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Background and Objective: The present paper aims to study the inhibition of Candida albicans growth as candidiasis treatment, using seeds of Lepidium sativum as source. Methods: In vitro assays were carried out on the antifungal activity of three kinds of extracts from L. sativum seeds against four strains of C. albicans, then testing the same phytochemicals on the inhibition of Lipase (LCR). A new in silico study was achieved using molecular docking, with Autodock vina program, to find binding affinity of two important and major lepidine alkaloids (lepidine E and B) towards the four enzymes secreted by C. albicans as target drugs, responsible of vitality and virulence of this yeast cells: Lipase, Serine/threonine phosphatase, Phosphomannose isomerase and Sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51). Results: The results of the microdillution assay show that the hexanic and alkaloidal extracts have an antifungal activity with MICs: 2.25 mg/ml and 4.5mg/ml, respectively. However, Candida rugosa lipase assay gives a remarkable IC50 values for the hexanic extract (1.42± 0.04 mg/ml) followed by 1.7± 0.1 and 2.29 ± 0.09 mg/ml of ethyl acetate and alkaloidal extracts respectively. The molecular docking confirms a significant correlation between C. albicans growth and inhibition of crucial enzymes involved in the invasion mechanism and cellular metabolisms, for the first time there were an interesting and new positive results on binding modes of lepidine E and B on the four studied enzymes. Conclusion: Through this work, we propose Lepidine B & E as potent antifungal drugs.

Over-consumption of foods high in purines like seafood, red meat, and alcoholic beverages leads to hyperuricemia causing gout attacks. Xanthine oxidase was reported responsible for the overproduction of uric acid.We intend to test in silico and in vitro, the inhibition effect of four vitamins against bovine milk xanthine oxidase (BXO). We performed Molecular docking with GOLD v4.0, and the biological activity prediction with the PASS server. The best-selected vitamins were chosen based on their best PLPchem score. The BXO constant KThe in silico results show that the tested vitamins were the best inhibitors model with PLPchem scores up to 70 comparing to the control. The in vitro results show that BXO have a KThe obtained results promise an excellent strategy using vitamins to enhance immunity, treat hyperuricemia, and minimize the usual drug side effects.

Defensive gall traits against natural enemies, such as predators and parasitoids, attracted much attention of ecologists and evolutionary biologists. To our knowledge, naturally occurring antioxidant compounds present in Pistacia atlantica Desf. Galls have not yet been reported and characterized. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the harvest period and plant gender on these antioxidant activities. Furthermore, peaks present in chromatographic fingerprints, probably showing significant antioxidant activities, were identified. Three antioxidant assays, 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2 azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging besides the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), were applied to determine the total antioxidant activity in galls from both genders of Pistacia atlantica. Fingerprints of ten P. atlantica gall extracts were obtained by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Extensive pre-treatment of the data and a linear multivariate calibration technique, Partial Least Squares (PLS), were used for model construction. Our findings highlighted that gender and harvest period affected the antioxidant activities. Major peaks, potentially influencing the antioxidant activity of the samples, were indicated by studying the regression coefficients of the PLS models. Individual antioxidant compounds of P. atlantica galls were identified by UPLC coupled to a hybrid quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF/MS). The phenolic compounds methyl gallate and valoneic acid dilactone were considered to be important antioxidants in the FRAP and scavenging ABTS assays, while quinic acid showed to be the main component influencing the antioxidant activity measured with the DPPH method. The findings of the present study suggest that P. atlantica gall might be used as an accessible source of natural antioxidants and for the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative stress.

Gallic acid and hispidin have been previously described by us as inhibitors of horseradish peroxidase (Benarous, K., Benali, F. Z., Bekhaoua, I. C., and Yousfi, M. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, (2021) 39(18), 7168-7180). However, additional experiments have demonstrated that under the applied assay conditions both compounds are rapidly oxidized by this enzyme. After oxidation, the components of the reaction mixture undergo complex reactions giving products with much weaker absorption at the detection wavelength. This was interpreted by us as enzyme inhibition, which, however, is only apparent. In fact, the activity of horseradish peroxidase is not affected by these compounds, which was demonstrated by measurements of hydrogen peroxide consumption. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Many studies have initiated the use of plant species in traditional Algerian medicine taking into consideration that the Algerian flora is the main source of traditional remedies. In fact, Algerian ethnopharmacology was a combination of ancient knowledge inherited from Islamic civilization and purely empirical uses of substances of different origins; plant, animal and inorganic. The study showed the existence of non-systematic knowledge of plants oriented by knowledge in classical medicine and the use of a large number of ingredients separately or in mixture according to very diverse therapeutic formulas. This study presented the different uses of 134 substances of plant origin, 13 of animal origin and 12 of inorganic origin; these substances have enriched among others the Algerian pharmacopoeia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The present review relates to the field of nanocomposite materials comprising a thermoplastic nanofibrillar phase dispersed in a matrix that is also thermoplastic. The fact of forming the nanofibrillar phase in situ during melt processing gives it the role of a reinforcing nanofiller for thermoplastic materials. This paper discusses the major factors influencing the formation of self-reinforced nanofibrillar polymer composite (NFC) materials throughout manufacturing steps. More specifically, the rheological considerations allowing the prediction of the in situ nanofibrillation during melt blending and post-processing as well as the methods of production of these polymer nanocomposites are described. The major challenges related to the future development in the field of NFCs are addressed. The concept of self-reinforced nanofibrillar polymer materials shows great potential in lightweight eco-design processes and represents a new approach to polymer nanocomposite recycling for a variety of industrial applications.

