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Nutrients media (Murashige & Skoog, Hoagland & Arnon and White's media) supplemented or not with sucrose and substrates (vermiculite, agar and natrosol) were tested for their effects on plant development and root colonization of micropropagated sweet potato, cv. White Star, by Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann (isolate INVAM FL S329). Addition of sucrose (3%) did not affect plant development. However, hyphal growth and root colonization were depressed. Contrasting responses to media nutrient concentration were observed for plant height, root colonization, and hyphal growth. The highest concentration of nutrients in Murashige & Skoog medium improved plant development, but this medium decreased hypha growth and inhibited root colonization. Plants growing in vermiculite substrate had higher (p£0.05) development and mycorrhizal root colonization than those growing in agar or natrosol. The results indicate that colonization of micropropagated sweet potato by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is affected by media composition and type of substrate. Os meios de Murashige e Skoog, Hoagland, Arnon e White, suplementados ou não com sacorose, e tendo como substratos vermiculita, ágar ou natrosol foram utilizados para avaliar seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento da batata doce, c.v. White Star, e sua colonização por Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. (isolado INVAM FL S329). A adição de sacorose (3%) ao meio não afetou o desenvolvimento da planta, porém reduziu o crescimento das hifas de G. etunicatum e a colonização das raízes. A concentração de nutrientes dos meios utilizados mostrou efeitos contrastantes entre altura da planta, crescimento das hifas e colonização das raízes por G. etunicatum. A alta concentração de nutrientes no meio Murashige e Skoog estimulou o crescimento das plantas, reduziu o desenvolvimento das hifas e inibiu a colonização das raízes pelo fungo micorrízico. Plantas desenvolvidas em vermiculita mostraram maior desenvolvimento e maior colonização das raízes que as desenvolvidas em agar ou natrosol. Os resultados indicam que o desenvolvimento e a colonização "in vitro" da batata doce micropropagada é afetada pela composição do meio e pelo tipo de substrato.

The effect of several media components on the germination percentage of ovules in intraspecific T. gesneriana L. crosses was studied by using two embryo rescue techniques, viz. ovary-slice culture followed by ovule culture and direct ovule culture. The addition of 9% sucrose to medium for ovary-slice culture, started at 3 or at 5 weeks after pollination (WAP), significantly improved the germination percentage as compared to 5% sucrose. The germination percentage did not differ between both sucrose concentrations (3% and 5%) used in ovule culture started 4 weeks later with ovules excised from the ovary-slices (at 9 WAP). Similar germination percentages were obtained with media containing the full or half of the concentrations of micronutrients and macronutrients of the MS-medium during ovary-slice culture and ovule culture. For direct ovule culture, started at 4, at 6, and at 8 WAP, the germination percentages did not differ between ovules cultured on media with 3%, 6% or 9% sucrose. The addition of the cytokinin BAP (0.01 or 0.1 mg l-1) had no effect on the germination percentage. The use of liquid-shaken culture resulted in germination percentages which were similar to those on agar-solidified media. Analysis of the carbohydrate concentration of the media revealed that, in both media for ovary-slice culture and for ovule culture, ultimately all sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose. The total concentration of carbohydrates decreased with 19%–48% in the media for ovary-slice culture, whereas the total concentration of carbohydrates did not decrease remarkably in media for ovule culture.

The production of doubled haploid (DH) plants from microspores is an important technique used in plant breeding programs and basic research. Although doubled haploidy efficiencies in wheat and barley are sufficient for breeding purposes, oat (Avena sativa L.) is considered recalcitrant. The objective of this project was to develop a protocol for the production of microspore-derived embryos of oat and further develop these embryos into fertile DH plants. A number of experiments were conducted evaluating the factors influencing microspore embryogenesis, i.e. donor plant conditions, pretreatments, media composition, and culture conditions. The initial studies yielded little response, and it was not until high microspore densities (106 microspores/mL and greater) were used that embryogenesis was achieved. Depending on the treatment, yields of over 5,000 embryos/106 microspores were obtained for breeding line 2000QiON43. The doubled haploidy protocol includes: a 0.3 M mannitol pretreatment of the tillers for 7 days, culture in W14 basal medium with a pH of 6.5–7.5, a microspore density of 106 microspores/mL, and continuous incubation at 28 °C incubation. The resulting embryos observed after 28 days were plated onto solidified W14 medium with 0.8 or 1.0 g/L activated charcoal. A colchicine treatment of 0.2 % colchicine for 4 h resulted in conversion of 80 % of the plants from haploid to DH. This protocol was successful for the production of oat microspore-derived embryos and DH green plants with minimal albinism. DH seed was produced and planted for evaluation in a field nursery.

