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Wind farms and their associated transmission infrastructure can have negative impact on biodiversity. Offshore wind farms, for example, can pose threats to animals like harbor porpoises and migrating birds and onshore wind farms and transmission grids may harm birds and bats.In this article we analyse how European Union species protection law is transposed and applied to decision-making on wind energy projects in five member states, namely Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom. The analysis aims to understands the differences in the interpretation and application of national species protection law, point out deficiencies, and make recommendations, partly based on learning from best practices. Though transposition in national law is almost identical, implementation practice in these states varies substantially. The question in raised whether the legal regime, as currently applied, can be improved to serve the aims of a considerable increase of renewable energy sources whilst simultaneously protecting biodiversity.

Renewable energy projects, such as offshore and onshore wind and solar farms, including the necessary infrastructure, have an impact on biodiversity. Given the status of biodiversity across Europe, and the ambitions for the maintenance of species, limiting the impact of renewable energy generation units on biodiversity is of fundamental importance. This study offers an insight into the incorporation of species protection aspects in current permit practices, and contributes to the discussion on dealing with species protection issues in the process of upscaling sustainable energy facilities.

Offers broad and thorough coverage on the subject. Thematic discussion of key topics introduces debates and legislation from both a domestic and international perspective. Sets the subject in context, providing an accessible introduction to the main themes and principles which shape environmental law, making it an ideal text both for new students and those looking to develop their understanding of this dynamic area