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More than 243000 Hm3/year of drinking water is used in Europe. The popularity of metallic coagulants is due to their comparatively low cost, high availability, and efficiency in removing turbidity and color and sometimes helped by flocculants as polyacrylamides, starch or PolyDadmacs. Water & wastewater treatment drives the market to reach $14.7 Billion by 2024 in this kind of reagents. In this project, a synthetic coagulant will be replaced by a single improve multifunctional organic polymer based on natural plant extracts as a three-step treatment procedure, encompassing coagulation, flocculation and neutralization of pH.The main drawback of synthetics coagulants is the negative impact on human health and the environment. There are corrosive reagents that contribute undesirable elements such as metals , chlorides or sulphates to drinking water. The sludge generated is known as “alum sludge”, which is the most common residual from water treatment plants. They can cause a deterioration of the pipeline network and produce a waste that finally end in soils or landfills. Moreover, the sludge contains a 7-17% of aluminum concentration, which is mainly used in the agriculture and can be adsorbed, finally, by plants. Thus, there are two ways to reduce aluminum concentration, one is the efficiency of the coagulation process and reduction of complementary reagents and the other is the substitution of this reagents by a natural one.Natural coagulants are an alternative of aluminum or iron salts and avoid dissolved aluminum control as required by Directive (UE) 2020/2184, as well as lower costs in complementary reagents. Complementary flocculants as polyacrylamides are limited by the World Health Organization to 0.5 μg/L and are considered harmful to human health. The sludge obtained with the natural coagulant provide organic matter and adsorbs phosphorus so can be used as an active substrate and once saturated, as an agricultural substrate, thus participating in the concept of circular economy.The main objective of Safe T Water project is to validate a new innovative and environmentally friendly technology in two drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) located in Spain. The first one it is located in Valencia, with a daily production of 48,000 m3 and 750,000 inhabitants and the second one in Madrid, with a daily production of almost 700,000 m3 and supplying 3.2 million inhabitants representing a hard and soft water qualities.There is a first stage of natural coagulant production in a batch, focused on the start-up and continuous production and manufacturing the product necessary to feed both pilot scale treatment plants. This batch has a production of 4000 Kg/month.The natural coagulant is evaluated in a 6 m3/h pilot plant flow rate , consisting of a homogenization tank and a coagulation-flocculation and lamellar settling stage followed by a sand filtration. A Full-scale implementation phase including the validation of the new technology through real drinking water facility is going to reproduce the outcomes.The comparison between both coagulants must be made under the same conditions, establishing the effectiveness of the natural one as a real and sustainable alternative and this provides to Safe T Water Project a relevant role.

The purpose of this study is the development and implementation of a computer vision system for color identification in a set of parts, which were disposed on a continuously moving conveyor belt. The process for acquiring the images associated with the parts at issue, the preprocessing and treatment phases performed, as well as the results of the recognition of the feature of interest in each of these are exposed. It is worthy to mention that the feature of interest in the analyzed parts was established from three classes different, associated with the primary colors. The results obtained suggest the effectiveness of the implemented vision system, even as a prototype; which was integrated using low-cost and easy-to-use materials, and whose programming was developed in the open-source software Python, using the OpenCV library. Not only an effective recognition of the class corresponding to each part entered is highlighted, but also the possibility that said operation be executed without the conveyor belt used stopping its moving.

The wood-based housing market in Chile requires a complementary review that considers the competitive advantages of this material regarding its technical features and structural properties, to strengthen compliance with the Chilean General Urban Planning and Construction Ordinance (OGUC, in Spanish) and the Sustainable Building Codes. The purpose of this research was to develop an Integrated Sustainability and Safety Indicator (IISS, in Spanish), which integrates regulatory, social, territorial, and environmental aspects, considering (1) presentation, (2) sustainability, and (3) safety variables for wooden houses. For this, information was collected from 230 wood construction companies located between the regions of Valparaíso and Los Ríos, in Central Chile, where product presentation and safety were highlighted as inputs to calculate the IISS. This integration resulted in a classification of useful technical indicators to promote wood use as a construction option that prevails over or complements other building options.