The development of new interfacial rheological setup (IRS) for characterizing the interfacial viscoelastic properties of polymer systems is a subject of growing interest and constitutes a well-known challenge of high scientific and industrial application value. Recently, biconical and double-wall Ring (DWR) devices that can easily be attached to standard rheometers have been marketed for this purpose, but measurements must be made below 70 °C to ensure a stable homogeneous temperature at the interface. Meanwhile each device has its own limitation: the bicone has high inertia and a relatively low Boussinesq number, giving it a low signal-to-noise ratio, while the DWR is too fragile to probe the interfaces of high viscous systems in the molten state. Currently, to predict the dynamic interfacial properties of molten polymer systems, the interfacial rheology characterization is based mainly on indirect methods such as numerical modeling. In this study, a novel high temperature resistant interfacial rheology cell has been developed. This new setup allows direct interfacial rheology measurements up to 200 °C with temperature gradients of 1 °C at the polymer-polymer interface. To validate this new IRS device, the surface/interfacial properties of different model fluids having different well-known structure and viscoelastic characteristics have been investigated. To enable a more sensitive measurement of interfacial rheological properties, lightweight titanium based biconical geometry was newly designed. The effect of the molecular weight and the temperature was highlighted. Finally, the interfacial rheology testing of molten semicrystalline polymer systems has been achieved for the first time. The measured apparent interfacial shear properties in both oscillatory and steady flow modes were carefully corrected, considering the contribution of the bulk-subphases during processing of the numerical data.

Polyphenolic and Terpenoids are potent natural antiparasitic compounds. This study aimed to identify new drug against Leishmania parasites, leishmaniasis’s causal agent. A new in silico analysis was accomplished using molecular docking, with the Autodock vina program, to find the binding affinity of two important phytochemical compounds, Masticadienonic acid and the 3-Methoxycarpachromene, towards the trypanothione reductase as target drugs, responsible for the defense mechanism against oxidative stress and virulence of these parasites. There were exciting and new positive results: the molecular docking results show as elective binding profile for ligands inside the active site of this crucial enzyme. The ADMET study suggests that the 3-Methoxycarpachromene has the highest probability of human intestinal absorption. Through this work, 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic acid are shown to be potentially significant in drug discovery, especially in treating leishmaniasis. Hence, drug development should be completed with promising results.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacities of Cleome arabica leaves’ extract collected on two seasons in the town of Laghouat steppe region of Algeria. Five common tests for measuring antioxidant capacities were used to compare with three standard antioxidants: measurement of free radical scavenging activity with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) and 2,2ʹ- azinobis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazo-line-6-sulfonate) (ABTS·+) radical cation, measurement of total antioxidant capacities with phosphomolybdenum, ferric reducing, and cupric reducing methods. The amount of the phenolic compounds was carried out by the quantification of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and condensed tannin contents in three organic solvents with varying polarities. The results show that the ethyl acetate is the best extractor solvent of flavonoids, while petroleum ether has the ability to extract more of terpenes. The values of quantification ranged from 0.341 to 0.751 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry matter, from 0.172 to 0.682 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of dry matter and from 0.172 to 0.332 mg of catechin equivalent/g of dry matter for the total phenolic, flavonoids, and the condensed tannins, respectively. All the extract shows strong antioxidant activity, whose best are found in the ABTS and DPPH assay with IC50 values of 0.01 and 0.017 mg/ml, respectively, in a different season. These results suggest that the level of antioxidant activity in this plant varies to a great extent. They also suggest that phenolics in this plant provide substantial antioxidant activity. Upon achievement of this survey, an extra benefit of this medicinal plant may be found.

The phytochemical screening of flowers and rest aerial parts (without flowers) of local Hammada elegans Botsch., performed for the first time, revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, catechin and gallic tannins, sterols and triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, and C-glycosides. However, the combined anthracene and coumarins are present only in the air rest aerial parts. Qualitative analysis of extracts by TLC confirmed the presence of these compounds in both parts of Hammada elegans. The total phenolic content was widely variable and depends on extraction solvents. The crude methanolic extract of flowers presented the highest content (2.66 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g). The in vitro antioxidant capacity of Hammada elegans extracts was assessed by DPPH, CUPRAC, iron chelating, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory assays. The DPPH assay showed an important antiradical activity of the diethyletheric fraction of the rest aerial part (EC50 = 0.46 ± 0.05 mg/ml) compared to other extracts. However, in the CUPRAC assay, the diethyletheric extract of flowers part has an interesting ability (EC50 = 2.67 ± 0.00 mg/ml) comparatively to the other extracts, but lower than those of ascorbic acid and TBHQ. The results of the chelating effect on ferrous ions show clearly that diethyletheric and acetonic extracts of both plant parts have greater chelating powers than that of the positive control. Finally, diethyletheric extract of oth parts of Hammada elegans proved to be the most active in the inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity.

