Search

Poultry meat production has been dramatically increased in the last few decades due to increased population rate. Glucocorticoids decrease the growth of poultry and increase fat accumulation in liver and meat. In the coming days, it is important to consider the quality of meat to fulfill the increasing demand of proteins. The morphological and biometric properties of meat are associated with the quality of meat. The present research aimed to study the adaptations of muscular biology in response to potential glucocorticoid treatment in broiler chicken. This experiment was conducted into three groups of broiler (i.e. control group: homemade ration, group A: commercial broiler ration and group B: a high dose of glucocorticoid -7mg/kg) started from day 7 to or 28 days. Meat and blood samples were collected at day 7, 14, 21, and 28. For gross morphomology, color and weight of meat were consideredmeasured. Histomorphology of meat were was studied under light microscope by Hematoxylin & Eosin stain. The length and width of meat fibers were measured using calibrated stage micrometerThe length and width of meat fibers of meat were performed using calibrated stage micrometer. The blood cholesterol dynamics was measured by spectrophotometer. The color of breast meat was more yellowish and light than thigh meat. The weight of meat was negatively affected by glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoid treatment negatively influenced the number of myofibers in breast meat, while positively influenced the thigh meat. Excess dietary glucocorticoid increased the biometry of breast meat and decreased that of thigh meat in broiler. Glucocorticoid non-significantly increased the serum cholesterol level. These findings advance our knowledge about the action of glucocorticoid in the muscular system and provide basis for novel therapies to prevent glucocorticoid-induced muscular atrophy. Keywords: glucocorticoid; meat; morphology; broilers [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2021; 4(1.000): 1-8]

The overall performance of polymer composites depends on not only the intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix and inorganic filler but also the quality of interfacial adhesion. Although many reported approaches have been focused on the chemical treatment for improving interfacial adhesion, the examination of ultimate mechanical performance and long-term properties of polymer composites has been rarely investigated. Herein, we report carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy composites with improved interfacial adhesion by covalent bonding between CFs and the epoxy matrix. This leads to the improved ultimate mechanical properties and enhanced thermal aging performance. Raman mapping demonstrates the formation of an interphase region derived from the covalent bonding between CFs and the epoxy matrix, which enables the uniform fiber distribution and eliminates phase separation during thermal cycling. The covalent attachment of the CF to the epoxy matrix suppresses its migration during temperature fluctuations, preserving the mechanical performance of resulting composites under the thermal aging process. Furthermore, the finite elemental analysis reveals the effectiveness of the chemical treatment of CFs in improving the interfacial strength and toughness of silane-treated CF/epoxy composites. The insight into the mechanical improvement of CF/epoxy composites suggests the high potential of surface modification of inorganic fillers toward polymer composites with tunable properties for different applications.

Although molecular profiling of DNA isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor specimens has become more common in recent years, it remains unclear how discrete FFPE processing variables may affect detection of copy number variation (CNV). To better understand such effects, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) profiles of FFPE renal cell carcinoma specimens that experienced different delays to fixation (DTFs; 1, 2, 3, and 12 hours) and times in fixative (TIFs; 6, 12, 23, and 72 hours) were compared to snap-frozen tumor and blood specimens from the same patients. A greater number of regions containing CNVs relative to commercial reference DNA were detected in DNA from FFPE tumor specimens than snap-frozen tumor specimens even though they originated from the same tumor blocks. Extended DTF and TIF affected the number of DNA segments with a copy number status that differed between FFPE and frozen tumor specimens; a DTF ≥3 hours led to more segments, while a TIF of 72 hours led to fewer segments. Importantly, effects were not random as a higher guanine-cytosine (GC) content and/or a higher percentage of repeats were observed among stable regions. While limiting aCGH analysis to FFPE specimens with a DTF3 hours and a TIF72 hours may circumvent some effects, results from FFPE specimens should be validated against fresh or frozen specimens whenever possible.

Variability in storminess, storm surge, and mean sea level (MSL) can substantially alter coastal hazards associated with extreme sea levels (ESL). However, detection and attribution of past changes in tropical cyclone (TC) and related storm surge activity are hampered by inhomogeneous TC records due to changes in observational capabilities. Here we investigate spatiotemporal changes in storm surge levels in Japan from 1980–2019, a period when observational platforms including tide gauges and storm records are highly consistent. The analyses illustrate statistical evidence of increasing surge annual maxima in several places including the bay area of Tokyo since 1980 and this rate of change is comparable to those observed for MSL rise over the same period. These findings contrast the current hypothesis on the flood adaptation plan in which future surge extremes will remain the same. We demonstrate that the change in surge annual maxima reflects the combined effect of a consistent northeastward shifting of TC landfall location, intensifying and widening of TC. The substantial influence of these TC meteorological variables on surge levels coupled with MSL rise over long periods suggests that current coastal planning practices including critical heights for flood defenses, might be inadequate in the future.