Resumen Introduccion Se desconocen los factores etiologicos exactos del cancer colorrectal (CCR), aunque se ha intentado relacionar con factores geneticos y ambientales. La posible asociacion con Fusobacterium nucleatum podria abrir posibilidades en el diagnostico precoz. Objetivo Revisar los estudios que analizan la asociacion entre F. nucleatum y el CCR. Metodos Se utilizaron las publicaciones disponibles en la base de datos MEDLINE PubMed hasta el dia 1 de enero de 2020, que incluian los terminos «cancer colorrectal» y «Fusobacterium nucleatum». Se realizo un metaanalisis con el software Stata. Resultados Un total de 57 articulos fueron incluidos en la revision sistematica. El metaanalisis indico una mayor presencia de F. nucleatum en muestras de tejido tumoral de CCR, con respecto a muestras control de tejido sano, con una odds ratio de 4,558 (IC 95%: 3,312-6,272), y cuando se utilizaron muestras control de adenomas colorrectales, con una odds ratio de 3,244 (IC 95%: 2,359-4,462). Conclusion Hay una mayor presencia de F. nucleatum en el CCR. Sin embargo, se necesitan estudios que demuestren esta relacion.

The etiological factors of colorectal cancer (CRC) are not precisely known, although genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. A possible association with Fusobacterium nucleatum may provide opportunities for an early diagnosis.To review studies that address the association between F. nucleatum and CRC.The MEDLINE PubMed database was searched using the terms «colorectal cancer» and "Fusobacterium nucleatum", retrieving publications published up to January 1 2020. Stata software was used for a meta-analysis.The systematic review included 57 articles. Meta-analysis results indicated a more frequent presence of F. nucleatum in CRC tumour tissue samples in comparison to control samples of healthy tissue, with an odds ratio of 4.558 (95% CI: 3.312-6.272), and in comparison, to control samples of colorectal adenomas, with an odds ratio of 3.244 (95 % CI: 2.359-4.462).There is a more frequent resence of F. nucleatum in the CRC. However, further studies are needed to verify this relationship.

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/microorganisms11040915/s1, Microorganisms responsible for genitourinary infections increasingly include species other than conventional etiological agents that are of clinical and pathogenic relevance and therapeutic interest. This cross-sectional descriptive study selected samples from clinical genitourinary episodes between January 2016 and December 2019 in which emerging microbiological agents were detected. The patients’ epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, antibiotic treatment, and outcome were studied to identify their pathogenic role. The emerging microorganisms most frequently detected in urinary tract infections were Streptococcus bovis (58.5%) and Gardnerella spp. (23.6%) in females and S. bovis (32.3%), Aerococcus urinae (18.6%), and Corynebacterium spp. (16.9%) in males, while the most frequently detected in genital infections were S. viridans (36.4%) in females and C. glucuronolyticum (32.2%) and Gardnerella spp. (35.6%) in males. All cases in female children were produced by S. bovis. Symptomatic episodes were more frequent with Aerococcus spp. and S. bovis and the presence of leukocytosis more frequent with Aerococcus spp. Quinolones and doxycycline were most often prescribed antibiotics for genital infections and quinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for urinary infections. Urinary infection by Aerococcus spp. was more frequent in males of advanced age, Corynebacterium spp. was more frequent in permanent vesical catheter carriers, and episodes of asymptomatic bacteriuria by Gardnerella spp. were more frequent in patients with kidney transplant and chronic consumers of corticosteroid therapy. Lactobacillus spp. should be considered in urinary infections of patients of advanced age and with a previous antibiotic load. Genital infection by Gardnerella spp. was significantly associated with a history of risky sexual relations.

