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Some recent empirical studies found positive effects of economic liberalization on democratization. Based on these findings, this paper explains why the sequence of economic liberalization and democratization is related to the effects of the two reforms on economic performance. Since economic liberalization increases the probability of democratization and democratization leads to income redistribution, in an economy with large inequality between the elite and the poor, the elite do not implement economic liberalization, and democratization occurs first. In such an economy, the effects of economic liberalization and democratization are lower because of distortions caused by large-scale income redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies hydration structures in proteins and neutron diffraction experiment on dissimilatory sulte reductase D. Water molecules adopting a variety of shapes in the neutron Fourier maps, revealing details of intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation and dynamics of hydration; Hydration patterns observed in neutron Fourier maps.

Dissimilatory sulfite reductase D (DsrD) from Desulfovibrio vulgaris has been crystallized for u neutron diffraction study. The initial crystals obtained were too small for the neutron experiment. In order to obtain a larger crystal (>1 mm[SUP4]), a combination of two techniques was developed to determine the optimum crystallization conditions: a crystallization phase diagram was obtained, followed by crystal quality assessment via X-ray diffraction. Using conditions determined in this manner, a large single crystal (1.7 mm[SUP3]) of DsrD protein was subsequently grown in D[SUB2]O solution by the macroseeding technique, A neutron diffraction experiment was carried out using the BIX-3 diffractometer at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). collecting data to 2.4 Å resolution from an optimized crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the structure-function relationship between 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase (EII) from Arthrobacter sp. and a cryptic protein (EII') which shows 88% sequence identity to EII, a hybrid protein (named Hyb-24) of EII and EII' was overexpressed, purified and crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method with ammonium sulfate as a precipitant in MES buffer pH 6.5. The crystal belongs to space group P3121 or P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 96.37, c = 113.09 Å. Diffraction data were collected from native and methylmercuric chloride derivative crystals to resolutions of 1.75 and 1.80 Å, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DsrD (dissimilatory sulfite reductase D) protein encoded by the dsr operon of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough has been crystallized using the vapour-diffusion method with ammonium sulfate as a precipitating agent. The crystals diffract to 1.7 Å resolution and belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 60.54 (6), b = 65.20 (4), c = 46.41 (3) Å. The crystal contains two DsrD molecules per asymmetric unit, giving a Matthews coefficient (VM) of 2.6 Å3 Da-1. A gold-derivative (NaAuCl4) crystal has been successfully prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizes the carbon monoxide complex of [NiFe]hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F. Use of X-ray crystallography and absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy; Determination of the nine crystals of hydrogenase; Observation of distinct changes in electron density distribution.

Protein microcrystals magnetically aligned in D2O hydrogels were subjected to neutron diffraction measurements, and reflections were observed for the first time to a resolution of 3.4 Å from lysozyme microcrystals (∼10 × 10 × 50 µm). This result demonstrated the possibility that magnetically oriented microcrystals consolidated in D2O gels may provide a promising means to obtain single-crystal neutron diffraction from proteins that do not crystallize at the sizes required for neutron diffraction structure determination. In addition, lysozyme microcrystals aligned in H2O hydrogels allowed structure determination at a resolution of 1.76 Å at room temperature by X-ray diffraction. The use of gels has advantages since the microcrystals are measured under hydrated conditions.