Heat dissipation in space applications is very much necessary. For example, a satellite works under an extreme temperature environment depending on the satellite’s position in the orbit. Apart from thermal energy from the sun, the electronic component in the satellite itself generates heat as well. To maintain the temperature of the components within their operational range, a grooved heat pipe (GHP) is one of the best solutions. Within GHP, capillary action plays a major role to transfer the liquid from the condenser side to the evaporator side under a near-zero gravitational environment. This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer in GHP for space application. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed using Ansys Fluent software. The omega-shaped axial micro-channelled GHP made from aluminium is considered for this study. The working fluid in the heat pipe is ammonia. The volume-of-fluid (VOF) multiphase model along with the Lee model equation is used to perform the mass transfer prediction. The effects of different heat load for a 25% filling ratio (FR) are studied. This paper mainly focuses on the fluid flow development in the initial 40s of the GHP operation for a specified percentage of FR and heat load. The CFD simulations give much more insights of the heat and mass transfer phenomena, which would not possible to obtain by experimentation. The results like pressure, velocity, temperature, and volume fraction profiles inside the GHP along the length were studied.

Canadian wells are used for heating and cooling in residential buildings, agriculture and industry. They rely on the quasi-stable underground temperature at a certain depth throughout the year. One way to enhance the performance of this type of heat exchangers, is to implement internal Vortex Generators (VGs). The VGs contribute in disrupting the thermal boundary layer, intensifying turbulence and increasing the heat transfer coefficient. Series of numerical simulations, using ANSYS FLUENT, were conducted to mimic the variable seasonal operational conditions of Canadian Wells during the year. One circumferential row of parallelepiped Vortex Generators was implemented in a real U-shaped tube Canadian Well geometry. The yearly ground and underground temperatures were implemented as sinusoidal functions of time and depth. The VGs were placed immediately downstream of the first bend close to the inlet. The Reynolds number was in the range 14975–42785. The ambient conditions were considered for the city of Constantine (Algeria) at an altitude of 600m over the sea level. The VGs yielded an improvement of up to 8% of the heat transfer coefficient for different Reynolds numbers. The bend, upstream of the VGs, and the wake, downstream of them, play a key role in affecting the heat transfer locally.

Given the extreme hot and humid ambient conditions of UAE, it comes no surprise that the demand for air conditioning would increase rapidly. In the UAE, roughly 90% of the electricity is consumed by the building sector. In that sector, air conditioners (A/Cs) consume about 80% of the total annual house electricity. The fact that performance of A/Cs decreases as the ambient temperature increases. Additional challenge to optimize energy consumption is that in hot and humid regions A/C units are simultaneously required to control the temperature and humidity. Thus, oversized A/C units are usually used which increases the energy consumption and affect indoor thermal comfort. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of the ASHRAE standard in a residence in Dubai. Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) program is selected to study a detailed analysis of a residential building implementing ASHRAE building standards. The goal is to reach to an indoor temperature of 22.5°C and a 50% relative humidity according to ASHRAE standards. The values obtained from running the simulation over all the zones can now be used in order to size the A/C system. The maximum required load for all zones is 59.6 kW, however after applying the optimization method it was reduced by 4,5% to reach 56.9kW.

Piper betle L. is widely distributed and commonly used medicinally important herb. It can also be used as a medication for type 2 diabetes patients. In this study, compounds of P. betle were screened to investigate the inhibitory action of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase against type 2 diabetes through molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) analysis. The molecule apigenin-7-O-glucoside showed the highest binding affinity among 123 (one hundred twenty-three) tested compounds. This compound simultaneously bound with the two-target proteins alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, with high molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) values (ΔG Bind = −45.02 kcal mol−1 for alpha-amylase and −38.288 for alpha-glucosidase) compared with control inhibitor acarbose, which had binding affinities of −36.796 kcal mol−1 for alpha-amylase and −29.622 kcal mol−1 for alpha-glucosidase. The apigenin-7-O-glucoside was revealed to be the most stable molecule with the highest binding free energy through molecular dynamics simulation, indicating that it could compete with the inhibitors’ native ligand. Based on ADMET analysis, this phytochemical exhibited a wide range of physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and drug-like qualities and had no significant side effects, making them prospective drug candidates for type 2 diabetes. Additional in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations are needed to determine the precise efficacy of drugs.

