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Penelitian ini membahas tentang Redesign (mendesain ulang) Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) Pembelajaran Matematika dengan Menggunakan Bahasa Akhlak di kelas V SDIT Al-Bashirah Kota Palopo. Penelitian ini bertujuan: Untuk mengetahui rancangan/design LKS matematika dengan menggunakan bahasa akhlak di kelas V SDIT Al-Bashirah Kota Palopo; Untuk mengetahui tingkat kevalidan LKS matematika dengan menggunakan bahasa akhlak di kelas V SDIT Al-Bashirah Kota Palopo. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian Research and Development (Penelitian dan Pengembangan) dengan mengacu pada model pengembangan 4D yang terdiri dari 4 tahap utama yaitu, Define (Pendefinisian), Design (Desain), Develop (Pengembangan), dan Desseminate (Penyebaran). Akan tetapi pada penelitian ini, peneliti membatasi tahap penelitian pada tahap Develop (Pengembangan). Instrumen yang digunakan berupa lembar validasi dengan analisis data berupa uji validitas LKS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Rancangan/design LKS matematika dengan menggunakan bahasa akhlak mengacu pada model pengembangan 4-D dengan mendesain ulang LKS rujukan dari segi bahasa dan tampilan LKS menjadi tampak Islami, (2) LKS matematika dengan menggunakan bahasa akhlak telah memenuhi kriteria bahan ajar yang valid yaitu rata–rata penilaian 3,49 berada pada kategori valid.

Tuberculosis has become a major health problem globally. This is worsened by the emergence of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis showing ability to evade the effectiveness of the current antimycobacterial therapies. Therefore, the efforts carried out to explore new entities from many sources, including marine, are critical. This review summarizes several marine-derived macrolides that show promising activity against M. tuberculosis. We also provide information regarding the biosynthetic processes of marine macrolides, including the challenges that are usually experienced in this process. As most of the studies reporting the antimycobacterial activities of the listed marine macrolides are based on in vitro studies, the future direction should consider expanding the trials to in vivo and clinical trials. In addition, in silico studies should also be explored for a quick screening on marine macrolides with potent activities against mycobacterial infection. To sum up, macrolides derived from marine organisms might become therapeutical options for tackling antimycobacterial resistance of M. tuberculosis.

The 2022 multi-country monkeypox outbreak in humans has brought new public health adversity on top of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The disease has spread to 104 countries throughout six continents of the world, with the highest burden in North America and Europe. The etiologic agent, monkeypox virus (MPXV), has been known since 1959 after isolation from infected monkeys, and virulence among humans has been reported since the 1970s, mainly in endemic countries in West and Central Africa. However, the disease has re-emerged in 2022 at an unprecedented pace, with particular concern on its human-to-human transmissibility and community spread in non-endemic regions. As a mitigation effort, healthcare workers, public health policymakers, and the general public worldwide need to be well-informed on this relatively neglected viral disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of monkeypox, including the following aspects: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. In addition, the current review discusses the preventive and control measures, the latest vaccine developments, and the future research areas in this re-emerging viral disease that was declared as a public health emergency of international concern.

This study aims to develop audio-based Islamic story teaching materials in valid Indonesian class III learning using the 4-D research model, which includes four stages, namely: define, design, develop, and disseminate (deployment). The subjects of the trial were 24 students in class III SDIT Al-Bashirah, Palopo city. This study indicates that the teaching materials through audio-based Islamic stories are valid by three validators with several revisions through comments and suggestions from the validators. Recapitulation of the score of the validity of the teaching materials obtained was 0.67. The Aikens coefficient value ranges from 0-1 coefficient of 1 (item 1), and others are considered to have adequate content validity (valid).

This study aims to determine the application of the Two Stay Two Stray learning model in improving Indonesian learning outcomes in grade V SDN 24 Temmalebba, Bara District, Palopo City. The research method applied was Classroom Action Research (CAR), with two cycles carried out in three actions. Furthermore, the results obtained by the students after implementing the guided writing strategy in cycle I were not yet complete, so it was deemed necessary to carry out further actions, namely, cycle II. Furthermore, in cycle II the skills of children in Indonesian language lessons increased significantly; the average score of students was 80. The results showed an increase in Indonesian learning outcomes.

Aim: This study aimed to compare chemical composition and contaminants (pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, and heavy metal residues) between organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor District, West Java Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Milk sampling was carried out from March to August 2018 at six goat farms. The chemical quality of milk was checked using the Lactoscan Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer device. Fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Pesticide residues in goat's milk were analyzed using a GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Antibiotic residues were analyzed using bioassay screening test method. The lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) residues were analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results: The content of fat, protein, and lactose showed that there was no difference in the composition of goat's milk between organic and conventional farms. Caprylic acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0) of organic goat milk are higher than conventional goat milk. Stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) of conventional goat milk are higher than organic goat milk. The total fatty acid of organic goat milk is higher than conventional goat milk. Organochlorine pesticide residues were not detected in organic goat milk and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline antibiotic residues were found in one sample (5.56%) of organic goat milk, and macrolides residues were found in two samples (11.11%) of conventional goat milk. Pb residue in organic goat milk is 50 ppb while conventional goat milk is 80 ppb. Residue As in organic goat milk is 70 ppb while conventional goat milk is 110 ppb. Conclusion: There was no chemical composition (fat, protein, and lactose) difference between organic and conventional goat milk. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) in organic goat milk is higher than conventional goat milk. Pesticide residues are not found in both organic and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline antibiotics were found in organic goat milk and macrolide antibiotic groups found in conventional goat milk. Pb and As residues were found in both organic goat milk and conventional goat milk.

