Nyquist plots were recorded to know the resistance contribution from grains and grain boundaries. DC conductivity σdc has been studied as a function of temperature by using two probe method. A minor increase in GO concentration causes increases in the value of σdc in the nanocomposites. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated by using Arrhenius equation and its value decreases with the increases in the GO concentration.

Sulfur (S) is an essential element for all forms of life. It is involved in numerous essential processes because S is considered as the primary source of one of the essential amino acids, methionine, which plays an important role in biological events. For the control and regulation of sulfate in a metabolic network through fluxomics, a non-invasive tool is highly desirable that opens the door to monitor the level of the sulfate in real time and space in living cells without fractionation of the cells or tissue. Here, we engineered a FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) based sensor for sulfate, which is genetically-encoded and named as FLIP-SP (Fluorescent indicator protein for sulfate). The FLIP-SP can measure the level of the sulfate in live cells. This sensor was constructed by the fusion of fluorescent proteins at the N- and C-terminus of sulfate binding protein (sbp). The FLIP-SP is highly specific to sulfate, and showed pH stability. Real-time monitoring of the level of sulfate in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells showed sensor bio-compatibility with living cells. We expect that this sulfate sensor offers a valuable strategy in the understanding of the regulation of the flux of sulfate in the metabolic network.