Natural products, such as plant extracts, open a new horizon for the discovery of new antiurolithiatic agents. In AlgeriaPituranthos scopariuscommonly known as “guezzah”, one of the most important plants medicinal Saharan is used for the treatment and prevention of urinary lithiasis. The present study deals with the in vitro evaluation of the inhibitory effect on the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones of isolated fractions fromPituranthos scopariusroots hydromethanolic extract. First, the study led to the isolation of four fractions (F1 = 107 mg, F2 = 19 mg, F3 = 7 mg, F4 = 18 mg) by combining two chromatographic techniques: open column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). The in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of different isolated fractions has been carried out by two different models. In the turbidimetric assay, we have determined spectrophotometrically the effect of the isolated fractions (1g/l) on the oxalocalcic crystallization, induced by the addition of oxalate in urines from four subjects, whereas the gravimetric assay is used to measure the variation of uric acid and calcium urate renal calculi weight, after putting them in contact with 3 ml of the isolated fractions (1 g/l) during 30 days. In the two assays, the antiurolithiatic activity was compared with that of six antiurolithogenesis inhibitory standards: sodium citrate, succinimide pharbiol, foncitril, alcaphor, allopurinol, and phosphoneuros. The achieved results measured by the two tests show clearly that the fraction 1 (F1) has provided very important antiurolithiatic power (> 50% of inhibition) compared to the standard inhibitors. The in vitro obtained experimental results in this study show that thePituranthos scopariusroots are a biologically active natural source for the treatment of oxalocalcic lithiasis. Therefore, further experiments will be required to identify the molecules involved in the antiurolithiatic effect and to study their in vivo effects, which can be used therapeutically.

Background and Objective: Lipase inhibitors have gained great interest because they could help in the therapy of many diseases, however, unfortunately, only a few drugs are currently available on the market. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate for the first time the lipase inhibition effect of Thapsia garganica extracts from seeds, leaves and roots. Methods: Polyphenols and flavonoids contents were determined using spectrophotometric method. Inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate extracts from seeds, leaves and roots of T. garganica against Candida rugosa lipase was determined. To uncover the active constituents responsible for this anti-lipase activity, further investigations were performed by employing theoretical docking simulations, using AutoDock Vina program to discuss the nature of interactions and the inhibition mechanism by major bioactive compounds synthesized by this plant. Results: Seeds, leaves and roots extracts of T. garganica showed appreciable contents of polyphenols and flavonoids which is most in seeds extract with 2.90±0.02mg GAE/gdw and 1.53±0.05mg QE/gdw, respectively. Hence, their inhibitory activities against Candida rugosa lipase were determined as IC50 of 1.19mg/ml, 1.96mg/ml and 1.87mg/ml, respectively. Docking simulations have shown that nortribolid and tribolid are best inhibitors for both lipases (Candida rugosa and human pancreatic lipases). Conclusion: Testing the anti-lipase activity of the ethyl acetate extracts of T. garganica revealed a potent lipase inhibition activity, which suggests the use of these molecules as anti-obesity drugs.

Background:The genus Linaria belongs to the Scrophulariaceae family. It is a large genus comprising about 200 species. Various parts of several Linaria species have been reported to exhibit various biological effects. In Algeria especially in the Sahara and steppe regions, the different species of Linaria have several uses in dietary application.Objective:The aims of this study are to evaluate the α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase inhibitory effects and the antioxidant activity using in vitro assays by an organic extract of the aerial part of Linaria aegyptiaca collected in two months, April and June, from southern Algeria.Methods:The extracts were obtained with successful maceration in (hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol). The phenolics and flavonoids contents of L. aegyptiaca extracts were evaluated with Folin- Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride reagents, respectively. Then, we studied their inhibitory effects on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase enzymes. The antioxidant potential was determined in vitro with DPPH, ABT and Phosphomolybdate tests.Results:The highest phenolic and flavonoid content were detected in the methanolic extracts of Linaria aegyptiaca collected in April. All the extracts showed good inhibitory activity on both enzymes, where the best activity was against α- amylase by acetonic extract collected in June with an IC50 = 95.03 μg/ml. The evaluation of antioxidant activity showed that all the extracts exhibited a good antioxidant capacity compared to standard antioxidants.Conclusion:The aim of this research is to establish the anti-diabetic properties and the probable alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase inhibitory activities of Algerian Linaria aegyptiaca species. These results show that this species has good antioxidant properties and a good potential for hyperglycemia management, too. The Algerian Linaria aegyptiaca can be considered as a natural source of anti-hyperglycemic treatment and might be interesting for the prospect of new molecules with antidiabetic effect.