Low Reynolds number flow (Re = 100) over a slitted 2D cylinder was examined to analyze the flow characteristics within the slit and the role it plays on the shedding frequency. The goal of this work is to explore the enhancement of the lift and reduction of the drag for energy harvesting purposes. One way of achieving this goal is by controlling the separation of the incompressible laminar boundary layer through blowing and suction. However, in this work it is passively controlled by the cylinder slit. Different slit orientation (azimuth angles: 0, π/12, π/6, π/4, 5π/12, and π/2) at 10% slit-to-diameter ratio was considered. The work was carried out numerically by seeking solution to the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. Validation was done experimentally utilizing the 2D vertical soap film tunnel available in our laboratory at Khalifa University. The visualization in soap film tunnel exploits the optical properties of soap film and relies on the wake formation patterns and the frequency at which vortices shed using well developed imaging techniques. These flow visualizations of the vortex shedding behind the cylinder with and without slit were recorded and analyzed to infer its Strouhal number (St = f.D/U). From the common Roshko’s graph (Re vs St) the Reynolds number was determined, and the film property was evaluated. Using common flow as baseline the technique can be used to validate numerous 2D-flow simulations, airfoils, bluff bodies, and even the oscillating flow around them. The details of the soap-film technique and parameters for successful experimentation are provided and demonstrated on slitted cylinder. The results are validated using numerical technique and the results from the literature.

Topic An international, expert-led consensus initiative organized by the Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS), along with the International Ocular Inflammation Society and the International Uveitis Study Group, systematically developed evidence- and experience-based recommendations for the treatment of tubercular choroiditis. Clinical relevance The diagnosis and management of tubercular uveitis (TBU) pose a significant challenge. Current guidelines and literature are insufficient to guide physicians regarding the initiation of antitubercular therapy (ATT) in patients with TBU. Methods An international expert steering subcommittee of the COTS group identified clinical questions and conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the use of ATT for tubercular choroiditis. Using an interactive online questionnaire, guided by background knowledge from published literature, 81 global experts (including ophthalmologists, pulmonologists, and infectious disease physicians) generated preliminary consensus statements for initiating ATT in tubercular choroiditis, using Oxford levels of medical evidence. In total, 162 statements were identified regarding when to initiate ATT in patients with tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis, tuberculoma, and tubercular focal or multifocal choroiditis. The COTS group members met in November 2018 to refine these statements by a 2-step modified Delphi process. Results Seventy consensus statements addressed the initiation of ATT in the 3 subtypes of tubercular choroiditis, and in addition, 10 consensus statements were developed regarding the use of adjunctive therapy in tubercular choroiditis. Experts agreed on initiating ATT in tubercular choroiditis in the presence of positive results for any 1 of the positive immunologic tests along with radiologic features suggestive of tuberculosis. For tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis and tuberculoma, positive results from even 1 positive immunologic test were considered sufficient to recommend ATT, even if there were no radiologic features suggestive of tuberculosis. Discussion Consensus guidelines were developed to guide the initiation of ATT in patients with tubercular choroiditis, based on the published literature, expert opinion, and practical experience, to bridge the gap between clinical need and available medical evidence.

Prevalence of pre‐hypertension is higher among young adults and may increase the risk for hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. Music therapy has been investigated to reduce the blood pressure in the hypertensive population; however, its efficacy on blood pressure in pre‐hypertensive young adults is not known. Thirty pre‐hypertensive (systolic blood pressure [SBP] = 120‐139 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure [DBP] = 80‐89 mmHg) young adults were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups. Music group (N = 15) received music therapy by passive listening to music for 30 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks, along with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan (a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, low‐fat dairy or unsaturated fat) and limit the daily sodium intake less than 100 mmol/day. The control group (N = 15) practiced only DASH eating plan and sodium restriction. The SBP, DBP, and heart rate (HR) were measured before and after 4 weeks of intervention. There was a significant reduction in SBP (8.73 mmHg, p

The fertility and productivity of cultivable land has been declining day by day due to imbalance use of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted at the shade house of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from February, 2018 to March, 2019 in order to evaluate the influence of bioslurry on growth, yield and nutritional status of Indian spinach. The two-factor experiment comprised two varieties of Indian spinach viz., BARI Puishak-1 and BARI Puishak-2 and five levels of bioslurry namely no bioslurry and no fertilizer (control), 10, 15, 20 ton/ha bioslurry and recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Results showed that BARI Puishak-2 performed superior in respect of growth, yield contributing traits and nutritional constituents as compared to BARI Puishak-1. In case of treatments, the highest value of vine length, leaf number, branches per plant, leaf area, dry mater, yield and nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, and sodium) were achieved from the recommended inorganic fertilizers while those parameters were the lowest in control plants. The combination of BARI Puishak-2 with recommended inorganic fertilizers showed the highest vine length, leaf number, number of branch per plant, stem diameter, leaf area, dry mater, yield and nutritional status, while those parameters were lowest in BARI Puishak-1 with control treatment. However, the results of the study revealed that bioslurry 20 ton/ha showed nearly similar performance as recommended inorganic fertilizers. Since, bioslurry contains sufficient amount of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous, therefore, it could be the effective alternative sources of nutrients instead of chemical fertilizers for sustainable and eco-friendly production of Indian spinach. [J Bangladesh Agril Univ 2020; 18(2.000): 379-387]