Aim: Dadih samples from two different origins (Kamang and Gadut in West Sumatra) manufactured with different methods (back-slopping or spontaneous fermentation) were evaluated for the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Materials and Methods: Four dadih samples manufactured with two different fermentation methods were obtained from Kamang and Gadut regions. Both genotypic and phenotypic characteristic (16S rRNA partial gene sequence analysis and carbohydrate fermentation profile) were used to analyze the diversity of dadih LAB population. Results: This study showed that LAB count in back-slopping fermented dadih was one log cycle higher than spontaneous fermented dadih. LAB isolates from the two regions were divided into three genera, namely Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus. Sequencing results showed that 41.6% (five isolates) were identified as Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, 25% (three isolates) were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum ssp. plantarum, 16.6% (two isolates) were identified as L. lactis ssp. cremoris, and 8.3% (one isolate each) were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus pentosus. Conclusion: Five species were determined in back-slopping fermented dadih, i.e., L. lactis ssp. lactis, L. lactis ssp. cremoris, L. plantarum ssp. plantarum, L. pentosus, and P. pentosaceus. On the other hand, spontaneous fermented dadih only contained three different species, namely L. lactis ssp. lactis, L. lactis ssp. cremoris, and L. plantarum ssp. plantarum. This research showed that back-slopping fermentation offers greater abundance and diversity compared to spontaneous fermentation in dadih.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to detect the incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and the spread of tet genes that encode tetracycline (TE) resistance in E. coli in pig farms in the city of Kupang, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Samples of pig feces have been obtained from 96 pig farms in Kupang city, Indonesia. Escherichia coli bacteria were isolated and identified morphologically and biochemically, and finally confirmed by the API test. The disk diffusion method has been used to observe the antibiotic sensitivity effects and has been followed by observing resistant genes encoding TE resistance using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) method to detect the presence of tet genes such as tet (A), tet (B), tet (C), tet (D), and tet (E), respectively. Results: A total of 82 (85.4%) of E. coli isolates have been found in all pig feces samples obtained from 96 pig farms in Kupang city. This study has shown a high level of antibiotic resistance dominated by erythromycin (85.4%) and cephalothin (58.5%) and followed by several other antibiotics with a percentage below 34.1%. The prevalence of MDR E. coli was 57.3% by showing 39 different patterns. The most common pattern was showed by the Cephalothin-Colistin-Erythromycin pattern. The resistance of E. coli to TE appears to be related to the presence of tet (A) and tet (E) genes. Conclusion: This study has encouraged the need for public awareness (farmers) of the wise use of antibiotics in preventing the spread of resistant bacteria that can cause health problems in animals and humans. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 388-396]

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran aspek sastra kreatif dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia terhadap pengembangan karakter (sikap, perilaku, dan kepribadian) pada kurikulum Satuan Pendidikan berbasis karakter di MAN Palopo tahun pelajaran 2015/2016. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode kuantitatif inferensial dengan desain exspos-facto. Jumlah populasi penelitian 410 siswa dan sampel ditetapkan 200 siswa dengan menggunakan teknik penarikan sampel urutan praktis, berimbang, acak, dan stratifeid sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan teknik angket dalam bentuk skala likert, dokumentasi, dan observasi tidak terstruktur. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS 11,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh positif pembelajaran aspek sastra kreatif terhadap pengembangan karakter (sikap, perilaku, dan kepribadian) siswa dalam Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan Berbasis Karakter di MAN Palopo, yaitu 0,373 (db = 1-198, F = 31,975 dengan P = 0,00. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa lebih kecil dari kriteria yang telah ditetapkan, yaitu 0,05, sedangkan sumbangan efektif variabel X terhadap Y mencapai 1,39%.

This study aims to observe and analyze the practice of social participation of tunarunggu students in realizing character strengthening on the inclusive campus of Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin. Research respondents were 31 people in one class, consisting of 5 deaf students and 26 other peer students. Social participation is examined through three key elements, namely: social relations of friendship, acceptance of classmates, and student perceptions. The study uses a quantitative approach with survey methods. Data collection techniques using interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis techniques using descriptive statistics. The results of the study show the success of strengthening character education through social participation in inclusive settings for students who are disabled with their peers or vice versa

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan minat baca siswa dengan menggunakan media gambar. Penggunaan gambar di sini sebagai alat atau media yang diharapkan dapat menumbuhkan minat baca pada siswa. peneitian dilaksanakan pada siswa kelas rendah yaitu kelas II pada Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Pesantren Datuk Sulaiman Kota Palopo. Model Penelitian tindakan Kelas yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model Kemmis dan Mc Taggart. Data dalam penelitian dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi, studi dokumen dan tes hasil belajar. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua siklus dengan masing-masing refleksi pada tiap akhir siklus. Selanjutnya, data kuantitatif di analisis dengan menggunakan analisis statistik untuk mengukur kemampuan membaca dengan media gambar berdasarkan hasil tes penelitian setiap siklus dengan menggunakan distribusi frekuensi dan persentase, sedangkan data kualitatif dianalisis dengan menggunakan model alir yang dikembangkan oleh Miles dan Huberman. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penggunaan media gambar dapat meningatkan minat baca siswa. Hasil observasi dan dokumentasi menunjukkan peningkatan positif pada minat dan sikap membaca siswa. Selain itu, tes hasil belajar siswa pada siklus I sebesar 29,62% atau 8 orang dari 27 siswa berada dalam kategori tuntas dan 70,37,72% atau 19 orang dari 27 siswa berada dalam kategori tidak tuntas. Hal ini berarti bahwa terdapat 19 orang dari 27 siswa yang perlu perbaikan karena belum mencapai kriteria ketuntasan individual, sedangkan pada siklus II menunjukkan persentase ketuntasan belajar siswa sebesar 96,29% atau 26 dari 27 siswa berada dalam kategori tuntas dan 3,70% atau 1 dari 27 siswa berada pada kategori tidak tuntas.