Modeling the distribution of Rhanterium adpressum, an endemic species from southwestern Algeria, and the interactions of soil’s chemical properties with the variability of chemical composition of its essential oils makes the objective of this study. Obtained MaxEnt model (AUC = 0.98) showed that the general distribution of genus Rhanterium established mainly by the contribution of eight bioclimatic variables derived from temperature and precipitation (90.5%). Projection of the model in future conditions until 2070 reveals that the habitats of this species will be very affected by climate changes. The analysis of 9 soil samples shows a sandy (77–96%), alkaline, and calcareous character with an electrical conductivity between 0.2 and 1.8 dS/m at 20°C. The chemical composition of terpenoids families during a period of 5 months was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (70–90%) followed by oxygen monoterpenes (4.5–9.2%), hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (1.6–9.9%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.3–7.2%). The variation of this composition in relation with phenological cycle and physicochemical properties of the soil was discussed.

International audience; The present work deals with the 3D printing of multimaterials based on PLA/PMMA multilayers directly obtained from pellets. This polymer pair was chosen for their miscibility at the melt state and synergistic properties (i.e., to improve and weather tune the temperature resistance, transparency and thermomechanical properties of their PLA-based materials). Thus, 3D-printed parts with repeating PMMA/PLA/PMMA layers in the Z building direction were successfully prepared in different numbers but maintaining the same composition. The main objective was to better understand the interface/interphase properties developed during this innovative processing. First, further physicochemical and dynamic thermomechanical characterizations were performed. Second, the effects of multi-extrusion 3D printing processing parameters on the thermal stability of PLA, PMMA and their printed specimens were analyzed by GPC. Then, the structuralrheological and mechanical properties of the multilayered systems were investigated in comparison to their equivalent blend. The effects of flow kinematics during extrusion as well as printing chamber temperature (PCT) and infill density (ID) were specifically studied and rationalized. The triggered interfaces were characterized by SEM and subjected to flexural and short-beam three-point bending experiments that proved their dramatic influence on the final mechanical properties. The ultimate aim of this study is to enable successful control of the interfaces/interphases obtained in these 3D-printed PLA/PMMA systems in comparison to other forming processes.

The two important targets to treat gout disease are (1) control the hyperuricemia by the inhibition of Xanthine Oxidase (XO) and (2) treatment of acute attacks of gout by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. It is important to distinguish between therapy to manage hyperuricemia and to reduce acute inflammation. While reducing hyperuricemia is resolved very slowly with available drugs, gout symptoms like pain and inflammation may become persistent. The objective of this study is to find a relevant treatment with a beneficial double effect. (1) As an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effect and (2) as XO inhibitory effect, which is the main objective of this study. We investigated the effect of five non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against human and bovine milk xanthine oxidases (HXO and BXO) using the double enzyme detection method (DED) and molecular docking with the Autodock vina program. in vitro results show that the NSAIDs give an important inhibition to HXO and BXO with an IC50 of 2.04 ± 0.13 μg/ml, 2.75 ± 0.23 μg/ml, 1.45 ± 0.19 μg/ml, 0.31 ± 0.13 μg/ml and 1.27 ± 0.11 μg/ml, for HXO, and 2.96 ± 0.27 μg/ml, 9.46 ± 0.13 μg/ml, 6.21 ± 1.17 μg/ml, 0.83 ± 0.11 μg/ml, and 3.48 ± 0.13 μg/ml, for BXO, for respectively, Naproxen, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Indomethacin, and Celecoxib. Testing the inhibitory activity of these drugs on both XOs shows an important inhibition, especially from Indomethacin, which could be a promising lead compound for reducing acute inflammation and at the same time controlling hyperuricemia.

This paper aims to examine the volatility spillover, diversification benefits, and hedge ratios between U.S. stock markets and different financial variables and commodities during the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 crisis, using daily data and multivariate GARCH models. Our results indicate that the risk spillover has reached the highest level during the COVID-19 period, compared to the pre-COVID period, which means that the COVID-19 pandemic enforced the risk spillover between U.S. stock markets and the remains assets. We confirm the economic benefit of diversification in both tranquil and crisis periods (e.g., a negative dynamic conditional correlation between the VIX and SP500). Moreover, the hedging analysis exhibits that the Dow Jones Islamic has the highest hedging effectiveness either before or during the recent COVID19 crisis, offering better resistance to uncertainty caused by unpredictable turmoil such as the COVID19 outbreak. Our finding may have some implications for portfolio managers and investors to reduce their exposure to the risk in their portfolio construction.