Purpose: Silicon established as a beneficial nutrient element especially for cereals, however it’s suitable source and optimum rate of application as a chemical fertilizer still not recommended. The purpose of the study was to identify the suitable source and optimum rate of silicon for growing rice at Ganges delta coastal zone soils. Methodology: Two similar succeeding field experiments: one at early monsoon season with T. Aus rice and another at monsoon season with T. Aman rice in 2021 were carried out using a two factor split plot design having replicated thrice. The first factor was three different sources of silicon (silicic acid, sodium meta silicate and calcium silicate) and second factor was seven rates of silicon (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kg Si ha-1). Results: Using a quadratic model the optimum rate of silicic acid, sodium meta silicate and calcium silicate were 32.2, 25.7 and 23.6 kg Si ha-1 for T. Aus rice, and 42.9, 25.8 and 24.5 kg Si ha-1 for T. Aman rice, respectively. Calcium silicate was the best source of silicon as it shows best response with smaller rates of silicon. Sodium meta silicate had the second and silicic acid had the lowest performance. Increasing Si rates progressively increases the Si content, Si uptake and chlorophyll content of rice. Conclusion: Calcium silicate with 24 kg Si ha-1 is recommended for rice at Ganges delta coastal zone soils.

This work introduces the CoarseAIR™, a novel system utilizing a three-phase fluidized bed and a system of inclined channels to facilitate coarse particle flotation and internal size classification. Internal classification in the CoarseAIR™ was investigated in a series of continuous steady-state experiments at different inclined channel spacings. For each experimental series, a low-grade chalcopyrite ore was milled to a top size of 0.53 mm and methodically prepared to generate a consistent feed. The air rate to the system was adjusted to determine the impact of the gas flux on coarse particle flotation and overall system performance, with a focus on maximizing both copper recovery and coarse gangue rejection. A new feed preparation protocol led to low variability in the state of the feed, and in turn strong closure in the material balance. Hence, clear conclusions were drawn due to the high-quality datasets. Inclined channel spacings of z = 6 and z = 9 mm were used. The z = 9 mm spacing produced more favourable copper recovery and gangue rejection. Higher gas fluxes of 0.30 to 0.45 cm/s had a measurable, adverse effect on the recovery of the coarser hydrophobic particles, while the gas flux of 0.15 cm/s delivered the best performance. Here, the cumulative recovery was 90%, and mass rejection was 60% at 0.50 mm, while the +0.090 mm recovery was 83% with a gangue rejection of 85%. The system displayed robust performance across all conditions investigated.

Ab initio calculations were carried out to understand the effect of electron donating groups (EDG) and electron withdrawing groups (EWG) at the C5 position of cytosine (Cyt) and saturated cytosine (H2Cyt) of the deamination reaction. Geometries of the reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products were fully optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level in the gas phase as this level of theory has been found to agree very well with G3 theories. Activation energies, enthalpies, and Gibbs energies of activation along with the thermodynamic properties (ΔE, ΔH, and ΔG) of each reaction were calculated. A plot of the Gibbs energies of activation (ΔG‡) for C5 substituted Cyt and H2Cyt against the Hammett σ-constants reveal a good linear relationship. In general, both EDG and EWG substituents at the C5 position in Cyt results in higher ΔG‡ and lower σ values compared to those of H2Cyt deamination reactions. C5 alkyl substituents (−H, −CH3, −CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH3) increase ΔG‡ values for Cyt, while the same substituents decrease ΔG‡ values for H2Cyt which is likely due to steric effects. However, the Hammett σ-constants were found to decrease for both the Cyt and H2Cyt. Both ΔG‡ and σ values decrease for the substituents Cl and Br in the reaction Cyt, while ΔG‡ values increase and σ decrease in the reaction H2Cyt. This may be due to high polarizability of bromine which results in a greater stabilization of the transition state in the case of bromine compared to chlorine. Regardless of the substituent at C5, the positive charge on C4 is greater in the TS compared to the reactant complex for both the Cyt and H2Cyt. Moreover, as the charges on C4 in the TS increase compared to reactant, ΔG‡ also increase for the C5 alkyl substituents (-H, −CH3, −CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH3) in Cyt, while ΔG‡ decrease in H2Cyt. In addition, analysis of the frontier MO energies for the transition state structures shows that there is a correlation between the energy of the HOMO‒LUMO gap and activation energies.

Background:Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccines have been licensed for usage and have been delivered over the globe in various regions. There is a lack of public awareness and understanding of COVID-19 vaccinations, however. As a result, researchers conducted a survey to see what Bangladeshis had to say about COVID-19 vaccinations. Methods:This cross-sectional study, conducted among the general population of Bangladesh, asked a series of questions about the KAP of the population with regard to COVID-19 vaccination, and the demographic characteristics of participants and the source of information with regard to the COVID-19 vaccine were recorded and analyzed. Results:A total of 386 complete surveys were included in the final analysis. 35.2% of people, who took part in it, said that everyone in Bangladesh should get the COVID-19 vaccine, while 64.8% said no to this idea. As a result of our survey, 73.6% of respondents believed that the new COVID-19 vaccination, which is now used in Bangladesh, may cause negative effects. Although a large number of the population was illiterate (44.6%), our study indicated that those with higher levels of education had a better understanding of the COVID-19 vaccination. This research indicated that those who had previously received a vaccination had a better understanding of the COVID-19 vaccine. For this to be successful, people must have had positive vaccination experiences in the past. There is a far greater awareness about COVID-19 vaccinations in urban areas compared to rural places. However, when multiple regressions were used, this association did not hold up. Conclusion:In Bangladesh, many are unfamiliar with the COVID-19 vaccination, but they have a positive attitude toward it. Before mass vaccines are planned in the near future, health education campaigns must begin immediately to assist people in better understanding their health.