Study aim is to study endogenic and exogenic factors preconditioning morphogenesis of linseed flax in vitro. Linseed flax studies in vitro were carried out at the Laboratory of Genetic – Biotechnological of Lithuanian University of Agriculture in 2004-2006. Factors which influence morphogenetic capability of linseed flax cultivars ‘Lirina’, ‘Barbara’ and ‘Szaphir’ in tissue culture were investigated. Two different types of explants – stem segments and hypocotyls – of the three genotypes were cultivated in nutrient media differing in their macro and micro salts concentration, vitamins and different levels of growth regulators. Our results showed that intensity of morphogenesis was affected not only by exogenous growth regulators, but also by the type of explant and genotype. Hypocotyls-derived callus gave the better results than that stem-segment-derived callus on all tested media. Four-weeks-old callus showed the maximum shoot regeneration frequency. The best morphogenetic capabilities were demonstrated for cultivar ‘Szaphir’. The largest number of shoots was produced by all the cultivars on MSB5 nutrient medium supplemented with cytokinin 2iP (2.0 mg 1-1). The master’s final work comprises 50 pages, including 3 tables, 10 figures and 66 literature references.

The effect of several media components on the germination percentage of ovules in intraspecific T. gesneriana L. crosses was studied by using two embryo rescue techniques, viz. ovary-slice culture followed by ovule culture and direct ovule culture. The addition of 9% sucrose to medium for ovary-slice culture, started at 3 or at 5 weeks after pollination (WAP), significantly improved the germination percentage as compared to 5% sucrose. The germination percentage did not differ between both sucrose concentrations (3% and 5%) used in ovule culture started 4 weeks later with ovules excised from the ovary-slices (at 9 WAP). Similar germination percentages were obtained with media containing the full or half of the concentrations of micronutrients and macronutrients of the MS-medium during ovary-slice culture and ovule culture. For direct ovule culture, started at 4, at 6, and at 8 WAP, the germination percentages did not differ between ovules cultured on media with 3%, 6% or 9% sucrose. The addition of the cytokinin BAP (0.01 or 0.1 mg l-1) had no effect on the germination percentage. The use of liquid-shaken culture resulted in germination percentages which were similar to those on agar-solidified media. Analysis of the carbohydrate concentration of the media revealed that, in both media for ovary-slice culture and for ovule culture, ultimately all sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose. The total concentration of carbohydrates decreased with 19%–48% in the media for ovary-slice culture, whereas the total concentration of carbohydrates did not decrease remarkably in media for ovule culture.

The red ginger (Zingiber officinale. Rosc.) is an annual herbaceous plant of high economic value, with a harvest of 10-12 months. The export demand of red ginger rhizome has increased up to 20-22% for the last five years and it has not been able to be sufficed by the red ginger producers in Indonesia. This situation happens because of the very limited amount of red ginger production area, a still very conventional method of red ginger cultivation and the low quantity of organic substances in the soil. Other than that the use of expensive inorganic fertilizers often increases the production cost of red ginger, besides from being unsafe to both the environment and also the health of humans. Various technological breakthrough innovations have been done in order to meet the needs of red ginger export, one of which is the use of the polybag cultivation system which utilizes the organic waste as a media composition. The combination of organic substances with the application of liquid organic fertilizers was expected to increase and improve the growth and yield of red ginger rhizome. The research was conducted at Agrotechnopark experimental field Jember University from January 2013 until June 2014. The aim of field experiment was to find out the effect of media compositions and organic fertilizer concentrations on growth and yield of red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale. Rosc.). The field experiment factorials (3x4) used in randomized block designs with three replications. The first factor is the media compositions (bokashi: charcoal husk: coco peat) consisting of three levels: M1 (40%: 30%: 30%), M2 (50%:25%: 25%), and M3 (60%: 20%: 20%) and the second factor being the organic fertilizer concentration consisting of four levels: P1 (0 cc/l), P2(1.5 cc/l), P3 (3 cc/l), and P3 (4.5 cc/l). The results of this study concluded that a single factor of various composition media (M) was not significantly influence on all the parameters of growth and yield of red ginger rhizome. The single factor of concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer (P) and the interaction of two factors treatments (MP) was significantly influence on all parameters of the growth and yield of red ginger rhizome. The combination of treatments (M3P3) gave the best response to all parameters: plant height (58.8 cm), number of leaves (25.2), number of buds (35.6), rhizome fresh weight per plant (2329.64 g), total biomass (258.14 g), zingeron level (1.88%) and oleoresin level (1.57%).