The gout disease is spreading worldwide and its drug target is the human xanthine oxidase. Through this work, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the ten lanthanide(III) complexes of biologically active bis-coumarins on xanthine oxidase. We achieved molecular docking studies using GOLD software to study the formed interactions in the enzyme-inhibitor complex. The results confirm the inhibitory effect of the lanthanide complexes showing the best Nd(III) complex with IC50 of 12.91 nM. The docking results confirm this inhibition. We saved nearly the same interactions between the two inhibitors allopurinol and the Nd(III) complex according to the docking results. No further studies have been found in this context. The ADMET analysis show that the three complexes are nontoxic.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

BACKGROUND: Several medicinal plants are used in the steep area of Algeria (Laghouat) for treatment of inflammation and diabetes. Furthermore, Hammada elegans Botsch. (Chenopodiaceae) a xerophytic plant popularly known as (Ajram) is widely spread perennial shrub in Laghouat region and it is traditionally used to treat inflammation and diabete. Then, the objective of this work is to study for the first time the in vivo anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and acute toxicity effects of acetonic, methanolic and aqueous Hammada elegans Botsch extracts. METHODS: The acute toxicity test was performed according to the OECD method using single increasing doses (50–1500 mg/kg bw). The anti-inflammatory effect is investigated in Wistar rats by using the rat paw edema assay. The antidiabetic activity was evaluated in vivo using three tests: short-term test (in non-diabetic rats), starch-induced hyperglycemia test (in non-diabetic rats) and long-term alloxan test (experimental diabetes). RESULTS: The acute toxicity results show no deaths in rats and no clinical signs of toxicity. The anti-inflammatory effects showed that all extracts significantly inhibit rat paw edema (EC(50) less than 345.51 ± 0.29 mg/kg bw). Therefore, the acetonic extract (EC(50) = 157.45 ± 0.33 mg/kg bw) had the more active anti-inflammatory activity than that of the standard inhibitor “Ibuprofen”. In addition, the evaluation of the antidiabetic activities by three tests shows that: in, in the short-term test, there was no important decrease in normal rats glucose rate, while in the starch-induced hyperglycemia test, the aqueous extract decreased significantly hyperglycemia (57.21 ± 1.24 mg AEAC / kg bw) compared to all tested extracts. While in the long-term test, the acetone extract significantly decreased hyperglycemia (9.18 ± 0.72 mg GEAC / kg bw) compared to all the tested extracts. CONCLUSIONS: Hammada elegans Botsch extracts seem to have therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of the inflammation and diabetes.

Peroxidase inhibition produced by phenolic compounds as hispidin and gallic acid, alkaloids as harmine and natural extracts of Inonotus hispidus, and Marrubium vulgare were investigated in this stu...

2019-nCoV Coronavirus spread all over the world and obliged one billion people in open confinement, no treatments or vaccine have been yet found against this pandemic. The Main Protease (Mpro) is an attractive drug target, because it is the essential protein for the virus invasion. This study aims to test in silico the effect of five vitamins and a natural antioxidant against Mpro, using molecular docking study, with Autodock Vina and Discovery Studio visualizer softwares. The used inhibitors were chosen based on their beneficial properties such as Tocopherol (vitamin E), Thiamine (vitamin B1), Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (vitamin B6), Biotin (vitamin B7), and Glutathione (GSH), the best inhibitor pose was chosen based on the repetition ratio (RR) and the minimum affinity energy value (MEV). The results show that Glutathione is the best inhibitor model among the other tested vitamins in the active site of Mpro with a RR value of 94% and MEV of - 5.5 kcal/mol, the compatibility of Glutathione structure inside the binding pocket as a tripeptide model found to be similar to the native ligand of Mpro. Moreover, Thiamine, Biotin, and Tocopherol are saved as satisfied inhibitors to Mpro, Pyridoxine was the weakest inhibitor. Depending on this result, we recommend the use of Glutathione and vitamin B family as a supportive strategy for the treatment of COVID-19.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Pistacia atlantica (wild pistachio) belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, and growing from the Mediterranean basin to central Asia, especially in Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Saudi Arabia where it is extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to relieving upper abdominal discomfort and pain, dyspepsia and peptic ulcer. Objective Despite the diverse biological activities of P. atlantica, there is no current review summarizing medicinal properties of its subspecies, including cabulica, kurdica and mutica. Thus, this paper aims to explore the current understanding of the chemical, pharmacological, and biochemical properties of the extracts and the main active constituents found in each subspecies of this plant. Methods Peer-reviewed articles, using “Pistacia atlantica” as search term (″all fields″), were retrieved from Scifinder, Pubmed, Science direct, Wiley, Springer, ACS, Scielo, Web of Science and other web search instruments (Google Scholar, Yahoo search). Papers published until July 2020 are considered. In addition, various books were consulted that contained botanical and ethnopharmacological information. The information provided in this review is based on peer-reviewed papers in English and French. Results Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, including volatile compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols. P. atlantica contains also minerals and trace elements, like iron, lead, copper, potassium, sodium and calcium; fatty acids, like oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid; fat-soluble vitamins, such as α, β, γ and δ tocopherols; phytosterols, like betasitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and Δ5-avenasterol. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from P. atlantica show a wide range of pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, wound healing, anticancer, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, urease inhibition, antihypertension, nipple fissure healing, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activities. However, there are no reports summarizing the P. atlantica bioactivity, its therapeutic value, and the roles played by each of the numerous phytoconstituents. Conclusion Many traditional uses of P. atlantica and its subspecies have now been confirmed by pharmacologic research. Systematic phytochemical investigation of the P. atlantica subspecies and the pharmacological properties, especially the mechanisms of action and toxicology, to illustrate their ethnomedicinal use, to explore the therapeutic potential and support further health-care product development, will undoubtedly be the focus of further research. Therefore, detailed and extensive studies and clinical evaluation of P. atlantica subspecies should be carried out in future for the safety approval of therapeutic applications.