Substantial quantities of pesticides are routinely applied to enhance agricultural crop production. Pesticides used in this way continuously accumulate in the environment and in foods. Harvested crops contain pesticide residues at various concentrations, with potential harmful impacts on human health. Hence, it is of value to identify techniques for the effective decontamination of tainted foods. However, cleaning with water or household agents, e.g., acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, are recognized treatments for the efficient degradation of pesticides from vegetables and fruits. There is an apparent void of information about the decontamination treatments for raw fishes using household agents that are affordable for all classes of consumers. Hence, the present study was performed to determine the most efficient household technique for reducing pesticide residue levels from precooked raw fish to ensure the utmost food safety. Fish muscles of four species of fishes, viz., Clarias gariepinus, Channa striatus, Anabas testudineus and Trichogaster trichopterus, were treated with six treatments: washing with running tap water (T1), dipping in normal water (T2), dipping in 2% salt solution (T3), dipping in 2% vinegar (T4), dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution (T5) as well as dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice (T6), as fish muscle is the major consumable portion of fish. The current study demonstrated that the removal percentage of lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, methoxychlor and cypermethrin residues against the treated household treatments, in downward order, were soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice solution (T6) > soaking in 2% vinegar (T4) solution > soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate (T5) solution > soaking in 2% salt (T3) solution > washing with running tap water (T1) > soaking in stable normal water (T2). The treatment of raw fish muscle samples by soaking them in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice was found to be the most efficient household treatment, performing significant reductions (%) in pesticide concentration: 72–80% (p < 0.05) in Channa striata, 71–79% (p < 0.05) in Clarias gariepinus, 74–80% (p < 0.05) in Anabas testudineus as well as 78–81% (p < 0.05) in Trichogaster trichopterus before cooking.

Objective: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus is the main infectious cause of goat mortality in Bangladesh, and co-infection may make diseases more severe. This study aimed to detect PPR and co-infecting diseases in goats. Materials and Methods: One hundred goats suspected to be infected with the PPR virus were collected from various areas of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. A systemic post-mortem examination was carried out on PPR-suspected goats. Lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes (pre-scapular) were used for ribonucleic acid extraction, whereas lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes were used for deoxyribonucleic acid extraction. Seven-pair primer sets were used for molecular detection of pathogens specific for PPR, goat pox, contagious ecthyma (Orf), foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus, Klebsiella sp., and Mycobacterium sp. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to find the exact cause. Results: Out of 100 PPR-suspected goats examined, 55 goats were confirmed as PPR-detected by RT-PCR. Among the 55 PPR-positive goats, 2 were co-infected with goat pox, 2 with tuberculosis, 10 with Klebsiella sp. infection, and 6 with FMD as detected by PCR and RT-PCR. Moreover, 12 goats were co-infected with PPRV and fascioliasis. Conclusion: About 58% of PPR virus-infected goats were co-infected with other organisms. There is a need to design technology to detect the state of co-infectivity at its early onset and future preventive and therapeutic strategies for co-infecting diseases. This is the first study in Bangladesh to describe co-infecting diseases of goats along with PPR.

Objective: To study the impact of early metabolic profiling and intervention measures in the peri¬parturient period on the occurrence of postparturient metabolic diseases in cows. Materials and Methods: Using a cohort of dairy cows from two selected areas of Bangladesh, we routinely tested the serum calcium level and ketone bodies in the urine at periparturient periods. In addition, milk samples were tested for the presence of mastitis at different stages of lactation. Animals showing reduced serum calcium levels, high ketone bodies in the urine or the presence of clinical and subclinical mastitis received appropriate therapeutic intervention immediately after detection. After the intervention, the number of animals that got sick with diseases or conditions like milk fever, ketosis, mastitis, and dystocia, which are caused by metabolic problems, was recorded. Results: In the periparturient period, most of the animals had lower serum calcium levels (8.13 ± 1.2 mg/dl), which were significantly increased by the following intervention (10.05 ± 1.4 mg/dl). On the other hand, there was a higher number of ketosis-affected animals (33.9%, 20/59) during the periparturient period, which decreased (18.6%, 11/59) during the postparturient period. Similarly, the number of mastitis-affected cows was also decreased in postparturient cows (30.9%, 13/42) than in periparturient cows (59.5%, 25/42), following improved hygienic measures. After early intervention, the number of study animals with metabolic diseases decreased from 51.7% before intervention to 15.3% after intervention. Conclusions: Early metabolic profiling significantly reduced the occurrence of metabolic diseases in cows. Therefore, we recommend regular metabolic profiling of dairy cows and receiving early intervention measures to reduce the occurrence of metabolic diseases on the farm.