Hasil observasi dan wawancara diketahui bahwa keterampilan siswa SD kelas I dalam berbicara sangat rendah, khususnya di depan umum. Hal ini disebabkan beberapa hal terutama penggunaan media yang kurang cocok dengan tingkat kemampuan berfikir siswa. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan media gambar seri untuk meningkatkan keterampilan siswa dalam berbicara. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat peningkatan aktivitas, siswa, aktivitas guru dan peningkatan keterampilan berbicara siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas I SDN 06 Lubuk Alung Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media gambar seri dapat meningkatkan (1) aktivitas siswa dalam belajar, (2) meningkatkan aktivitas guru dan (3) keterampilan berbicara siswa di depan umum/kelas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa media gambar seri dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa. Saran yang dapat diberikan pada penelitian ini adalah untuk dapat menggunakan gambar berseri yang isi gambarnya dekat dengan kehidupan siswa.

Dokumentasi dalam teknologi saat ini adalah hal yang tak dapat terlepas dari kebutuhan suatu lembaga atau instansi dimana dokumen adalah hal yang paling sering digunakan baik dalam bentuk dokumen manual maupun dalam bentuk file teks dalam komputer. Oleh karena itu,.keamanan data atau dokumen rahasia sangat dibutuhkan dalam bisnis maupun pribadi. Tetapi dalam pengiriman atau pengamanan file data yang bersifat rahasia masih kurang dalam sistem keamanan data. Maka dari itu perlu keamanan tambahan untuk proses penyimpanan file baik itu file yang di rasa pribadi maupun data dalam keorganisasian dengan menggunakan proses enkripsi dan deskripsi menggunakan metode Government Standard (GOST). Maka data penting dapat lebih terjaga dan dengan adanya aplikasi ini kita dapat mengenkripsi data untuk menjaga kerahasiaan file yang kita simpan. Aplikasi ini dibangun dengan menggunakan Visual Studio 2010.

Simvastatin is a drug acting on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase enzyme leading to decrease of lipid level in plasma. Simvastatin is associated with pleiotropic effects such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effect. This study aimed to observe effect of supplementation of trigona honey on parameters of liver function (SGPT and SGOT) and kidney function (urea) in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) given 40 mg/kg simvastatin. Twenty-four male albino rats were divided into 6 groups (n=4). Each group was administered different treatments for 15 days orally. Group I was put as health control without any treatment, group II was given sodium carboxymethylcellulose (1% b/v) as negative control, group III was given simvastatin at the dose of 40 mg/kg, group IV was administered simvastatin (40 mg/kg) and trigona honey (6.5% v/v), while group V and VI were administered simvastatin (40 mg/kg) and ubiquinone (1.43 mg/kg); and simvastatin (40 mg/kg), trigona honey (6.5% v/v), and ubiquinone (1.43 mg/kg), respectively. Upon the treatments, level of SGOT, SGPT, and ureum was determined. The data were analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference tests (p=0.05). According to the analysis, it was concluded that supplementation of trigona honey in rats administered simvastatin showed significantly lower level of all parameters than groups of simvastatin and controls.

Asam glutamat merupakan asam amino building blocks asam amino lainnya dan neurotransmitter pembentuk citra rasa. Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) adalah salah satu mikrooganisme penghasil asam glutamat yang banyak terdapat pada produk fermentasi. Ikan budu merupakan fermentasi ikan Tenggiri (Scomberomorus guttatus) dan Talang-Talang (Chorinemus lyson L) yang diproduksi di daerah pesisir Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan tiga tahap. Tahap 1: isolasi BAL yang berasal dari fermentasi ikan budu. Tahap 2: seleksi kualitatif dan kuantitatif BAL penghasil asam glutamat. Tahap 3: karakterisasi BAL penghasil asam glutamat. Hasil yang diperoleh terdapat 17 isolat BAL yang kemudian diseleksi secara kualitatif menggunakan thin layer chromatographic yang direndam dalam campuran pelarut n-butanol, asam asetat dan air (4:1:1 v/v) terdapat 16 yang dapat menghasilkan asam glutamat. Setelah dilakukan seleksi kualitatif selanjutnya dilakukan seleksi kuantitatif dengan spectrophotometer panjang gelombang 570 nm. Produksi asam glutamat yang tertinggi terdapat pada isolate IB.9 dengan produksi 13.03 mg/ml. Isolate dan IB.9 yang paling tinggi dalam menghasilkan asam glutamat dikarakteristik yang berpedoman Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology merupakan genus Lactobacillus sp. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan terdapat isolat BAL IB.9 (Lactobacillus sp) yang berpotensi dalam menghasilkan asam glutamat dengan produksi 13.03 mg/ml.

This research is a classroom action research (Classroom Action Research) which aims to improve students' Indonesian learning outcomes through learning with a process skills approach. The subjects of this study were students of class X-3 SMA Negeri 4 Palopo with 40 students, 12 male students, and 28 female students. Data collection was carried out using learning outcomes tests and observation techniques, and journals. The author made the research instrument in collaboration with a class X Indonesian language teacher at SMA Negeri 4 Palopo. The collected data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results achieved after applying the process skills approach in learning are: (1) In the first Cycle, the average score of student mastery is 14.71, (2) In the second Cycle, the average score of student mastery was 65.24; (3) There was an increase in student mastery from Cycle I to cycle II of 50.53; (4) The process skills approach can make students more active and enjoy learning Indonesian. From the results of the research above, it can be concluded that the process skills approach can improve the learning outcomes of Indonesian students in class X-3 SMA Negeri 4 Palopo.

