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This study reports data on benthic litter abundance, composition and distribution obtained during deep-sea trawl surveys conducted along the Sardinian continental margin down to the bathyal plain, at depths comprised from 740 to 1740 m. None of the investigated sites was litter free. Density ranged from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of >1300 litter items per km 2 , with a mean value of 258 ± 59 items. Plastic accounted for 56% of the total collected items, followed by glass (24%), metal (10%). Most items, irrespectively of the category, were single-use items. Fish abundance in all of the investigated catches was significantly higher than the number of litter items, the weight of which was similar to the reared fish biomass. Our results confirm that anthropogenic waste has reached the deep Mediterranean Sea, and that the most recent EU legislation banning single-use plastic tools represents a timely and necessary measure., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Reports of marine litter pollution first appeared in scientific literature of the early 1970s; yet, more than 40 years later, no rigorous estimates exist of the amount of litter existing in the marine environment. To cope with this global urgency, this study reports the status of marine litter abundance along fishing grounds surrounding the island of Sardinia (CW Mediterranean Sea; FAO Geographical Sub-Area 11) through three years of trawl surveys. A total of 302 hauls, covering a total of 18.4 km 2 of trawled surface were carried out in the framework of the MEDITS campaign, at depths comprised between 0 and 800 m. A total of 918 items were collected and sorted, with the highest concentration observed above 200 m depth. Overall, plastic was the dominant component of litter, followed by glass and metal. Comparing our results with other areas from the Mediterranean basin, Sardinian waters showed a lower impact, possibly as a consequence of multiple factors such as the lower human population density and the low flow of the main rivers, among others. In addition, fishermen behaviour with respect to marine litter was investigated by mean of anonymous questionnaires, emphasizing the necessity to further develop management policies and infrastructures supporting litter disposal., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

By means of ROV surveys, we assessed the quantity, composition and bathymetric distribution of marine litter in 17 sites along the Sardinian continental margin (Central Western Mediterranean) at depths ranging from 100 to 480m. None of the investigated sites was litter free, but the mean density of litter (0.0175±0.0022itemsm -2 ) was lower than that reported from other Tyrrhenian regions. The difference in the total litter density among sites was negligible, but the density of derelict fishing gear (DFG) items (most of which ascribable to small scale fishery) in submarine canyons was higher in submarine canyons than in other habitats. Our result suggest that submarine canyons (known to be highly vulnerable ecosystems) act as major repositories of DFGs, and, therefore, we anticipate the need of specific measures aimed at minimizing the loss and abandonment of DFGs in submarine canyons., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The infraspinatus fascia is a tough sheet of connective tissue that covers the infraspinatus fossa of the scapula and the muscle within. Muscle fibers originate from the fossa and fascia and then travel laterally to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Frequently the infraspinatus fascia is quickly removed to appreciate the underlying muscle, but the fascia is an interesting and complex structure in its own right. Despite having a characteristic set of fascial bundles, no contemporary anatomy texts or atlases describe the fascia in detail. The infraspinatus fascia was dissected in detail in 11 shoulders, to characterize the fascial bundles and connections that contribute to it. Thereafter, 70 shoulders were dissected to tabulate the variability of the fascial bundles and connections. Six characteristic features of the infraspinatus fascia were noted: a medial band, an inferior-lateral band, and superior-lateral band of fascia, insertion of the posterior deltoid into the infraspinatus fascia, a transverse connection from the posterior deltoid muscle to the infraspinatus fascia, and a retinacular sheet deep to the deltoid and superficial to the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. Although other structures of the shoulder are more frequently injured, the infraspinatus fascia is involved in compartment syndromes and the fascial bundles of this structure are certain to impact the biomechanical function of the muscles of the posterior shoulder., (© 2015 Anatomical Society.)

Integration of flexible data-analysis tools with cheminformatics methods is a prerequisite for successful identification and validation of "hits" in high-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns. We have designed, developed, and implemented a suite of robust yet flexible cheminformatics tools to support HTS activities at the Broad Institute, three of which are described herein. The "hit-calling" tool allows a researcher to set a hit threshold that can be varied during downstream analysis. The results from the hit-calling exercise are reported to a database for record keeping and further data analysis. The "cherry-picking" tool enables creation of an optimized list of hits for confirmatory and follow-up assays from an HTS hit list. This tool allows filtering by computed chemical property and by substructure. In addition, similarity searches can be performed on hits of interest and sets of related compounds can be selected. The third tool, an "S/SAR viewer," has been designed specifically for the Broad Institute's diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) collection. The compounds in this collection are rich in chiral centers and the full complement of all possible stereoisomers of a given compound are present in the collection. The S/SAR viewer allows rapid identification of both structure/activity relationships and stereo-structure/activity relationships present in HTS data from the DOS collection. Together, these tools enable the prioritization and analysis of hits from diverse compound collections, and enable informed decisions for follow-up biology and chemistry efforts.

