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The work of art is considered a relic of history. Art also serves as a documentation of history. It contains meaning, which is intrinsic and extrinsic at the same time. The value of art is subjective, depending on the inclination of each connoisseur's taste. The value is the essence, the fundamental principle, which can eventually become the normative basis. This paper discusses the objectivity characteristic of visual art value based on a survey done with 407 participants. The outcomes highly help the audience/public in appreciating any visual arts. Keywords: objectivity, characteristics, visual art, value eISSN: 2398-4287© 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI9.3935

The motif shape of the songket consists of elements and parts taken from nature. Due to the method of weaning itself, all forms of motifs are born in geometric styles. National Cultural Congress was set up to encourage artists to project a sense of internal pride and identity in their oeuvre. Creating artwork is thought to give the meaning of geometric shapes and motifs of songket based on the characteristics of the Tauhid Aesthetic, introduced by Al-Fauqi regarding the modular structure. This artwork will emphasise the formalistic aspect. Keywords: motif, songket, geometric, Islamic art eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by E-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioral Researchers on Asians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behavior Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI9.3952

This study investigates the influence of hydrothermal process conditions on the yield of terephthalic acid (TPA). Deionised water was employed as a green reaction medium substitute for acetic acid solvent widely used in the Amoco oxidation process for TPA production. Utilising the unique properties of water at elevated temperature and pressure, TPA was synthesised from p-xylene under subcritical (250 °C, 300 °C and 350 °C) and supercritical (400 °C) water conditions in a 10 mL micro-bomb batch reactor. Process conditions, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidant concentrations, manganese bromide (MnBr2) catalyst and water loadings, were varied at a fixed reaction time of 60 minutes. The p-xylene conversion and TPA yield were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the presence of chemical functional groups and chemical compositions of the reaction products were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), respectively. It was found that an optimum TPA yield of 94.56% was observed at 350°C with hydrogen peroxide, deionised water and manganese bromide catalyst set at 1.5 mL, 2.5 mL, and 2 mL, respectively. Other major reaction products identified were p-tolualdehyde and 1,4-hydroxymethyl benzaldehyde.

Natural fiber waste is an issue where the whole globe always talks about this waste to be utilized. Printmaking is one fine art discipline in which the work will transfer images from one matrix's surface to another's surface. Various techniques and methods in producing this printmaking work and artists always do various experiments and explorations that each look to significant output printmaking itself. This paper aims to explore the potential of natural fiber wastage as a substance to develop a matrix for printmaking in artistic practice. This research will be conducted in a semi-scientific laboratory and studio. Keywords: Printmaking, Fine Art, Natural Fiber Waste, Printmaking Matrix eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI7%20(Special%20Issue).3799

Polyethylene is one of the key components of plastic wastes that can be utilized for resource recovery through pyrolysis method. Understanding of thermal decomposition properties and reaction mechanism of pyrolysis are necessary in designing an efficient reactor system. This study investigated the kinetics and thermodynamics parameters for individual waste virgin polyethylene (WVPE) and waste recycled polyethylene (WRPE) by using distributed activation energy model (DAEM). The calculated kinetic parameters (activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) were used to determine thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy (ΔH), Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and entropy (ΔS). The activation energy (Ea) values for the WVPE estimated at conversion interval of 5%-95% were in the range of 180.62 to 268.04 kJ/mol while for the WRPE, the values were between 125.58 to 243.08 kJ/mol. This indicates the influence of exposure to weathering and mechanical stress during recycling on the course of the WRPE degradation. It was also found that the pyrolysis reaction for both WVPE and WRPE were best fitted using the two-dimensional diffusion (D2) model. The WVPE exhibited higher enthalpy and lower ΔG compared to WRPE, suggesting that less energy is required to thermally degrade recycled waste PE into products of char, gases and pyro-oils. Both kinetics and thermodynamics analyses were useful for the development of the plastic waste management through pyrolysis process.

Bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was catalytically reformed inside a stainless steel multichannel tubular reactor using steam and air as reforming agents. The catalyst used, denoted as Fe/AC, was an iron catalyst loaded on the coconut shell-derived activated carbon (AC) prepared by a new approach of impregnating iron from an aqueous solution onto the AC in a stepwise manner. Results indicate that a stepwise impregnation was able to minimise the agglomeration of iron particles on AC surface, allowing high loading of iron onto the AC without severely affecting Fe dispersion and catalyst pore properties. The highly reducible, highly efficient catalyst produced in this study was able to lower the concentration of tar in producer gas to lower than 100 mg/Nm3. The best composition of the burnable product gas was obtained with iron loading of 15 wt%, reaction temperature of 800 °C, steam-to-carbon molar ratio (S/C) of 1.0 and air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.1, with gas composition of 33.5% H2, 21.0% CO, 14.0% CH4, 18.8% CO2 and 1% C2 hydrocarbons and a cold gas efficiency of 78.5%.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are the efficient and sustainable approach for the removal of toxic metals and generate energy concurrently. This article highlighted the effective use of rotten rice as an organic source for bacterial species to generate electricity and decrease the metal concentrations from wastewater. The obtained results were corresponding to the unique MFCs operation where the 510 mV voltage was produced within 14-day operation with 1000 Ω external resistance. The maximum power density and current density were found to be 2.9 mW/m2 and 168.42 mA/m2 with 363.6 Ω internal resistance. Similarly, the maximum metal removal efficiency was found to be 82.2% (Cd), 95.71% (Pb), 96.13% (Cr), 89.50% (Ni), 89.82 (Co), 99.50% (Ag), and 99.88% (Cu). In the biological test, it was found that Lysinibacillus strains, Chryseobacterium strains, Escherichia strains, Bacillus strains are responsible for energy generation and metal removal. Furthermore, a multiparameter optimization revealed that MFCs are the best approach for a natural environment with no special requirements. Lastly, the working mechanism of MFCs and future recommendations are enclosed.