Penelitian ini digolongkan ke dalam penelitian tindakan kelas. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilakukan untuk menggambarkan dan mengamati proses belajar siswa melalui penerapan teknik clustering dalam mengembangkan kemampuan menulis karangan deskripsi siswa kelas IV MI Pesanten Datuk Sulaiman Palopo. Mekanisme pelaksanaannya dengan dua siklus. Setiap siklus masing-masing dilaksanakan dengan tiga tahap, yaitu tahap (1) perencanaan, (2) tindakan dan pelaksanaan, (3) refleksi. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini merupakan salah satu upaya memperbaiki praktik pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia agar lebih bermanfaat. Dengan demikian, guru dapat mengetahui secara jelas masalah-masalah yang ada di kelas dan cara mengatasi masalah tersebut. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV MI Pesanten Datuk Sulaiman Palopo tahun pelajaran 2017/2018 dengan jumlah murid 30 orang. Teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, dokumentasi, dan penugasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknik clustering dapat meningkatkan pembelajaran menulis karangan deskripsi siswa kelas IV MI Pesanten Datuk Sulaiman Palopo. Peningkatan yang dimaksud, yaitu peningkatan proses dan hasil belajar menulis karangan deskripsi siswa. Peningkatan tersebut tampak pada proses pembelajaran siklus I dan siklus II.

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini secara umum untuk memperbaiki kualitas pembelajaran dan hasil hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia di SD Negeri 6 Bogar Palopo. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas II b SD Negeri 6 Bogar Palopo pada semester ganjil tahun pelajaran 2015/2016 dengan jumlah siswa 25 orang. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) ini dilaksanakan dua siklus. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan pendekatan pembelajaran Model Picture and Picture hasil belajar siswa setiap siklusnya mengalami perubahan secara signifikan. Pada siswa kelas IIb SD Negeri 6 Bogar Palopo, diperoleh bahwa rata rata hasil belajar siswa pada siklus I adalah sebesar 63,6 termasuk dalam kategori kurang dengan jumlah siswa yang tuntas belajar adalah 6 siswa dengan peresentase 24 % , dan hasil belajar pada siklus II rata rata diperoleh 78 termasuk dalam kategori baik dengan jumlah siswa yang tuntas 22 dengan persentase sekitar 88%, sedangkan hasil belajar siswa khususnya menulis pada siswa kelas IIb SDN 6 Bogar Palopo diperoleh rata-rata pada siklus I adalah sebesar 66,2 dengan jumlah siswa yang tuntas persentase 32%, dan hasil belajar pada siklus II diperoleh 81,8 termasuk dalam kategori baik dengan jumlah siswa yang tuntas 23 dengan persentase sekitar 92%, disamping itu aktifitas siswa dan aktifitas guru juga mengalami peningkatan dari pertemuan pertama hingga pertemuan terakhir baik dari siklus I maupun siklus II. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini berhasil meningkatkan keterampilan membaca dan menulis pada siswa kelas II SD Negeri 6 Bogar Palopo dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran Picture and Picture.

Objective: To determine the multidrug resistance extended spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC producing) Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from the environment of Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia. Methods: A total of 35 samples from 7 locations in slaughterhouse i.e., source of water, slaughtering floor, swab of carcass area floor, swab of evisceration area floor, untreated waste water, treated waste water, drinking water for cattle were collected from March to April 2016. Presence of ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli and susceptibility testing against 8 antimicrobial agents (penicillin G, streptomycin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and polymyxin B) were detected by disk diffusion test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli were identified in 14.3% (5/35) of the collected samples from the environment of Bogor slaughterhouse. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates were detected in untreated waste water (n = 3), slaughtering floor (n = 1), and carcass area floor (n = 1). Most of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates (80%) showed multidrug resistance phenotypes against at least three classes of antibiotics. The highest incidence of antibiotics resistance was against penicillin G (100.0%) and streptomycin (100.0%), followed by gentamicin (60.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60.0%), tetracycline (40.0%), ciprofloxacin (40.0%), enrofloxacin (20.0%), and polymyxin B (0.0%). Conclusions: The transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria into the environment may be a potential risk for human health.

Mastitis is udder inflammation that can be caused by the entry of pathogenic bacteria through the teat. One of the treatments that can prevent bacteria infection is teat dipping. This research was aimed to identify the effect of teat dipping after milking to the presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli) and the presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis by quarter of udder. Milk samples were taken from normal lactation period of dairy cows, clinically healthy, and positive subclinical mastitis status when the intervention was applied. Sixty seven samples of quarters from 18 dairy cows were identified to the presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis before teat dipping and at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months after teat dipping. Identification of the presence of pathogenic bacteria was done by culturing samples on selective agar media. The presence of common pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli decreased significantly after teat dipping, while Streptococcus agalactiae and other pathogenic bacteria did not decrease significantly. The presence of pathogenic bacteria based on the quarter of udder did not show the significance difference. Application of teat dipping after milking was able to decrease the presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis.

The research of using borax in meatballs which was undertaken in the Bengkulu City in 2011 showed that 10% from 100 samples of meatballs containing borax. Considering the dangers of borax for the consumer if consume continuously and increasing the number of meatball traders until 2013, it is necessary to study with more meatballs samples and widely area. The aim of the study was to detect the presence of borax in meatballs, borax content after heating, storability meatballs which containing borax and determine the factors that support the meatball traders to use borax. The study was designed using cross sectional study using two types of data, they were data of meatball sample test in the laboratory and interview data to meatball traders in the Bengkulu City. Total of 160 meatball samples from traders and five meatball samples from grinders were collected and examined with qualitative test using turmeric paper. The qualitative test showed that 165 samples (100%) taken from meatball traders and grinders didn't contain borax. Knowledge and attitudes level of traders were at a good level. There were significant relationship between education level with knowledge, information source from television with attitude, and knowledge with attitude of traders in Bengkulu City (p < 0,05).

The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals may encourage the occurence of bacterial resistance named Escherichia coli that produces Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Antibiotical resistance is an important issue in the animal health and human health. This study focused on the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in chicken feces. The number of sample feces was 100. E. coli isolates were obtained from broiler chicken feces in Bogor. Isolates obtained were identified using API 20E kit. Confirmation of ESBL in this study used Double disc method using antibiotical disc namely cefpodoksim, ceftazidime and cefotaxime. The existence of ESBL-producing E. coli which isolated from the feces of broiler chickens in the city of Bogor is 25% (4/16).