A reliable method based on gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) profiling of nonvolatile organic acids is described for the characterization of cigars. The method involves an aqueous extraction of ground tobacco and selective isolation of the acids by simply stirring strong anion exchange (SAX) disks in the aqueous tobacco extract. The acids are then directly silylated on the disk with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluroacetamide (MSTFA) in acetonitrile in an autosampler vial. Elution of the derivatized acids in situ allows the sample to be directly analyzed by GC/MS without further sample handling. Compared to the conventional disk-extraction technique using a vacuum manifold, this method is much less labor intensive, and is desirable for multiple sample analysis. Nicotinic acid, succinic acid, glyceric acid, malic acid, pyroglutamic acid, threonic acid, citric acid, uracil, and an unidentified acid were reproducibly quantified in tobacco samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the acid profiles of the filler tobaccos of 18 Cuban cigars and 31 non-Cuban cigars shows separation of the two groups, indicating that the acid profiles are potentially useful in the authentication of Cuban cigars.

The hemodynamic pattern of hypertrophied left ventricle in systemic hypertension was studied by M-mode echocardiography in 42 untreated hypertensive patients with left ventricular (LV) mass index greater than 2 standard deviations from the sex-specific mean of 114 normal subjects (normal values of our laboratory), and in 45 normotensive volunteers. Hypertensive patients showed cardiac dimensions, relative diastolic wall thickness, ratio of systolic pressure to end-systolic dimension, cardiac index and stroke index greater than normotensive control subjects (0.01 less than p less than 0.0001). Pressure/dimension ratio was correlated to relative wall thickness (p less than 0.005). End-systolic stress/volume ratio was normal as was systolic pressure to dimension ratio normalized for end-diastolic wall thickness. LV hypertrophy was concentric in 26% and eccentric in 74% of patients and suggested 2 different heart adaptations to overload: eccentric hypertrophy was associated with increased cardiac dimensions, high peak stress, normal systolic function and moderately increased LV contractility; concentric hypertrophy was associated with the highest blood pressure values, normal cardiac dimension, normal peak stress, normal systolic function and much increased LV contractility. Because stress/volume ratio and wall thickness-corrected systolic pressure/dimension ratio were normal in hypertensive patients, LV contractile capacity might be supported by the increase in myocardium available for contraction, rather than by increase in inotropic state.

To assess left ventricular (LV) functional and structural changes associated with the reduction of blood pressure (BP) values during nicardipine administration (60 mg daily, for two months), 17 hypertensive patients were studied by M-mode echocardiography, according to a double-blind design (11 with nicardipine and six with placebo). Decrease in BP induced by nicardipine was associated with decrease in myocardial afterload (end-systolic stress) (P less than .002) and improvement of systolic function (fractional shortening) (P less than .02), without changes in inotropic state (assessed by systolic BP/end-systolic dimension/posterior wall thickness ratio). At the end of trial, a 5% reduction was found in LV mass (P less than .002), whereas relative wall thickness did not change. Diastolic phase (assessed by relaxation time index, and the slope of EF tract of the anterior mitral valve leaflet) was improved (.01 less than P less than .001). Patients with concentric and eccentric hypertrophy were separately considered. Relaxation time index and fractional shortening were significantly improved only in patients with concentric hypertrophy (P less than .01), whereas in the other ones the effect of treatment was variable. These differences were probably due to different effects on preload in the two LV hemodynamic patterns. Thus, nicardipine shows powerful effects on cardiac mechanics in systemic hypertension, but these effects are different according to LV anatomic pattern. Only in the presence of concentric hypertrophy is it possible to foresee the improvement of LV function; LV hypertrophy can be also reduced in concentric hypertrophy, but in the short term the reduction is too small to assume pathophysiologic significance.

Load changes were obtained in 7 females with untreated primary hypertension by means of controlled intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (0.2 mg/ml), in order to assess variations in the more usual indexes of left ventricular (LV) contractility to different loads and to verify that those indexes were independent of load. 2D-controlled M-mode echocardiograms were performed at baseline and when systolic blood pressure (SBP) had been reduced by 7, 16 and 23% for at least 5 min. Heart rate did not change during the test; decrease in SBP was associated with either decreases in both end-systolic dimension (LVIDs) and end-systolic stress (ESS), or an increase in systolic function. SBP/LVIDs, SBP/end-systolic volume (ESV) and ESS/LVIDs ratios were examined and compared as indexes of contractile state. SBP/ESV and ESS/LVIDs ratios showed great variation at all stages as compared to baseline values, while the SBP/LVIDs ratio did not change. The percent variation between the baseline values and the last stage of the test was 51% for the ESS/LVIDs ratio, 37% for the SBP/ESV and 5% for the SBP/LVIDs ratio. Best-fitting regression showed that a linear relationship existed only between SBP and LVIDs. Echocardiographic two-dimensional (as ESS) or three-dimensional derivations (as ESV) should be carefully employed when the contractile state is studied, while the SBP/LVIDs ratio can be easily used as a baseline value, as it is insensitive to changes in load.