Se describe e ilustra Deiregyne tenorioi Soto Arenas & Salazar, especie nueva de los estados de Hidalgo, Estado de México, Oaxaca, Puebla y Tlaxcala en México. Es similar a D. eriophora (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) Garay y a D. chartacea (L.O. Williams) Garay; de la primera se distingue por el ovario y la inflorescencia con el raquis esparcidamente glandular-pubescente (vs. lanuginoso), las flores inodoras y el labelo proporcionalmente más largo y angosto, con garganta de color verde brillante a amarillo limón, angosta, con los lados rectos (vs. garganta amarilla dorada, amplia, con los lados redondeados); de la segunda difiere en las flores mucho más grandes, los sépalos y pétalos no teñidos de color café verdoso abajo de la mitad, los sépalos laterales extendidos (vs. fuertemente recurvados) y el lóbulo distal del labelo proporcionalmente más largo y angosto.

Halloysite–cellulose nanocrystal composite films with photonic properties have been prepared and investigated.

Multiresponsive materials can adapt to numerous changes in their local environment, which makes them highly valuable for various applications. Although nanostructured and polymeric multiresponsive materials are plentiful, small-molecule analogues are scarce. This work presents a compact cyclometalated platinum(II) complex that bears a crown ether cavity (18C6-PtII); the intimate ring/emitter connectivity is key to unlocking multiresponsiveness. Complex 18C6-PtII responds to (i) cationic guests, producing changes in luminescence in both solution and the solid state, (ii) solvent molecules, which perturb the packing of the complex in the solid state and cause reversible color changes, and (iii) solvent polarity, which leads to controlled aggregation. These responses may enable 18C6-PtII to function as a sensor for ions and solvents, or as a functional unit for the fabrication of hybrid supramolecular polymers and metallogels.

Macrocycle engineering is a key topic in supramolecular chemistry. When synthesizing a ring, one can obtain either complex mixtures of macrocycles of different sizes or a single ring if a template is utilized. Here, we unite these approaches along with post-synthetic modifications to transform a single tether into multiple rings - up to five per tether. The macrocycles contain two bridged phenylpyridine ligands that are connected through a Pt atom, which defines the rings' shape, size, and host activity. All rings undergo redox reactions (between PtII and PtIV) that allow for large conformational changes. Their reactivity, together with their host performance, is a convenient way to control the capture and release of guests, to mediate ring transformations, and to control pseudorotaxane-to-pseudorotaxane conversions. This novel approach could serve to assemble other libraries of small ring molecules, create cyclic polymers bridged by responsive-at-metal nodes, and produce processable mechanically interlocked molecules.

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of strained macrocycles is a key method to prepare diverse polymers. However, lack of ring strain in most macrocycles is an impediment to polymerization. In this paper, the polymerization/oligomerization of unstrained macrocycles was achieved using a supramolecular approach, leading selectively to cyclic products. Diphenyl thiourea and other guest molecules were used as additives to the ROMP reaction of unstrained macrocycles. An intermediate host-guest complex leads to the stabilization of the open form of the macrocycle after treatment with Grubbs catalysts, thereby favoring polymerization by inhibiting the ring-closing reaction back to the monomer. This proof-of-concept enables ring-expansion polymerization of unstrained macrocycles leading to cyclic polymers with molecular weights up to 6700 Da.