Sub-clinical mastitis causes decrease in milk production and milk quality. It is not only happen tomilking dairies, but also happens to dairy buffalos and goats. The objective of this study is to know thedifferences between IPB-1 mastitis test (IMT) and Breed method to diagnose sub-clinical mastitis ondairy buffaloes and goats. Fourty two samples of buffalo’s milk and 20 samples of goat’s milk were used tosomatic cell count (SCC) with direct and indirect method. Direct method was performed by counting themilk’s SCC with Breed method, and indirect method was performed by observing the reaction betweenIMT reagent and milk. The results showed that 28 from 42 samples (66.67%) of buffalo’s milk and 13 from20 samples (65%) of goat’s milk tested with Breed method came from the herds which suffered from subclinicalmastitis and 27 from 42 samples (64.28%) and 10 from 20 samples (50%) of goat’s milk testedwith IMT showed positive reaction. This research also showed that IMT has sensitivity of 96% and specivicityof 100% for buffalo’s milk and sensitivity of 71% and specivicity of 100% for goat’s milk. IMT can be usedto obtain fast result for sub-clinical mastitis diagnosis and it is faster and easier for buffalo’s and goat’smilk.

This study was aimed to compare somatic cell count and milk production on dairy cattle after teat dipping post milking application. Samples collected from total of 121 quarters of dairy cattle in normal lactation period and identified as infected by subclinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis examination was done by IPB Test Mastitis Test, somatic cell count calculation was done by Breed Method, and observation of milk production was done by calculating milk volume per quarter. Observations were performed during normal lactation periods of 12 weeks. Data were analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney Test and unpaired t-test. The results showed that the number of somatic cells count in the treatment group with post milking teat dipping application was lower than in the control group and significantly different at week 11 (p = 0.039). Furthermore, the volume of milk production in the treatment group was higher than in the control group and significantly different in almost all weeks of observation (p

Dangke is a traditional food in Enrekang, a district in South Sulawesi. Its made from buffalo’s milk orcow’s milk. Dangke could be contaminated during the process with Escherichia coli which causes diarrheain children and adults. It was known that supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum has antibacterial capacity,and it may be used as a biopreservative agent. The research aims were to determine the minimum inhibitoryconcentration (MIC) of L. plantarum supernatant in inhibiting the growth of E. coli ATCC 25922, determinethe nutrients level of cow’s milk dangke after the addition of 1% and 2% milk fat, as well as determine theeffect of L. plantarum supernatant and cow’s milk fat addition into dangke inhibited the growths of pathogenicbacteria of E. coli ATCC 25922. MIC value was determined based on the value of the lowest concentrationof supernatant that shown with no any bacteria growth in the media. Data of pathogenic bacteria growth analyzed with analysis of variance test with a 2x2 factorial design, which 1st factor was the addition of L.plantarum supernatant (with or without addition of supernatant) and the second factor was the additionof fat content (1% and 2%) and time observation was made on days 0, 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th. Resultsshowed that the filtrate of fermented L. plantarum was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli ATCC 25922in vitro and had 10% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Level of fat and protein in dangke whichadded 1% cow’s milk fat, was higher than with 2% cow’s milk fat. The L. plantarum supernatant is provedto be able to inhibit the growth of E. coli ATCC 25922. Therefore, it is potentially used as a naturalbiopreservative agent in making dangke.

Free-floating right heart thrombus is a rare phenomenon and has dismal rognosis. The optimal management of free-floating right thrombus remains controversial with no clear consensus. We present a case of right atrial free-floating thrombus in 56-year-old woman in chemotherapy inducedcardiomyopathy. Three weeks of warfarin treatment showed complete thrombus resolution. To the best of our knowledge, no such case has previously been reported in Indonesia.

This research was aimed to examine the heating effect at 70 C for 3.5 seconds on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) decontamination in edible bird´s nest. This study used 40 clean edible bird´s nest samples. Samples were divided into two groups, first group was contaminated with E. coli and second group was contaminated with S. aureus. Each group was divided into two treatments. The first treatment was directly tested for microbiological examination and the second treatment was heating at temperature 70 C for 3.5 seconds prior to microbiological examination. The results showed that both of bacteria E. coli and S. aureus had been destroyed by heating treatment. Heating process at 70 C for 3.5 seconds was effective for decontamination of both E.coli and S.aureus.

Objective: To determine the occurrence of CTX-M producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) from cattle feces in Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia. Methods: A total of 220 cattle feces samples were collected from Bogor slaughterhouse from March to April 2015. Presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli was detected by disc diffusion test based on the recommendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2014). Bacterial strains which were confirmed as producing ESBLs were further analyzed for the presence of bla genes of the ESBL by PCR. Results: The results showed that CTX-M producing E. coli isolates were detected in 19 samples from 220 samples (8.6%). The β-lactamase genes detected were CTX-M-1 (n = 10) and CTX-M-9 (n = 9). All of the CTX-M producing E. coli isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotypes to at least four antibiotics. The highest incidence of antibiotics resistance was showed to ampicillin (100.0%), cefotaxime (100.0%), and cefpodoxime (100.0%), followed by streptomycin (84.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.7%), erythromycin (52.6%), kanamycin (26.3%), doxycycline (10.5%), and ceftazidime (0.0%). Conclusions: Detection of CTX-M-producing E. coli in cattle feces raises important questions as they can represent a potential risk factor to public health.