Objective: This study assessed the bacteriological quality and prevalence of foodborne bacteria in raw broiler meat sold in Mymensingh City. Materials and Methods: Thigh and breast meat samples (n = 80) from broiler chickens were randomly collected from four live bird markets (LBM) in Mymensingh city for bacteriological analysis. To determine the bacteriological quality, a 10-fold serial dilution of the thigh and breast homogenate was made. Then, total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), Staphylococci, and Salmonella spp. counts were determined using plate count agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Gram stain, biochemical testing, PCR assays, and cultural properties were used to identify the bacterial isolates. Results: The TVC in the broiler meat sample ranged between log10 8.30 ± 0.54 colony forming unit (CFU)/gm and log10 9.04 ± 0.26 CFU/gm. TCC was found between log10 5.53 ± 0.38 CFU/gm and log10 6.66 ± 0.80 CFU/gm. The mean Staphylococcal count was recorded between log10 4.64 ± 0.61 CFU/gm and log10 6.42 ± 0.53 CFU/gm, and the total Salmonella count ranged between log10 4.75 ± 0.08 CFU/gm and log10 5.69 ± 0.58 CFU/gm. The prevalence of Escherichia coli was the highest (43.2%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%) and Salmonella spp. (20%), respectively. Conclusions: Data from this study indicated that the TVC and TCC of raw broiler meat sold at LBM exceed the permissible limits and are contaminated with foodborne bacteria, which might cause public health hazards.

Simple Summary This review highlights the scope of available treatment options for neurological diseases, especially stem cell transplantation therapy, which provides new hope. The health sector continues to grow effectively, developing new ideas for saving lives and making complex processes more accessible, such as stem cell transplantation therapy. The treatment of individual neurological disorders is associated with different pathophysiological conditions, so transplantation therapy must be performed under optimal conditions with minimal risk. The promise of stem cell transplantation increases every day, with excellent animal models and small-scale observations in human trials. Stem cell therapy provides satisfactory data that support rational therapeutic purposes. Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases are a global health issue with inadequate therapeutic options and an inability to restore the damaged nervous system. With advances in technology, health scientists continue to identify new approaches to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Lost or injured neurons and glial cells can lead to the development of several neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. In recent years, neurons and glial cells have successfully been generated from stem cells in the laboratory utilizing cell culture technologies, fueling efforts to develop stem cell-based transplantation therapies for human patients. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or differentiate into a germ cell with specialized characteristics, such as muscle cells, red blood cells, or brain cells. Although several obstacles remain before stem cells can be used for clinical applications, including some potential disadvantages that must be overcome, this cellular development represents a potential pathway through which patients may eventually achieve the ability to live more normal lives. In this review, we summarize the stem cell-based therapies that have been explored for various neurological disorders, discuss the potential advantages and drawbacks of these therapies, and examine future directions for this field.

Global trends focus on a balanced intake of foods and beverages to maintain health. Drinking water (MIU; hardness = 88) produced from deep sea water (DSW) collected offshore of Muroto, Japan, is considered healthy. We previously reported that the DSW-based drinking water (RDSW; hardness = 1000) improved human gut health. The aim of this randomized double-blind controlled trial was to assess the effects of MIU on human health. Volunteers were assigned to MIU (n = 41) or mineral water (control) groups (n = 41). Participants consumed 1 L of either water type daily for 12 weeks. A self-administered questionnaire was administered, and stool and urine samples were collected throughout the intervention. We measured the fecal biomarkers of nine short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), as well as urinary isoflavones. In the MIU group, concentrations of three major SCFAs and sIgA increased postintervention. MIU intake significantly affected one SCFA (butyric acid). The metabolic efficiency of daidzein-to-equol conversion was significantly higher in the MIU group than in the control group throughout the intervention. MIU intake reflected the intestinal environment through increased production of three major SCFAs and sIgA, and accelerated daidzein-to-equol metabolic conversion, suggesting the beneficial health effects of MIU.