Resumen: Introducción: Médicos internos de pregrado y residentes de las distintas especialidades son los primeros en tener contacto con el paciente y solicitar estudios como la gasometría arterial, interpretarla y a partir de eso, dar un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de error en la fase preanalítica y en la interpretación puede ser alto. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el nivel de conocimiento que tienen médicos internos y residentes, de la fase preanalítica y de la interpretación de la gasometría arterial. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional y transversal de muestra no probabilística por conveniencia. Se aplicó un instrumento de medición a 54 internos y residentes de primer año, donde se evaluó el conocimiento sobre la preanalítica e interpretación de la gasometría arterial. Resultados: En conocimientos generales, ninguno de los participantes tuvo un nivel suficiente avanzado, en conocimientos suficientes básicos los residentes fueron superiores a los internos, los internos en su mayoría presentaron conocimientos insuficientes. Respecto a los conocimientos de preanalítica y de fisiología, ninguno de los dos grupos fue superior al otro, siendo la preanalítica el área con menor conocimiento. En cuanto a los conocimientos de la interpretación básica y avanzada el grupo de residentes tuvo mayor nivel de conocimiento, sin embargo, este nivel no fue suficiente para una interpretación adecuada. Discusión: Los conocimientos sobre gasometría arterial (preanalítica e interpretación) en médicos internos y residentes, no se encuentran dentro de lo esperado. Es necesario realizar un adecuado plan de enseñanza en las escuelas de medicina y en los hospitales escuela. Abstract: Introduction: Undergraduate interns and residents of the different specialties are the first to have contact with the patient and request studies such as arterial blood gas analysis, interpret it and, from that, give an adequate diagnosis and treatment. However, the percentage of error in the preanalytical phase and in the interpretation can be high. The objective of this research is to evaluate the level of knowledge that undergraduate interns and residents have of the preanalytical phase and the interpretation of arterial blood gases. Materials and methods: Prospective, observational and cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic convenience sample. A measurement instrument was applied to 54 undergraduate interns and first-year residents, where knowledge about the preanalytics and interpretation of arterial blood gas was evaluated. Results: In general knowledge, none of the participants had a sufficiently advanced level, in sufficient basic knowledge the residents were superior to the undergraduate interns, most of the undergraduate interns had insufficient knowledge. Regarding knowledge of preanalytics and physiology, neither group was superior to the other, preanalytics being the area with less knowledge. Regarding the knowledge of basic and advanced interpretation, the group of residents had a higher level of knowledge, however, this level was not sufficient for an adequate interpretation. Discussion: The knowledge about arterial blood gas (preanalytical and interpretation) in undergraduate interns and residents is not within the expected. It is necessary to carry out an adequate teaching plan in medical schools and teaching hospitals.

With the commitment to reducing environmental impact, bio-based and biodegradable aerogels may be one approach when looking for greener solutions with similar attributes to current foam-like materials. This study aimed to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aerogels by adding sodium alginate (SA) and tannic acid (TA). Aerogels were obtained by freeze-drying and post-ion crosslinking through calcium chloride (CaCl2) and boric acid (H3BO3) solutions. The incorporation of TA and SA enhanced the PVA aerogel’s mechanical properties, as shown by their high compressive specific moduli, reaching up to a six-fold increase after crosslinking and drying. The PVA/TA/SA aerogels presented a thermal conductivity of 0.043 to 0.046 W/m·K, while crosslinked ones showed higher values (0.049 to 0.060 W/m·K). Under TGA pyrolytic conditions, char layer formation reduced the thermal degradation rate of samples. After crosslinking, a seven-fold decrease in the thermal degradation rate was observed, confirming the high thermal stability of the formed foams. Regarding flammability, aerogels were tested through cone calorimetry. PVA/TA/SA aerogels showed a significant drop in the main parameters, such as the heat release rate (HRR) and the fire growth (FIGRA). The ion crosslinking resulted in a further reduction, confirming the improvement in the fire resistance of the modified compositions.

Las ficciones audiovisuales seriadas que circulan por los diversos medios, tanto canales como plataformas, participan a través de ciertas estrategias textuales, narrativas y discursivas, en conjunción con sus audiencias en la construcción de sentido sobre la historia y el pasado. Se busca ahondar en la implementación de dichas estrategias en la serie de ficción audiovisual Narcos México (2018) ofertada en la plataforma de contenidos audiovisuales bajo demanda Netflix, mismas que inciden en un apuntalamiento ideológico de una versión del pasado. Para ello se observaron en el plano de lo textual, la dimensión de la expresión y del contenido, así como la conjunción de elementos que conforman lo narrativo, lo retórico y lo estético para explicar las implicaciones en la memoria colectiva sobre el pasado que la serie de ficción audiovisual pretende representar