Paduan Al 6061 diproses canai dengan reduksi 50%, 60% dan 70% selanjutnya di aging pada temperatur 200*C selama variasi waktu 1800, 3600, 5400, 7200 dan 10800 detik. Analisa microstruktur dan sifat mekanik dilakukan dengan optikal mikroskop dan Brinell Hardness Test (HBN). Bentuk mikrostrukutr menunjukan bahwa butiran memanjang setelah canai berubah menjadi berbentuk equaxial. Analisa XRD menunjukan hadirnya fase ke dua Mg2Si dan Al2FeSi nampak dalam peak XRD setelah canai dan aging. Hal ini nampak bahwa kekerasan meningkat dengan meningkatnya waktu aging dan menurun setelah aging selama 7200 detik. Nilai kekerasan tertinggi dicapai sebesar 121 HBN pada sampel yang direduksi 70% dan ading selama 7200 detik.Hal ini menjadi alasan bahwa kekerasan yang tinggi akibat hadirnya fraksi fase kedua setelah aging meningkat.

Mycobacterial culture provides definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), but commercially readyto-use culture media for Mycobacterium bovis are rarely available. The aims of this study were todevelop and to evaluate the ability of M. Bovis to grow in Modified Ogawa Agar (MOA) in comparisonwith the available culture media, such as Löwenstein Jensen (LJ) and Modified Ogawa (MO). Eachmedia were inculation with 0.1 ml suspension of 105 CFU/mL M. bovis and M. phlei in PhosphateBuffer Saline (PBS) and each media was replicated in five tubes. Mycobacterium phlei grew in everymedium since day 4. M. bovis grew in media LJ and MO since day 17, but failed to grow in mediumMOA. The recovery rate of M. phlei in LJ and MOA were significantly different. The ability of MOA tocultivate M. phlei was different from LJ. Colonies of M. phlei in MOA were easier to be harvested, muchsimpler to prepare, and more feasible than medium LJ. The recovery rate of M. bovis in media LJ andMO were not significantly different, but medium MO were much simpler to prepare and more feasiblethan medium LJ. Media MOA were able to cultivate M. phlei, but proven unable to cultivate M. bovisin this research.

The application of teat dipping to control subclinical mastitis especially in small dairy farms is important; however, the application needs additional activity that has an impact on labor usage. This paper aimed to describe the labor usage to apply teat dipping for subclinical mastitis control in the small dairy farms. The convenience sampling techniques applied to select 34 farmers in Bogor as the respondents. Workload analysis and labor productivity were used in examining the application of dot dipping in various small dairy farms in Bogor City to control subclinical mastitis. This study was based on two types of experiments in small dairy farms in Bogor, West Java, namely teat dipping and without teat dipping. The findings show that the application of teat dipping had an impact on three things, namely an increase in labor usage and its workload, an increase in labor productivity and a decrease in the number of subclinical mastitis prevalence. This study concluded that labor was an important factor to control subclinical mastitis in small dairy farms. An increase in labor productivity had an impact on reducing the costs of mastitis treatment and finally increase farmer’s income. Keywords: mastitis, labor, small dairy farms, teat dipping, workload analysis

Trichinellosisis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection of Trichinella spp. and is found world-wide.The seroprevalence of trichinellosis in pig population has never been reported in East Nusa TenggaraProvince particularly Kupang City. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence oftrichinellosis in pig at Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara. A cross-sectional study was conducted byexamining 376 blood samples of pigs collected from slaughterhouses in Oeba, Kupang using simplerandom sampling method. Blood samples were tested by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using Screen®Trichinella indirect multi-species ELISA kit. Test results showed that 3 (0.8%)serum samples were positive of trichinella antibody. In conclusion ,some pigs in the city of Kupang hasbeen infected by Trichinella sp. and could be a threat for human health.

Wild boar is also an intermediate host of Taenia solium, besides domestic pig which is the mainsource of Cysticercus infection in human. Cysticercosis in wild boar has not been reported in Indonesia.The aim of this study was to determine wild boar’s cysticercosis in Way Kanan District. One hundred serasamples consisting of 41 male wild boars and 59 female wild boars were collected. Eighty seven of boarscome from Banjit Subdistrict, while 13 of wild boars come from Blambangan Umpu Subdistrict in WayKanan District. The serum were tested serologically to determine antigen of parasite cycles. The test usedmonoclonal antibody-base sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Moab-ELISA). There is asero positive reaction of cysticercosis(1%) which is female wild boar from Banjit sub district. Controllingof meat inspection should be conducted to prevent cysticercosis transmission to human.

The aims of this study were to determine both chemical composition and fraction of the proteincompounds of sumba mare’s milk. Determination of the chemical compositions of sumba mare’s milk havedone by analyzing protein content using the Kjeldahl method, fat content using Gerber method, lactosecontent and the total solids content. Identification of antimicrobial compounds of whey proteins in milkusing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results showed that the average ofsumba mare’s milk contained protein, fat, lactose and total solids were; 1.82%, 1.67%, 6.48% and 11.37%respectively. The average value of protein and fat in sumba mare’s milk was decrease significantly at fifthmonth of lactation period. Based on identification of antimicrobial compounds using HPLC method, thereare six main peaks with different polarities and retention times. In conclusion, sumba mare’s milk havea balance composition that can be used as a source of nutritious food and the milk likely also has six mainantimicrobial compounds in its whey protein.

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are two spesies of Campylobacter sp. frequently found as pathogenic bacteria causing human gastrointestinal infections. Contaminated chicken carcasses have been reported as the source of human campylobacteriosis. In this study, Campylobacter were isolated from chicken carcasses sold in traditional markets and supermarkets. In traditional markets, chicken carcasses are sold without proper packaging or in an open space and stored at room temperature (25-30°C) for prolonged period allowing pathogenic bacteria to grow. While at supermarkets, chicken carcasses are openly displayed or enclosed in plastic wrappings and stored in a refrigerator (4-8°C). A total of 298 samples of chicken carcasses from traditional markets and supermarkets in the area of DKI Jakarta, West Java (Bogor and Sukabumi) and Central Java (Kudus and Demak) were collected. Isolation and identification using conventional and Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) methods were done to determine the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli contamination in poultry. The results showed that chicken carcasses sold in the sampling area, both traditional markets and supermarkets, were contaminated with C. jejuni and C. coli. The contamination rate of Campylobacter sp. in chicken carcasses sold in supermarkets, were 14.1% by conventional methods and 29.5% by PCR. This was higher than those in traditional markets, i.e. 5.7 and 12.1%, respectively. It is also confirmed that the prevalence for contamination of C. jejuni was higher than C. coli in 298 samples, i.e. 16.1% and 3.7% by conventional method and 23.5% and 18.1% by PCR method respectively.