Arsenic is a potentially toxic agent for human health due to its widespread presence in the environment. Arsenic poisoning from drinking contaminated groundwater has become one of Bangladesh's most difficult healthcare problems. However, there is a lack of understanding of the detrimental impact of arsenic toxicity on children of arsenic-exposed parents. This study evaluates the effect of arsenic toxicity on body growth, blood parameters, and organ development of F1 mice. In this study, adult female mice were exposed to sodium arsenite from gestation day 12.5 until parturition, and then the postnatal growth, blood indices, and organ development were assessed. The result showed that from birth to weaning offspring of the sodium arsenite-treated group exhibited significant (p

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the leading cause of hospitalization due to bacterial infection, and the frequency of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from these infections is increasing worldwide. The current study aims to isolate and characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and their antibiogram typing from urine samples of humans. From April to December 2019, a total of 60 human urine samples were collected aseptically and treated to primary isolation by propagation in nutrient broth followed by culture on various agar media. Gram’s staining, string techniques, biochemical characterization, PCR, and Sanger sequencing were performed to confirm E. coli. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to test the susceptibility of all bacterial strains to thirteen typically prescribed antibiotics. The overall prevalence of E. coli in UTIs was 66.67%. Three variations were noted in E. coli, all of which were single substitutions (A>T, C>T, and T>A). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed that the E. coli discovered in this study belonged to the genus Escherichia, but was distinct from those identified in other countries. The antibiograms revealed that all the isolates (100%) were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin; 94.87% to doxycycline; 79.16% to gentamycin; 75.48% to ciprofloxacin; 73.07% to erythromycin; 71.66% to levofloxacin; 47.36% to ceftriaxone; and 46.66% to tetracycline. In contrast, all E. coli strains were sensitive to amikacin (95%), vancomycin (92.50%), and azithromycin (92.50%). People with a urinary tract infection (UTI) often have multidrug-resistant E. coli in their urine samples, which calls for a one-health strategy to deal with this rapidly changing condition.

One of the main objectives of the green revolution is to replace the local (traditional) cultivars with high-yielding varieties (HYVs). Replacing HYVs in the local cultivars-intensive areas would increase rice production and strengthen national food security. To do this, it is necessary to identify the determinants of cultivating local rice varieties by farmers. Therefore, this study used fractional logistic regression and a cognitive approach in the popular Aman and Boro season local rice variety-intensive areas to find out the causes of cultivating local rice varieties. The findings reveal that the main cause is the adverse ecology, where HYVs are not suitable, but local cultivars have physiological attributes to be well suited. The local cultivars are growing mainly in the Haor and flood-prone ecosystems, where modern varieties can not be sustained. The profitability of local rice cultivars is better than the HYVs as well. Moreover, farmers’ socioeconomic conditions such as age, education, occupation, income, and farm size influence the cultivation of local rice varieties. The yield, land topography, and market price also have an impact on the adoption intensity of local cultivars. The farmers also opined that the special grain quality of the local rice cultivars attracts the farmers, consumers, and market price that lubricate the intensity of local rice varieties adoption in the specific areas of Bangladesh. The findings of this study would be helpful for the rice breeders, scientists, and policymakers to develop suitable modern rice cultivars and management packages for boosting rice production in the targeted local rice cultivars intensive areas of Bangladesh.

Flow-induced vibration (FIV) on two tandem cylinders with forced convection is numerically investigated at a constant Re = 150. Elastically mounted cylinder with four different values of corner radii ( r* = r/R: r = radius of fillet; R = radius of circle) = 0 (square cylinder), 0.25, 0.75, and 1 (circular cylinder) with two spacing ratio ([Formula: see text]) = 4 and 2 is studied. Transverse oscillations are generated from the cylinder having non-dimensional mass ([Formula: see text]) = 10. The structural damping coefficient is assigned a zero value with varying reduced velocity [Formula: see text]. The two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes and energy equations are solved together with Newton's second law governing the motion of the cylinders. Both cylinders' surfaces are maintained at a higher constant temperature of [Formula: see text], and incoming flow is set to be at [Formula: see text] with Prandtl number (Pr) = 0.7. The effect of r* and [Formula: see text] is observed on the flow structure and FIV parameters. Flow characteristics at [Formula: see text] such as steady flow, reattachment, and unsteady flow are examined. A “shift” in vibrational amplitude is noted from r* = 1 and 0.75 to r* = 0 and 0.5, respectively. The downstream cylinder ([Formula: see text]) experiences a hike in vibration amplitude due to the impingement of vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder ([Formula: see text]). r* = 1 has 18.1% higher vibrational amplitude than r* = 0 at their respective lock-in regimes for [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text], vortices from upstream and downstream cylinders interact to form C(2S) and 2S types of vortex shedding. Different regimes, such as single body, reattachment, and co-shedding, have been observed while changing [Formula: see text]. r* = 0.75 results in 13.3% higher oscillation amplitude as compared to r* = 0.5 for [Formula: see text]. The average Nusselt number ([Formula: see text]) strongly depends on flow topology, corner radius, and vibrational amplitude [Formula: see text]. At low [Formula: see text], heat transfer from the downstream cylinder is plummeted due to rolling of shear layers over the cylinder. There is a significant change in [Formula: see text] due to higher vibration; for example, increase in 10.71% change is observed from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] for r*=1 and [Formula: see text]. Corner radii also alter the [Formula: see text] as a decrease in 27.39% from r* = 1 to r* = 0 at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]).