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) potentially play a role in the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases (CTDs); however, they are also detected in healthy individuals. Our understanding of the physiological and pathological origin of ANA is incomplete. Both; female reproductive processes and deficiencies in DNA damage response (DDR) have been independently associated with ANA production. However, the link between these two factors and the presence of ANA is unclear METHOD OF STUDY: A cohort study was conducted on 87 non-pregnant and 51 healthy pregnant women. ANA and the DDR markers X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1) and recombinase (RAD51) were quantified in sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, ANA was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in HEp-2 cells in 1:40 diluted sera during the three phases of the menstrual cycle in non-pregnant women and every trimester in pregnant women RESULTS: The prevalence of ANA+ in healthy women was 26.1%, with no significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women. ANA and DDR marker levels did not vary among the three phases of the menstrual cycle or the three trimesters of pregnancy. However, DDR marker levels were higher in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women (p lt; .001) and were found to be higher in ANA+ women (XRCC1, p = .025; RAD51, p = .006) CONCLUSIONS: The menstrual cycle and pregnancy did not influence the levels of DDR markers or ANA in healthy women; however, the DDR was higher in pregnancy and ANA+ women. The results suggest a potential role of DDR in the pathophysiology of ANA.

We report the novel host–guest chemistry of highly substituted [3 + 3] Schiff-base macrocycle 1 with secondary ammonium-based guest molecules. Complexation of host 1 with dibenzylammonium (DBA+) or dipropylammonium (DPA+) led to the formation of both internal (1⊃DBA+ or 1⊃DPA+) and external complexes (1·DBA+ or 1·DPA+), whereas binding with di(xylyl methylene)ammonium (DXA+) resulted in only an external analogue (1·DXA+). For 1 + DPA+, the internal complex is more stable than the external complex, whereas in 1+DBA+, the internal and external complexes are very close in energy and interchange very slowly, allowing both to be observed at room temperature. Although 1⊃DXA+ and 1·DXA+ are close in energy, steric interactions inhibit formation of 1⊃DXA+ and only 1·DXA+ can be detected at room temperature. Based on computational analysis, the complexes all exist in a mixed tautomeric state with two keto-enamine and four enol–imine functionalities. That is, introduction of the ammonium-based guests results in a tautomeric change within the macrocyclic host, where the enol–imine form is converted to the keto-enamine. Finally, it was also shown that when DBA·PF6 is used in the synthesis of 1, higher yields are obtained than when no additive is used, indicating the potential for ammonium-cation templation of Schiff-base macrocycles.

"Fondo de Investigacion del Bosque Nativo" CONAF Project 008/2016 ANID-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional 2020-21201582

La Retinopatía del Prematuro (ROP por sus siglas en inglés) es una causa importante de ceguera infantil en países totalmente industrializados desde 1942. Poco a poco en la medida que los servicios de atención en las unidades de neonatología en países en vías de desarrollo ha mejorado, esta patología es más frecuente. Se ha demostrado que las variaciones de las concentraciones de oxígeno durante las primeras semanas postnatales es perjudicial y favorece el desarrollo de ROP. Esto contribuye a las dos fases del desarrollo de la Retinopatía.

espanolLa Directiva 2013/59/Euratom del Consejo de 5 de diciembre de 2013 por la que se establecen normas de seguridad basicas para la proteccion contra los peligros derivados de la exposicion a radiaciones ionizantes, establece en el apartado 28 de la introduccion que se “debe proponer requisitos mas estrictos en cuanto a la informacion que debe proporcionarse a los pacientes, el registro y la notificacion de las dosis de los procedimientos medicos, el uso de niveles de referencia para diagnostico y la disponibilidad de dispositivos indicadores de dosis”. Ante el desarrollo de estos conceptos en el citado documento y la posterior trasposicion a la ley espanola mediante el Real Decreto 601/2019, de 18 de octubre, sobre justificacion y optimizacion del uso de las radiaciones ionizantes para la proteccion radiologica de las personas con ocasion de exposiciones medicas, la Sociedad Espanola de Proteccion Radiologica (SEPR) y la Sociedad Espanola de Fisica Medica (SEFM) han creado un grupo de trabajo para describir, mediante este informe, los requisitos que debe cumplir un sistema de registro y gestion de dosis. EnglishDirective 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, establishes in section 28 of its introduction that more strict requirements should be proposed in what information to patients, recording and notification of doses in medical procedures, use of reference levels for diagnosis (RLD) and availability of dose indicator devices concerns. Due to the development of said concepts in both the European and Spanish regulation (Real Decreto 601/2019 of 18 October 2019 about justification and optimization of the use of ionising radiation for radiological protection in medical exposures ) the Spanish Societies of Radiological Protection (SEPR) and Medical Physics (SEFM) have created a work group whose task is to make a report describing the requirements that a system for the recording and management of doses should fulfil.