2019-nCoVis, a novel coronavirus was isolated and identified in 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China. On February 17, 2020 and according to the World Health Organization, 71, 429 confirmed cases worldwide were identified, among them 2162 new cases were recorded in the last 24 hours. One month later, the confirmed cases jumped to 179111, with 11525 new cases in the last 24 hours, with 7426 total deaths. No drug or vaccine is present at the moment for human and animal coronavirus.The inhibition of 3CL hydrolase enzyme provides a promising therapeutic principle for developing treatments against CoViD-19. The 3CLpro (Mpro) is known for involving in counteracting the host innate immune response.This work presents the inhibitory effect of some natural compounds against 3CL hydrolase enzyme, and explains the main interactions in inhibitor-enzyme complex. Molecular docking study was carried out using Autodock Vina. By screening several molecules, we identified three candidate agents that inhibit the main protease of coronavirus. Hispidin, lepidine E, and folic acid are bound tightly in the enzyme, therefore strong hydrogen bonds have been formed (1.69-1.80Å) with the active site residues.This study provides a possible therapeutic strategy for CoViD-19.

The current study investigated the effect of developmental stages on the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of fifteen crude oil samples obtained from Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves, galls, and fruits. Twelve fatty acids were detected by GC/FID, linolenic acid (C18 : 3) was the major fatty acid detected in leaves crude oils that registered [41.73 % (P

Background: 2019-nCoVis, a novel coronavirus was isolated and identified in 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China. On February 17, 2020 and according to the World Health Organization, 71, 429 confirmed cases worldwide were identified, among them 2162 new cases were recorded in the last 24 hours. One month later, the confirmed cases jumped to 179111, with 11525 new cases in the last 24 hours, with 7426 total deaths. No drug or vaccine is present at the moment for human and animal coronavirus. Methods: The inhibition of 3CL hydrolase enzyme provides a promising therapeutic principle for developing treatments against CoViD-19. The 3CLpro (Mpro) is known for involving in counteracting the host innate immune response. Results: This work presents the inhibitory effect of some natural compounds against 3CL hydrolase enzyme, and explains the main interactions in inhibitor-enzyme complex. Molecular docking study was carried out using Autodock Vina. By screening several molecules, we identified three candidate agents that inhibit the main protease of coronavirus. Hispidin, lepidine E, and folic acid are bound tightly in the enzyme, therefore strong hydrogen bonds have been formed (1.69-1.80Å) with the active site residues. Conclusion: This study provides a possible therapeutic strategy for CoViD-19.

Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites (GFRTC) were successfully prepared using two different routes: a reactive laboratory-created approach as well as a compression molding method. Two kinds of high-performance polyphtalamides (PPA) were studied: PPA from a chain extension reaction of its parent prepolymer (named R-PPA) in comparison with a virgin non-reactive PPA (NR-PPA). For the former, the chemo-rheological behaviors were investigated by coupling rheology with fast-scan and high temperature Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) measurements. Interestingly, it was demonstrated that a maximum chain extension conversion could be obtained in a few minutes. Moreover, elevated molar masses could be reached with broad polydispersities. For thermo-compression forming process, and despite the moderate NR-PPA viscosity, it was therefore possible to obtain a good impregnation of the GFRTC with improved mechanical properties. By a subsequent thermal post-treatment, a correlation between the obtained highest glass transition temperatures (Tg), molar masses and induced crystallinities on thermomechanical properties could be emphasized. The present study thus highlights some interesting results to obtain structural heat-resistant GFRTC materials typically used in the field of aerospace and automotive parts intended especially for high service temperature applications.

Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymers (GFRTP) were successfully prepared using two different routes: a reactive laboratory-created approach as well as a compression molding method. Two kinds of high-performance polyphtalamides (PPA) were studied: PPA from a chain extension reaction of its parent prepolymer in comparison with a virgin non-reactive reference (NRR) matrix. For the former, the chemo-rheological behaviors were investigated by coupling rheology with fast-scan and high temperature Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) measurements. Interestingly, it was demonstrated that a maximum chain extension conversion could be obtained in a few minutes. Moreover, elevated molar masses could be reached with broad polydispersities. Furthermore, a maximum glass transition temperature of 120 °C was revealed with a large rubbery plateau. By optimizing some experimental conditions (filling and reaction times, temperature), high thermomechanical properties were obtained especially with GFRTPs. For the NRR matrix, it was also possible to improve mechanical properties by a subsequent thermal post-treatment. A correlation between the obtained highest glass transition temperatures (Tg), molar masses and induced crystallinities on thermomechanical properties could be emphasized. The present study thus highlights some interesting results to obtain high-quality GFRTP parts intended especially for high service temperature applications such as in the automotive or aerospace industries.

