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Objective To assess the prevalence and major causes of visual impairment (VI) in elderly residents of ‘home for the aged’ institutions in the Prakasam district in India. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting ‘Home for the aged’ institutions in the Prakasam district in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Participants All 524 residents in the 26 ‘homes for aged’ institutions in the district were enumerated. Primary and secondary outcome measures Prevalence and causes of VI; visual acuity (VA) was assessed using a Snellen chart at a distance of 6 m. Pinhole VA was assessed if presenting VA was

Los trabajadores de limpieza en seco están expuestos a los disolventes orgánicos como el percloroetileno (perc). Este puede afectar el Sistema Nervioso Central (snc), provocar neurotoxicidad y asociarse con alteraciones visuales-neurológicas relacionadas con la función visual de sensibilidad al contraste (fsc) y la pérdida de la visión del color. Objetivo: determinar los déficits de sensibilidad al contraste (sc) por frecuencia espacial en un grupo de trabajadores de lavanderíaexpuestos a niveles ocupacionales de perc y su relación con síntomas neurotóxicos. Materiales y métodos: estudio de casos y controles en 40 trabajadores de lavandería y en 35 personas normales no expuestas a perc en Bogotá, Colombia. La fsc se evaluó utilizando métodos psicofísicos; las frecuencias espaciales estudiadas fueron 0,5, 1,0, 2,0, 4,0, 8,0 y 16,0 cpd. La neurotoxicidad se evaluó mediante el cuestionario modificado Q16. Resultados: se observaron diferencias significativasen sc por encima de 1,0 cpd (p < 0,05). La correlación de Spearman mostró una relación negativa significativa entre la puntuación del cuestionario Q16 versión modificada y las frecuencias espaciales 2,0, 4,0 y 8 de cpd (Rho de Spearman p < 0,05) en los casos. La prueba de U de Mann Whitney mostró diferencias significativas entre casos y controles para el cuestionario Q16 modificado (p

Purpose.: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment among older adults. This study explored the relationship between AMD, fall risk, and other injuries and identified visual risk factors for these adverse events. Methods.: Participants included 76 community-dwelling individuals with a range of severity of AMD (mean age, 77.0 ± 6.9 years). Baseline assessment included binocular visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and merged visual fields. Participants completed monthly falls and injury diaries for 1 year after the baseline assessment. Results.: Overall, 74% of participants reported having either a fall or a non–fall–related injury. Fifty-four percent of participants reported a fall and 30% reported more than one fall; of the 102 falls reported, 63% resulted in an injury. Most occurred outdoors (52%), between late morning and late afternoon (61%) and when navigating on level ground (62%). The most common non–fall–related injuries were lacerations (36%) and collisions with an object (35%). Reduced contrast sensitivity and visual acuity were associated with increased fall rate, after controlling for age, sex, cognitive function, cataract severity, and self-reported physical function. Reduced contrast sensitivity was the only significant predictor of non–fall–related injuries. Conclusions.: Among older adults with AMD, increased visual impairment was significantly associated with an increased incidence of falls and other injuries. Reduced contrast sensitivity was significantly associated with both increased rates of falls and other injuries, while reduced visual acuity was only associated with increased fall rate. These findings have important implications for the assessment of visually impaired older adults.

It has been found that humans are able to distinguish colours without luminance cues by about 2–4 months of age and that sensitivity to colour difference develops during childhood, reaching a peak around adolescence. This prolonged period of maturation is reflected by improvements in psychophysical threshold measures and by the VEP characteristics of morphology, latency and amplitude. An intra-individual comparison of VEP and psychophysical responses to isoluminant colour stimuli has not been made in children, however, and this was the aim of the present study. VEPs were recorded from 49 subjects, children (age range: 4.8–12.6years) and adults (age range: 25.7–33.2years). Psychophysical and VEP thresholds were both measured in 40 of those subjects. Nominally isoluminant chromatic (L–M) sinewave gratings were presented in onset-offset mode and identical stimuli were used for psychophysical and VEP recordings to allow comparison. In agreement with previous reports, morphology of the transient VEP in response to this stimulus differed considerably between children and adults. There was a significant difference between psychophysical and VEP thresholds in children, but not in adults. Our findings support and expand on previous work on maturation of the L–M chromatic pathway and indicate a larger discrepancy between VEP and psychophysical chromatic thresholds in children than in adults.

PURPOSE: It is widely known that visual impairment (VI) is a risk factor for falls, but patients or their eye care practitioners may not recognize other kinds of incidents as being problematic because of their vision. Consequently, older people with VI may have unmet needs for advice on how to carry out activities of daily living safely. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand whether older people with VI consider their vision as a causative factor of incidents they experience and their perceptions regarding the prevention of future incidents. If sample size permitted, a secondary aim was to evaluate whether quantitative findings supported their perceptions. METHODS: The study design was a prospective cohort study evaluating injurious and damaging incidents and related near misses using open questions in a written 2-weekly large-print diary with active follow-up over 8 weeks in older people (>60 years, n = 80) with and without VI. Baseline measures included habitual binocular visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, 3-m walk test, and Short Form 12 physical and mental component scores. Participants' diary entries were coded. Factor analysis and binary logistic analysis were used to investigate whether baseline measures were predictive of incident occurrence. Risk and preventative factors identified were compared. RESULTS: Participants perceived that their vision was implicated in bump and fall incidents. Quantitative analysis indicated that contrast sensitivity and fitness were significant predictors of incident occurrence. Six vision-related and five non-vision-related causative factors were identified by participants as contributing factors. Participants frequently stated "don't know" when asked to identify solutions to prevent incident recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Participants had unmet needs for advice in relation to incident prevention. It would be prudent for eye care practitioners to raise incident prevention in eye care consultations regardless of voiced patient concerns. Language: en