Lignin-capped silver nanoparticles were incorporated in situ into polyurethane foams during their polymerization to obtain multifunctional materials suitable for chronic wound dressing. Lignin with increased phenolic content, achieved through the enzymatic grafting of natural phenolic compounds, played the dual role of a silver reducing agent in the synthesis of the lignin-capped silver nanoparticles and as a nanoformulated polyol additive in the polyurethane composition able to react with isocyanate. The nanoparticles-embedded polyurethane foams showed over 4 and 5 logs bacterial growth reduction against the Gram-positive S. aureus and the Gram-negative P. aeruginosa, respectively, attributed to both the direct contact- and release-killing mechanisms. The swelling properties of the foams, related to their capacity to remove the excess of wound exudates containing deleterious oxidative species and enzymes, varied from 585 to 1145 % as a function of the content of nanoparticles. Overall, the physicomechanical and antibacterial properties of the foams, together with their biocompatibility and sustained release of silver, make these multifunctional materials suitable candidates for chronic wound dressings.

Attractive ion–ion interactions allow trapping the tetracationic host cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) within solid matrices composed of negatively charged scaffolds, namely cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Through this supramolecular approach, we have fabricated CNC-CBPQT4+ films that change color upon sequenced guest uptake-molecular recognition. The evolution of color is conditioned to the selection of a guest and the self-assembly of an in-film host–guest complex. Here, we have used films and guests as synergetic paper and ink materials to generate responsive text and patterns that transform (disappear, change color, etc.) upon stimulation (temperature, pH, or competitive guests). This concept could be utilized for anticounterfeiting purposes, responsive inkjet printing, data encryption/decryption, and time-evolving patterns.

This paper presents a robust control strategy for controlling the flight of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with a passively (fixed) tilted hexarotor. The proposed controller is based on a robust extended-state observer to estimate and reject internal dynamics and external disturbances at runtime. Both the stability and convergence of the observer are proved using Lyapunov-based perturbation theory and an ultimate bound approach. Such a controller is implemented within a highly realistic simulation environment that includes physics motors, showing an almost identical behavior to that of a real UAV. The controller was tested for flying under normal conditions and in the presence of different types of disturbances, showing successful results. Furthermore, the proposed control system was compared with another robust control approach, and it presented a better performance regarding the attenuation of the error signals.

This paper addresses the problem of robustly controlling an actively tilting quadrotor UAV. The proposed technique is model-free and it is based on hyperbolic functions of the six-dimensional pose error of the UAV with respect to the world reference frame; this hyperbolic controller globally attracts the error signals to an ultimate bound about the origin despite external disturbances, which is proved by way of a strict Lyapunov function based analysis. The effectiveness of the controller is evaluated by means of tracking and regulation experiments on adverse conditions, which were implemented on a virtual model of the UAV through a physics-engine-based simulation environment that provides an almost identical behaviour than a real UAV. The norm of the six-dimensional error signal converged to zero for the regulation experiments, whereas for tracking it did not exceed 0.05 meters, which indicated a successful operation of the control system. In addition, the performance of the hyperbolic controller was contrasted against a nonlinear PID, which resulted in a better performance in favour of the first one, who settled the errors to zero up to eight seconds before and demanded up to 2000 less revolutions per minute from the rotors while performing the same regulation tasks. All the aforesaid successful results place the proposed technique as a competitive alternative for controlling actively tilting multirotors due to its simplicity, robustness and demonstrated effectiveness.