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus was isolated and identified first time in 2019 in Wuhan, China. Nowadays, it is a worldwide danger and the WHO named it as a pandemic. With a number of 5,593,631 as confirmed cases, and 353,334 as deaths. On 17 February, we have started our researches for finding potential inhibitors for COVID-19 main protease, especially after publishing the first crystalline structure of this protein in the PDB with PDB ID: 6lu7. We have found three potent molecules Hispidin, Folic acid and Lepidine E with Ki values 5.21, 3.71 and 1.89 μM respectively. Continuing the same context and in order to determine more inhibitors as potential strategy for COVID-19 treatment by molecular docking. We detected Amoxicillin and clavulanate as very strong inhibitors with a rate of 100% to the nCov-19 main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by several hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. In addition, we have docked both inhibitors to Spike protein domain of the virus responsible for its binding to the ACE2 receptors in the lungs and other vital organs. The results show that the ligands bound tightly with this latter confirming multiple effect and target of the drugs. Funding Statement: DGRSDT of Algeria Declaration of Interests: None to declare Ethics Approval Statement: Not needed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological, physico-chemical characteristics and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, total antioxidant activity, Fe2+-chelating activity and CUPRAC) of five date cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) growing in Algeria. The fruits are characterized as being economically important via their PH values, weight and quality. The highest level of total phenolic and condensed tannins contents was found in 80% methanol extracts. This level ranged from 20.38–69.85 mg GAE/100 g DW and between 3.58 and 60.05 mg CE/100 g DW. The highest total flavonoid contents were found in acetonic extracts. The fruits exerted different antioxidant activities and they were influenced by the extraction solvent. Although they have low phenolic contents, 70% acetone extracts gave the highest antioxidant activities. Using UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, 19 compounds were identified, most detected compounds were found in 70% acetonic extracts. Thus, 70% acetone was found to be the best solvent to run such investigation. Due to date-pathogen, infected Tinnaser date synthesized more or new polyphenols such as O-p-coumaroylshikimic acid and apigenin pentosyl hexoside. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Date fruit, Morphological, Physico-chemical, UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, Solvent

BACKGROUND: One of the objectives of food industry is to seek new resources of oil that preferably presents nutritional values. For human health, fats and particularly vegetable oils are considered as an important source of energy when glucose is not available. In addition, the search for effective, natural compounds with antioxidant activity has been intensified in recent years to replace the synthetic products. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present work was to determine the fatty acids profile (and variability) of the lipid fractions extracted from five different populations of the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing in Algeria. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the lipidic fractions were also determined. METHODS: The chemical compositions of tocopherols were also analyzed by HPLC for the first time for this plant part. The chemical percentage variability (presence of two main distinguished clusters) of the fatty acids was discussed using statistical analysis methods (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering “AHC” and principal component analysis “PCA”). The antioxidant activity of the dewaxed lipid fractions were investigated in vitro using two different assays: DPPH (1,1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching test. RESULTS: For the overall samples, the main saturated fatty acids components were capric acid (C10:0 = 2.49–13.88%), myristic acid (C14:0 = 4.71–9.12%) and palmitic acid (C16:0 = 5.31–9.03%). Alternatively, the main unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid (C18:1w9 = 3.42–4.85%), linoleic acid (C18:2w6 = 10.94–16.99%) and most importantly α-linolenic acid (C18:3w3 = 20.92–48.92%), which is known for its multiple dietary, pharmaceutical and clinical benefits. CONCLUSION: The results of fatty acids methyl esters identification using GC and GC-MS showed a clear variability in the composition of fatty acids. The main result of this study illustrate the nutritional potential (richness in MUFA such as C18:1w9, presence of essential fatty acids such as C18:2w6 at all the stages of maturation, richness in omega-3 fatty acids such as C18:3w3. of the oil of P. lentiscus leaves, which can provide opportunities for rational exploitation for medicinal purposes and in the food industries. Regarding tocopherols HPLC analysis, the samples were rich in α-tocopherol (58.51–89.17% of the total tocopherols identified). Finally, and for antioxidant activity measured by β-carotene assay, the obtained values suggested good antioxidant activities when compared with antioxidants of reference.

