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LBNL-57661 Real Time Pricing as a Default or Optional Service for C&I Customers: A Comparative Analysis of Eight Case Studies G. Barbose, C. Goldman, R. Bharvirkar, N. Hopper, and M. Ting Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory B. Neenan Neenan Associates Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, MS90R4000 Berkeley, CA 94720-8136 August 2005 This work described in this report was coordinated by the Demand Response Research Center and funded by the California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program, under Work for Others Contract No. 500-03-026 and by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

While most Sterno-Clavicular Joint (SCJ) dislocations can be managed non-operatively with closed reduction, persistent or recurrent instability associated with pain or inability to work necessitates operative management. Here we present our preferred technique as well as a review of previously described methods for SCJ reconstruction.

In spite of the recent explosive growth in the use of office and network equipment, there has been no recent study that estimates in detail how much electricity is consumed by that equipment in the United States. In this study, we examined energy use by office equipment and network equipment at the end of 1999. We classified office equipment into 11 types; for each type we estimated annual energy consumption for residential, commercial, and industrial use by combining estimates of stock, power requirements, usage, and saturation of power management. We also classified network equipment into six types and estimated the annual energy consumption for each type. We found that total direct power use by office and network equipment is about 74 TWh per year, which is about 2% of total electricity use in the U.S. When electricity used by telecommunications equipment and electronics manufacturing is included, that figure rises to 3% of all electricity use (Koomey 2000). More than 70% of the 74 TWh/year is dedicated to office equipment for commercial use. We also found that power management currently saves 23 TWh/year, and complete saturation and proper functioning of power management would achieve additional savings of 17 TWh/year. Furthermore, complete saturation of night shutdown for equipment not required to operate at night would reduce power use by an additional 7 TWh/year. Finally, we compared our current estimater with our 1995 forecast for 1999. We found that the total difference between our current estimate and the previous forecast is less than 15% and identified the factors that led to inaccuracies in the previous forecast. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties in our current forecast and identified the data sets that have the largest impact on our current estimate of energy use.

SESSION 32: CATHETER ABLATION V: New Techniques and Approaches Friday, May 6, 2005 10:45 a.m.–12:15 p.m.

This landmark theoretical book is about the mechanisms by which special interest groups affect policy in modern democracies. Defining a special interest group as any organization that takes action on behalf of an identifiable group of voters, Gene Grossman and Elhanan Helpman ask: How do special interest groups derive their power and influence? What determines the extent to which they are able to affect policy outcomes? What happens when groups with differing objectives compete for influence? The authors develop important theoretical tools for studying the interactions among voters, interest groups, and politicians. They assume that individuals, groups, and parties act in their own self-interest and that political outcomes can be identified with the game-theoretic concept of an equilibrium. Throughout, they progress from the simple to the more complex. When analyzing campaign giving, for example, they begin with a model of a single interest group and a single, incumbent policy maker. They proceed to add additional interest groups, a legislature with several independent politicians, and electoral competition between rival political parties. The book is organized in three parts. Part I focuses on voting and elections. Part II examines the use of information as a tool for political influence. Part III deals with campaign contributions, which interest groups may use either to influence policy makers' positions and actions or to help preferred candidates to win election.

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the effects of circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) and electrogram-guided ablation (EGA) on the spectral characteristics of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the relationship between changes in dominant frequency (DF) and clinical outcome. Background Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation and EGA have been used to eliminate AF. Spectral analysis may identify high-frequency sources. Methods In 84 consecutive patients, CPVA (n = 42) or EGA (n = 42) was performed for paroxysmal (n = 49) or persistent (n = 35) AF. During EGA, complex electrograms were targeted. Lead V1and electrograms from the left atrium and coronary sinus were analyzed to determine the DF of AF before and after ablation. Results The left atrial DF was higher in persistent (5.83 ± 0.86 Hz) than paroxysmal AF (5.33 ± 0.76 Hz, p = 0.03). There was a frequency gradient from the left atrium to the coronary sinus (p = 0.02). Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation and EGA resulted in a similar decrease in DF (18 ± 17% vs. 17 ± 15%, p = 0.8). During a mean follow-up of 9 ± 6 months, the change in DF after CPVA was similar among patients with and without recurrent AF. An acute decrease in DF after EGA was associated with freedom from recurrent AF only in patients with persistent AF (19 ± 14% vs. 3 ± 6%, p = 0.02). Conclusions Both CPVA and EGA decrease the DF of AF, consistent with elimination of high-frequency sources. Whereas the efficacy of EGA is associated with a decrease in DF in patients with persistent AF, the efficacy of CPVA is independent of changes in DF. This suggests that CPVA and EGA eliminate different mechanisms in the genesis of persistent AF.