Abstract It is relevant to estimate the uncertainties in the measurement of eye lens doses from a personal dosimeter over the protective apron without using additional dosimetry near the eyes. Additional dosimetry for interventionists represents a difficulty for routine clinical practice. This study analyses the estimated eye doses from dosimeter values taken at chest level over the apron and their uncertainties. Measurements of H p(0.07) using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters located on the chest over the apron and on the glasses (in the inner and outer part of the protection) were taken from ten interventionalists in a university hospital, in the period 2018–2019 during standard clinical practice. For a total sample of 133 interventional procedures included in our study, the ratio between the H p(0.07) on the glasses (left-outer side) and on the chest over the apron had an average of 0.74, with quartiles of 0.47, 0.64, 0.88. Statistically significant differences were found among operators using the U-Mann–Whitney test. The average transmission factor for the glasses was 0.30, with quartiles of 0.21, 0.25, and 0.32. Different complexity in the procedures, in the quality of the scatter radiation and in the individual operational practices, involve a relevant dispersion in the results for lens dose estimations from the over apron dosimeter. Lens doses may be between a 64% and an 88% of the over apron dosimeter values (using median or 3rd quartile). The use of 88% may be a conservative approach.

BACKGROUND Community engagement can make a substantial difference in health outcomes and strengthen the capacity to deal with disruptive public health events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Social media platforms such as Facebook are a promising avenue to reach the broader public and enhance access to clinical and translational science, and require further evaluation from the scientific community. OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the use of live community events to enhance communication about clinical and health research through a Facebook platform case study (Minnesota [MN] Research Link) with a Minnesota statewide community. We examined variables associated with video engagement including video length and type of posting. METHODS From June 2019 to February 2021, MN Research Link streamed 38 live community events on its public Facebook page, MN Research Link. Live community events highlighted different investigators’ clinical and health research in the areas of mental health, health and wellness, chronic diseases, and immunology/infectious diseases. Facebook analytics were used to determine the number of views, total minutes viewed, engagement metrics, and audience retention. An engagement rate was calculated by the total number of interactions (likes, shares, and comments) divided by the total length of the live event by the type of live community event. RESULTS The 38 live community events averaged 23 minutes and 1 second in duration. The total time viewed for all 38 videos was 10 hours, 44 minutes, and 40 seconds. Viewers’ watch time averaged 23 seconds of content per video. After adjusting for video length, promotional videos and research presentations had the highest engagement and retention rates. Events that included audience participation did not have higher retention rates compared to events without audience participation. CONCLUSIONS The use of live community events showed adequate levels of engagement from participants. A view time of 23 seconds on average per video suggests that short informational videos engage viewers of clinical and translational science content. Live community events on Facebook can be an effective method of advancing health promotion and clinical and translational science content; however, certain types of events have more impact on engagement than others.

Background Community engagement can make a substantial difference in health outcomes and strengthen the capacity to deal with disruptive public health events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Social media platforms such as Facebook are a promising avenue to reach the broader public and enhance access to clinical and translational science, and require further evaluation from the scientific community. Objective This study aims to describe the use of live community events to enhance communication about clinical and health research through a Facebook platform case study (Minnesota [MN] Research Link) with a Minnesota statewide community. We examined variables associated with video engagement including video length and type of posting. Methods From June 2019 to February 2021, MN Research Link streamed 38 live community events on its public Facebook page, MN Research Link. Live community events highlighted different investigators’ clinical and health research in the areas of mental health, health and wellness, chronic diseases, and immunology/infectious diseases. Facebook analytics were used to determine the number of views, total minutes viewed, engagement metrics, and audience retention. An engagement rate was calculated by the total number of interactions (likes, shares, and comments) divided by the total length of the live event by the type of live community event. Results The 38 live community events averaged 23 minutes and 1 second in duration. The total time viewed for all 38 videos was 10 hours, 44 minutes, and 40 seconds. Viewers’ watch time averaged 23 seconds of content per video. After adjusting for video length, promotional videos and research presentations had the highest engagement and retention rates. Events that included audience participation did not have higher retention rates compared to events without audience participation. Conclusions The use of live community events showed adequate levels of engagement from participants. A view time of 23 seconds on average per video suggests that short informational videos engage viewers of clinical and translational science content. Live community events on Facebook can be an effective method of advancing health promotion and clinical and translational science content; however, certain types of events have more impact on engagement than others.