Objectives: This study was designed to isolate, identify, and determine the prevalence of Aspergilli in commercial chicken in selected areas of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 lung samples from suspected dead chickens, comprising broilers (n = 32) and layers (n = 18), aged between 5 days and 45 weeks, were collected from poultry farms located in the Gazipur district in Bangladesh. Fungi were primarily identified based on the colony morphology using potato dextrose agar (PDA). DNA was extracted from the suspected colonies. Aspegillus spp. was detected by genus-specific ASAP-1 and ASAP-2. Aspergillus spp. were then screened by polymerase chain reaction targeting Aspergillus flavus (FLA-1 and FLA-2), Aspergillus fumigatus (ASPU and Af3r), and Aspergillus niger (ASPU and Nilr). Results: The overall prevalence of Aspergillus spp. was 44% (n = 22/50; p < 0.05). Among the Aspergilli, A. flavus was detected in 10% (n = 5/50) of the samples. Similarly, A. fumigatus and A. niger were detected at 26% (n = 13/50) and 8% (n = 4/50) respectively. Three samples were associated with more than one fungus; two fungi (A. flavus and A. niger) were in two samples, and three fungi (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and A. niger) were in one sample. Conclusion: Isolation and prevalence of Aspergillus spp. in commercial chicken were studied for the first time in Bangladesh.

Two-dimensional numerical simulations for heated and unheated flows over two circular cylinders of different diameters in tandem are conducted. The study is conducted for Re = 150 and temperature ratio 1 ≤ (T* = Ts/T∞) ≤ 2.3. The study is limited to spacing ratios in the range 2 ≤ L/Dd ≤ 8 and diameter ratios 0.5 ≤ Du/Dd ≤ 2. The effect of heating on the flow is captured by modelling the thermophysical properties of the fluid fitted as polynomial functions of temperature. The flow features are visualized by plotting the streamlines and velocity magnitude contours. These flow patterns are also discussed based on the reattachment and co-shedding regimes which are classification found in literature. The effect of varying geometrical parameters on the flow in terms of change of regime is discussed. Furthermore, the drag coefficient (Cd) on both upstream and downstream cylinders is presented as a function of spacing and diameter ratios. Additionally the average surface heat transfer coefficient (h) is presented for the interval of spacing and diameter ratios stated. Results show that the presence of an upstream cylinder led to reduction of Cd on the downstream cylinder to a value lower than that of single cylinder for all cases studied. Heating both cylinders causes Cd on both cylinders to become less sensitive to a change in L/Dd, and increasing Du/Dd is found to decrease h on both upstream and downstream cylinders.

The influence of spanwise vibrations coupled with various levels of heating, on the lift and drag coefficients, is numerically studied in this work. The flow domain consists of a circular region of 64D surrounding the circular cylinder of diameter D. Transient analysis is conducted to solve URANS using Ansys/Fluent for laminar flow at Reynolds number of 100. Spanwise forced oscillations are carried out using user-defined-functions to mimic the flow induced vibrations. Amplitude of oscillation is kept fixed at 0.1D and frequency of oscillation is varied according to the frequency ratios (f/fn) of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2, where 0 means the cylinder is stationary. Four levels of heating is applied, ΔT = 0 for isothermal, and ΔT = 300, 600, 900 K for non-isothermal flow, where ΔT is the temperature difference between the cylinder wall and the oncoming fluid. Air is taken as the fluid and temperature dependent properties of air are considered as the properties change significantly in the given temperature range. Mesh sensitivity is done initially to gain good fidelity of the discretized flow domain and the model is validated using the experimental results from the literature. The non-dimensional natural vortex shedding frequency of the stationary cylinder for isothermal flow is found to be 0.165 marking its Strouhal number. It is observed that heating the cylinder decreases the natural vortex shedding frequency. Increasing ΔT to 300 and 600 K decreased the natural vortex shedding frequency by 14.29% and 28.03%, respectively. It is observed that vortex shedding stops at ΔT of 900 K for stationary cylinder and for forced oscillating cylinder only one peak is seen in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) corresponding to the forcing frequency. It is observed that the rms of the lift coefficient increases with an increase in the frequency ratio at all values of temperatures. FFT of the lift coefficient revealed only one frequency for frequency ratio of 0 and 1 at the natural frequency of the cylinder whereas for other values of frequency ratio, two peaks are observed, one for the natural frequency and the other for the forcing frequency. Lock-in phenomena is observed at the frequency ratio of 1 for isothermal cylinder where a large increase in the average drag coefficient occurred. For all values of frequency ratio, an increase in the temperature difference results in decrease in the lift and increase in the drag coefficient. Increasing ΔT to 300, 600, and 900 K, increases drag by 7.33%, 11.65%, and 16.52%, respectively, for stationary cylinder and a similar trend in observed for the oscillating cylinder. These results show that heating the cylinder decreases the lift coefficient and the natural vortex shedding frequency of the cylinder, whereas it increases the drag coefficient.