The objectives of this study are (1) Determine the content of antrasena compound in the waste oil at the waterway of Paotere port (2) Determine the characteristics of antrasena degradation bacteria and (3) Determine the percentage of antrasena degradation. In this research an analysis of antrasena compound was conducted with sea water that had been polluted with oil. The next steps were to isolate and characterize the degrading bacteria of antrasena and to analyze the results of antrasena degradation. The results showed that (1) Concentration of the antrasena compound in the waterway of paotere port is 4,8x10-10 ppm. (2) The bacteria can degraded of the antracene is Bacillus cereus (3) There was evidence that Bacillus cereus was able to degrade antracenr compound, the highest degradation percentage is 98,11%, it was achieved on 12 day of incubation

The ability of phage FR38 to lysis indigenous Salmonella P38 from feces of diarrheal patient has been studied. However, effects of phage FR38 on organ system were not revealed as yet. This study was conducted to observe the effect of phage FR38 on blood chemistry, kidney functions, and liver functions. Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were used as a model for this study that were divided into two groups; (i) control and (ii) treated group with phage FR38. For treated phage group, each rat was administered by 5 ml/kg bw of 1.59-107 pfu/ml of phage intragastric. The blood parameters were analysed on day 16. The results revealed that body and organs weight, erythrocyte, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leukocyte, total protein, creatinine, SGOT, and SGPT of phage treatment rats were not significantly different with the control rats on day 16 (P > 0.05). Therefore, this study showed was no effect of phage FR38 on body weight, blood chemistry, kidney and liver functions of the rat (P > 0.05).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens spores to survived in different preparation temperature (25, 35, and 70C for B. cereus and 25, 45, 70ºC for C. perfringens) and modified storage condition (with 50 and 75% humidity; opened, closed and opened twice a day during period of observation) of powdered milk formula. The spores of B. cereus ATCC 13061 and C. perfringens CP-1 artificially contaminated to the milk formula. Results showed that B. cereus and C. perfringens spores were germinated and growth in reconstituted milk formula. Bacteria population increased ≥1 log within 3 hours at room temperature (28-29ºC). The spores of both bacteria survived from dry condition of powdered milk formula, like when aw of the formulas increased cause of storage condition.

The effect of bacteriocin produced by Indonesia Isolate of lactic acid bacteria toward total bacteria in pasteurized milk ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to study the ability of bacteriocin (amylocin) produced by Indonesian isolate of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) (Lactobacillus amylovorus US 121) and its combination with nisin in pasteurized milk. The total bacteria was measured by plate count method. The antimicrobial activity of amylosin at 64 AU/ml had the same activity with nisin at 625 AU/ml and its combination between amylosin and nisin at 32 AU/ml and 312,5 AU/ml respectively against psychrotrophic, thermoduric bacteria and L. monocytogenes in pasteurized milk. However, combination of amylosin and nisin (32 AU/ml + 312,5 AU/ml) able to reduce S. aureus in pasteurized milk. Amylosin at 64 AU/ml kept the shelf life of pasteurized milk longer until 12 days at 10oC. The addition of amylosin (the precipitate resulted by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 70% w/v) changed the color of pasteurized milk be brownish white.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) becomes a public health concern in developed countries which is usually associated to Crohn’s disease (CD) in human. The disease shows similarities in clinical signs and pathology characteristic with John’s disease (JD) in ruminants which is infected by MAP. Researchers in Europe, USA, and Australia detected MAP in their dairy products and showed the relationship among MAP, CD, and JD. Meanwhile Indonesia imported milk and milk products from those countries to cover the national demand. This situation keeps MAP as potential-problem in national dairy herd and human health in the future. The aim of this study was to detect MAP in the formla milk for todler. Fifty samples from five established milk producers were taken on August 2006 at the supermarket in Bogor. Two seperate diagnostic methods were used parallel in this study i.e.: polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) with insertion sequence F 57 as the primer and the Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT). Neither MAP grew in MGIT after 20 weeks of incubation period but 5 samples were found positive by nested PCR. Although there was no evidence weather MAP grew from the samples in this study, the comprehensive and sustainable studies on MAP should be carried out with more extensive and varied samples, as well as in human to provide data on MAP in Indonesia.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri, konsentrasi efektif, dan pengaruh peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun kari (Murraya koenigii) terhadap daya hambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Pseudomonas sp. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar. Parameter yang diukur adalah besarnya diameter daya hambat yang terbentuk di sekitar kertas cakram. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dianalisis dengan metode one way anova dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak 12,5; 25; dan 50% telah memberikan aktivitas daya hambat pertumbuhan bakteri uji. Konsentrasi efektif yang dapat menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli pada konsentrasi 50%, sedangkan bakteri Pseudomonas sp. pada konsentrasi 12,5; 25; dan 50%. Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak daun kari menunjukkan semakin luas diameter zona hambat pertumbuhan bakterinya. Penghambatan yang terjadi pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Pseudomonas sp. tersebut, membuktikan bahwa daun kari mengandung senyawa aktif yang bersifat antibakteri, seperti flavonoid, fenol, alkaloid, dan saponin.