Dada la frecuencia e intensidad de los eventos climáticos, es esencial conectar los instrumentos de planificación y gestión de riesgo territorial con exigencias a construcciones ubicadas en zonas de riesgos. Si se inspeccionan preventivamente edificaciones de áreas rurales y periurbanas con bajas especificaciones técnicas de seguridad contra incendios de interfaz forestal, es posible planificar medidas preventivas con la debida antelación, bajo estándares legalmente aplicables. La experiencia internacional señala que las viviendas pueden ser más seguras, por ejemplo, estableciendo áreas de protección (30-60 metros) y actuando sobre la densidad y distanciamiento de la vegetación combustible. En este sentido, este estudio aborda la protección considerando la relación del entorno inmediato con las características de la edificación bajo amenaza. Para este propósito se revisan las regulaciones chilenas, estadounidenses, europeas y australianas con respecto a la garantía de rendimiento frente a incendios de edificios y su entorno inmediato, extrayendo estándares de calidad y recomendaciones, considerando las necesidades y regulaciones “casa hacia adentro” y “casa hacia afuera”. Medidas de seguridad específicas como resistencia al fuego de elementos estructurales y no estructurales, materialidad incombustible, no inflamabilidad, no toxicidad y opacidad de humos; aumento de masividad y cobertura con elementos incombustibles; limitaciones de uso de materiales plásticos y otros que aporten carga combustible, son aspectos de protección pasiva a ser incluidos en evaluación preventiva de edificaciones que conduzcan a recomendaciones y mejoras para disminuir la vulnerabilidad. Donada la freqüència i intensitat dels esdeveniments climàtics, és essencial connectar els instruments de planificació i gestió de risc territorial amb exigències a construccions ubicades en zones de riscos. Si s'inspeccionen preventivament edificacions d'àrees rurals i periurbanes amb baixes especificacions tècniques de seguretat contra incendis d'interfície forestal, és possible planificar mesures preventives amb la deguda antelació, sota estàndards legalment aplicables. L'experiència internacional assenyala que els habitatges poden ser més segures, per exemple, establint àrees de protecció (30-60 metres) i actuant sobre la densitat i distanciament de la vegetació combustible. En aquest sentit, aquest estudi aborda la protecció considerant la relació de l'entorn immediat amb les característiques de l'edificació sota amenaça. Per a aquest propòsit es revisen les regulacions xilenes, nord-americans, europees i australianes pel que fa a la garantia de rendiment enfront d'incendis d'edificis i el seu entorn immediat, extraient estàndards de qualitat i recomanacions, considerant les necessitats i regulacions "casa cap a dins" i "casa cap a fora". Mesures de seguretat específiques com resistència a el foc d'elements estructurals i no estructurals, materialitat incombustible, no inflamabilitat, no toxicitat i opacitat de fums; augment de massivitat i cobertura amb elements incombustibles; limitacions d'ús de materials plàstics i d'altres que aportin càrrega combustible, són aspectes de protecció passiva a ser inclosos en avaluació preventiva d'edificacions que condueixin a recomanacions i millores per disminuir la vulnerabilitat. Given the frequency and intensity of climatic events, it is essential to connect the territorial risk planning and management instruments with requirements to buildings located in risk areas. If buildings in rural and peri-urban areas with low technical specifications at wildland urban interface, fire safety are pre-emptively inspected, it is possible to plan preventive measures, under legally applicable standards. International experience indicates that houses can be safer, for example, establishing protection areas (30-60 meters) and acting on the density and spacing of combustible vegetation. In this sense, this study addresses protection considering the relationship of the immediate environment with the characteristics of the building under threat. For this purpose, the Chilean, American, European and Australian regulations are reviewed with respect to the guarantee of fire performance of buildings and their immediate environment, extracting quality standards and recommendations, considering the needs and regulations house in and house out. . Specific security measures such as fire resistance of structural and non-structural elements, non-combustible material, non-flammability, non-toxicity and opacity of fumes; increased massiveness and coverage with non-combustible elements; limitations of use of plastic materials and others that provide fuel load are passive protection aspects to be included in evaluation. El equipo de investigadores agradece a FONDEF de CONICYT, Ilustre Municipalidad de San José de Maipo y CONAF por el apoyo prestado a la ejecución de estas investigaciones.