The aim of the present work was to investigate the chemical composition variability of the essential oils (EOs) of two subspecies of Artemisia campestris L. The studied subspecies were ssp. eu-campestris (Briq. & Cav.) and ssp. glutinosa (J. Gay ex Besser) Batt. Several samples coming from different regions of collection were adopted. The plant material was harvested at full flowering phenological status. Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of the studied plant were analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of these EOs were also determined in vitro using three different assays: DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and β-carotene bleaching test. The results of the EOs analysis showed the presence of monoterpenes hydrocarbons in high amounts in the majority of studied subspecies samples. The EOs samples presented large variability of the chemical compositions for both studied subspecies; besides, a new chemotype (capillene/capillin) was identified for the ssp. eu-campestris of this plant which grows in the location of Aflou (Laghouat).

The present work is devoted to electrical and optical study of a point-plane atmospheric pressure corona discharge reactor in humid air powered by pulsed high voltage supply. The corona current and the injected energy are analyzed as a function of several parameters such as applied voltage and humidity rate. Then, investigations based on emission spectroscopy analysis were used in UV range (from 200 nm to about 400 nm). The main observed excited species were the second positive (SPS), the first negative (FNS) systems and OH(A-X) rotational bands. The latter band was used to simulate the rotational temperature (Tr), whereas the N2+ (FNS) band was used to determine the vibrational temperature (Tv). The electron temperature (Te ) is determined from the ratio of line intensities of the spectral bands of both N2+ FNS at 391.4 nm and N2SPS at 394.4 nm. The rotational, vibrational and electronic temperatures are analyzed as a function of above parameters (applied voltage, frequency and hygrometry rate) near the anodic tip. As well we study the axial variation of electronic temperature for a fixed applied voltage at 6.4 kV, frequency at 10 kHz and 100% of humidity. It is found that the rotational, vibrational and electronic temperatures increased with increasing applied voltage, frequency and humidity rate. The increase of rate hygrometry for an inter-electrode distance fixed at 10 mm causes an increase in both the amplitude of the corona current discharge and the energy injected in corona discharge. This is indicative of more intense reactive plasma while increasing hygrometry rate.

The current investigation aims to optimize the extraction of leaf phenolics of Centaurea sp. and to propose a scientific basis for an optimal collection of this plant. Centaurea sp. samples were collected regularly over seven months from January to July 2017 (the non-estivation period). They were then subjected to preliminary ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) assays employing four solvents at different polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethyl-acetate, and acetone). April samples extracted in methanol, which revealed maximum recovery of phenolic content, were selected for UAE optimization employing the Box–Behnken design (BBD) technique under the category of the response surface methodology (RSM). In this step, three parameters including time X1 (min), temperature X2 (°C) and sample-to-solvent ratio X3 (g/mL) were used to maximize three responses including total phenolic compounds (TPC) content and two different antioxidant capacity assays, DPPH and FRAP. The results under the optimum conditions were significant: TPC 46.44 “mg GAE/g dm”, DPPH 38.91 “mg AAEAC/g dm”, and FRAP 41.71 “mg AAEAC/g dm”. Moreover, 14 phenolic acids were detected and quantified under optimum conditions after running high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC-DAD). Protocatechuic acid was found at the highest concentration (564.62 ± 0.44 μg/g dm) followed by p-coumaric acid (277.89 ± 0.90 μg/g dm) and ferulic acid (121.52 ± 3.83 μg/g dm). On the other hand, both predicted and experimental BBD responses were in accordance, which points the success of the optimization.

In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, acute toxicity and the antinociceptive activity of Artemisia campestris and Artemisia herba-alba, individually and in combination, were investigated using multiple forms of pain in animals. Our results have been shown that plants are relatively safe without clinical signs of toxicity in animals. Thus, extracts were presented high levels in phenolic and flavonoid contents. Artemisia decoctions with 100, 200, 400 mg/kg b-w studied dose, clearly attenuate chemical and thermal noxious stimuli in writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests, and significantly reduced paw oedema in formalin test. Additionally, binary combination forms exhibited a great improvement in intensity and amplitude of antinociceptive activity in comparison with both plants used individually by a relative interference with opioid system. Our findings suggested the central and peripheral analgesic properties and confirmed the folkloric medicinal use of these plants in pain symptom treatment.

Saccocalyx satureioides Coss. & Dur. is an endemic Algerian plant species growing in pre-desert area. The aerial parts are commonly used in the folk medicine. The fingerprint of the aerial part of S. satureioides essential oil (EO) collected periodically at different growing stages was established by GC and GC/MS analyses. Besides, the seasonal variations of the EO components were also investigated. In order to highlight the effect of seasonal variation/variability of the EO composition on the fingerprint pattern, chemometrics methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap associated with hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were applied. The antioxidant activity of the EO was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The relationship between GC fingerprint and antioxidant activity named spectrum-effect relationship was investigated by partial least squares (PLS) regression. The EO fingerprint was essentially marked by the three major oxygenated monoterpenes which were α-terpineol (34.48–42.43%), borneol (15.24–23.37%) and thymol (19.27–26.96%). Successfully, multivariate models were developed to relate the antioxidant activities responses to the EO chemical composition.