Tujuan dari penelitian adalah menetapkan daya tahan hidup takizoit Toxoplasma gondii galur RH dalam susu kambing setelah dipasteurisasi pada suhu tinggi dalam waktu singkat. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode in vivo dan mencit diinfeksi dengan takizoit Toxoplasma gondii galur RH secara intraperitoneal dengan konsentrasi 2,76x106 takizoit/ekor. Mencit dibagi atas tiga kelompok perlakuan, yaitu susu pasteurisasi dan takizoit yang dipanaskan pada suhu 72 °C selama 15 detik (P), susu pasteurisasi dan takizoit tanpa dipanaskan sebagai kontrol positif (KP), dan susu pasteurisasi tanpa takizoit sebagai kontrol negatif (KN). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ditemukan takizoit di dalam cairan peritoneal pada P dan KN. Takizoit Toxoplasma gondii galur RH ditemukan pada KP yang mempunyai jumlah konsentrasi hampir sama sebelum dan setelah infeksi.

The effect of pH (4-9), NaCl concentration (1-5%), temperature and heating time (80, 100 and 1210C for 10, 20 and 30 minute) on the antibacterial effectivity of ethyl acetate and ethanol kecombrang extract were analysed. Both ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed antibacterial activity at pH 4-8, but its activity gradually decreased at higher pH. At pH 9, only ethanol extract still showed antibacterial activity. Addition of 1-4% NaCl on ethyl acetate and ethanol extract still showed antibacterial activity. Heating the extracts at 80-100 0C for 10-30 minutes and 1210C for 10 minutes did not haves significantly affect on the antibacterial activity of both ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts. Application of ethyl acetate extract at the concentration of 1 and 3 MIC on minced meat were still effective to reduce the viable bacteria until 7 days and 5 MIC was still effective until 9 days.

In this study, kecombrang flowers was extracted with non polar (hexane), semipolar (ethil acetate) and polar (ethanol) solvent. The result revealed that ethil acetat and ethanol extracts inhibited 7 bacteria, i.e : spore forming bacteria (Bacillus cereus), Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and (Listeria monocytogenes), Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli), spoilage bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) but did not inhibit Lactobacillus plantarum. The hexane extract did not show antimicrobial activity. On well diffusion test, ethil acetate developed clear zones of 12.3 – 27.3 mm (diameters) and this was higher than ethanol extract 11.0-15.4 mm (diameters). The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of ethil acetate and ethanol extract against the seven bacteria were 3-13 mg/ml.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of bifidobacteria on flavor of yoghurt. Parameters measured in the experiment were acidity, pH, viscosity, volatile composition, sensory acceptance and intensity of yoghurt sensory attributes.Results of the experiment indicated that the use of bifidobacteria in mixture of yoghurt culture was able to increase the levels of acidity and viscosity of yoghurt. The highest acidity and viscosity was found in yoghurt prepared by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and bifidobacteria mixture, and also by Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus and bifidobacteria mixture cultures. The major classes of volatile component identified were acids, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes. The major component identified were octanoic acid, acetoin and octadecanal. It was found that there was no significant difference in sensory acceptance of the panelist for colour, aroma and taste of yoghurt prepared by the various combination of cultures. However, consistency of yoghurt prepared by S. thermophilus with or without addition of bifidobacteria, was less compared to that of others. Yoghurt prepared by single culture of S. thermophilus showed higher intensity of bitter and syneresis. The use of bifidobacteria in the cultures mixture decrease the intensity of bitter and syneresis of the yoghurt.

Lack of hygienic sanitation conditions in food processing industry could contribute to the food safety.The aim of this study was to assess the implementation of hygienic sanitation practices in the processingindustries of cow milk dangke in Enrekang District, South Sulawesi. Total of 60 respondents wereinterviewed using questionnaire and observation on hygienic sanitation practices was carried out usingcheck-list. Respondents were producers and also workers in the processing units in Cendana Sub-district,Enrekang which had been selected with simple random sampling technique. Scoring of hygienic sanitationcondition were based on the application of hygienic sanitation practices on the checklist. None of workerswore special clothes, put dangke molds in closed container, and wiped packaging of dangke with specialclothes. Less than 50% of the workers wore a head coverings, prepared papaya latex with boiled water,and covered dangke when molding. A total of 50% of the workers immediately washed the molds afterused. More than 50% of the workers washed their hands with soap before dangke processing, washed themolds with soap, wiped the packagings with a cloth before it used, stored the milk in a closed container,and cleaned papaya fruit before preparing papaya latex. All of the workers made dangke while doinghousework. Hygienic sanitation condition of dangke processing industries that had good category was 3%while another 57% in moderate category and poor category was 40%. The hygienic sanitation practices hadnot been fully implemented on the processing industries of cow milk dangke in Enrekang district, which ledto the category of hygienic sanitation condition of largely of them was moderate .

Campylobacter sp. is the most commonly reported as agent of foodborne zoonosis causing acutegastroenteritis in humans. Poultry meat is considered as a major source of C. jejuni infection in human.The conventional methods for detecting foodborne bacteria is time-consuming which rely on the of thebacteria in culture media, followed by biochemical identification. In this study polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technique was used for rapid identification of the pathogenic Campylobacter sp. The samples usedwere 298 chicken carcass with sold in supermarkets and traditional markets, and were carried out inaccordance the isolation protocol ISO/ DIS 10272-1994. Identification was performed using biochemicalAPI Campy. The direct PCR (DPCR) assay with two sets of primers was employed for isolation andidentification of C. jejuni and C. coli. The result of the isolation and identification both by conventional orPCR methods showed that chicken carcasses both from supermarket and traditional market werecontaminated with C. jejuni and or C. coli. Prevalence of Campylobacter sp. contamination in chicken meatwas higher by DPCR (62.6%) than by conventional (19.8%), indicating that DPCR technique was moresensitive than conventional method with detection limit for C. jejuni was103 cfu/ml.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kemampuan hemaglutinin pada Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) dalam proses adhesi. Uji adhesi pada sel epitel ambing dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Velentine-Weiggand. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa S. aureus yang memiliki hemaglutinin menunjukkan kemampuan adhesi yang jauh lebih baik (±380 bakteri/20 sel) dibandingkan dengan yang tidak memiliki hemaglutinin (±56 bakteri/20 sel).