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Th e purpose of current study is investigating eff ect of Blood Flow Restriction Interval Training on aerobic performance among young football players during transition phase of periodization. Twenty eight young male football players were recruited in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups: control, Normal Interval without Kaatsu, and Interval with Kaatsu. Exercise protocol was based on aerobic interval at 400 meters with maximum eff ort for 3 sets in per sessions (First week) and 4 set (Second week). Th e results shown that there is a signifi cant diff erence in aerobic power between groups p

Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that the described increase in oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text])-plateau incidence following a heavy-severe prior exercise is caused by a steeper increase in [Formula: see text] and muscle fiber activation in the submaximal intensity domain.Methods: Twenty-one male participants performed a standard ramp test, a [Formula: see text] verification bout, an unprimed ramp test with an individualized ramp slope and a primed ramp test with the same ramp slope, which was preceded by an intensive exercise at 50% of the difference between gas exchange threshold and maximum workload. Muscle fiber activation was recorded from vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and gastrocnemius medialis using a surface electromyography (EMG) device in a subgroup of 11 participants. Linear regression analyses were used to calculate the [Formula: see text]-([Formula: see text]) and EMG-(∆RMS/∆P) ramp test kinetics.Results: Twenty out of the 21 participants confirmed their [Formula: see text] in the verification bout. The [Formula: see text]-plateau incidence in these participants did not differ between the unprimed (n = 8) and primed (n = 7) ramp test (p = 0.500). The [Formula: see text] was lower in the primed compared to the unprimed ramp test (9.40 ± 0.66 vs. 10.31 ± 0.67 ml min-1 W-1, p < 0.001), whereas the ∆RMS/∆P did not differ between the ramp tests (0.62 ± 0.15 vs. 0.66 ± 0.14% W-1; p = 0.744).Conclusion: These findings do not support previous studies, which reported an increase in [Formula: see text]-plateau incidence as well as steeper increases in [Formula: see text] and muscle fiber activation in the submaximal intensity domain following a heavy-severe prior exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine variations in physical, physiological, and performance parameters over an annual training cycle in a world champion rowing crew. Methods: Four world-class rowers, all of them members of the men's heavyweight quadruple sculls squad who are current world rowing champions, were assessed 3 times at regular 4-mo intervals during the 2011 season (November 2010, March 2011, and July 2011). Physical assessments included stature, body mass, body composition, whereas physiological and performance assessments obtained during an incremental rowing ergometer test to exhaustion included maximum oxygen uptake and anaerobic gas-exchange threshold with corresponding power output values. Results: Body mass (~95 kg) and body composition (~12% body fat) remained stable over the annual training cycle. Power output at anaerobic gas-exchange threshold increased +16% from November to July, whereas the corresponding oxygen uptake, expressed as a percentage of maximum oxygen uptake, increased from 83% to 90%. Maximum oxygen uptake decreased from 6.68 L/min in November to 6.10 L/min in March before rising to 6.51 L/min in July. The corresponding power output increased steadily from 450 W to 481 W. Conclusion: Seasonal variation in body mass and body composition of 4 examined world-class rowers was minimal. Oxygen uptake and power output corresponding to anaerobic threshold continuously increased from off-season to peak competition season. Seasonal variation in maximum oxygen uptake reached ~10%; however, it remained above 6 L/min, that is, the value consistently observed in top caliber heavyweight rowers regardless of the time of the assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utility of measuring whole-animal performance to frame the metabolic response to environmental hypoxia is well established. Progressively reducing ambient oxygen (O2) will initially limit maximum metabolic rate as a result of a hypoxemic state and ultimately lead to a time-limited, tolerance state supported by substrate-level phosphorylation when the O2 supply can no longer meet basic needs (standard metabolic rate, SMR). The metabolic consequences of declining ambient O2 were conceptually framed for fishes initially by Fry’s hypoxic performance curve, which characterizes the hypoxemic state and its consequences to absolute aerobic scope (AAS), and Hochachka’s concept of scope for hypoxic survival, which characterizes time-limited life when SMR cannot be supported by O2 supply. Yet, despite these two conceptual frameworks, the toolbox to assess whole-animal metabolic performance remains rather limited. Here, we briefly review the ongoing debate concerning the need to standardize the most commonly used assessments of respiratory performance in hypoxic fishes, namely critical O2 (the ambient O2 level below which maintenance metabolism cannot be sustained) and the incipient lethal O2 (the ambient O2 level at which a fish loses the ability to maintain upright equilibrium), and then we advance the idea that the most useful addition to the toolbox will be the limiting-O2 concentration (LOC) performance curve. Using Fry & Hart’s (1948) hypoxia performance curve concept, an LOC curve was subsequently developed as an eco-physiological framework by Neil et al. and derived for a group of fish during a progressive hypoxia trial by Claireaux and Lagardère (1999). In the present review, we show how only minor modifications to available respirometry tools and techniques are needed to generate an LOC curve for individual fish. This individual approach to the LOC curve determination then increases its statistical robustness and importantly opens up the possibility of examining individual variability. Moreover, if peak aerobic performance at a given ambient O2 level of each individual is expressed as a percentage of its AAS, the water dissolved O2 that supports 50% of the individual’s AAS (DOAAS-50) can be interpolated much like the P50 for an O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve (when hemoglobin is 50% saturated with O2). Thus, critical O2, incipient lethal O2, DOAAS-50 and P50 and can be directly compared within and across species. While an LOC curve for individual fish represents a start to an ongoing need to seamlessly integrate aerobic to anaerobic capacity assessments in a single, multiplexed respirometry trial, we close with a comparative exploration of some of the known whole-organism anaerobic and aerobic capacity traits to examine for correlations among them and guide the next steps.

We assessed the effects of resistance circuit-based training (CT) on strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted in three databases, ending on March, 2020. Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the effects of pre–post-intervention CT and differences from control groups (CG). Of the 830 studies found, 45 were included in the meta-analysis (58 experimental groups (n = 897) and 34 CG (n = 474)). The CT interventions led to increases in muscle mass (1.9%; p < 0.001) and decreases in fat mass (4.3%; p < 0.001). With regard to cardiorespiratory fitness, CT had a favorable effect on VO2max (6.3%; p < 0.001), maximum aerobic speed or power (0.3%; p = 0.04), and aerobic performance (2.6%; p = 0.006) after training. Concerning strength outcome, the CT increased the strength of the upper and lower extremities. Only the magnitude of strength performance appears to be influenced by the training (number of sessions and frequency) and the training status. Moreover, low and moderate intensities and short rest time between exercise increase the magnitude of change in fat mass loss. Therefore, CT has been shown to be an effective method for improving body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength of the lower and upper limbs.

This study lined to find out the differences in body Composition. chemical indiciilors and maximum oxygen uptake measurements for runners and long distance swimmers. The Sitmplc of the study consisted of (20) players. (It) runners) and (I() swimmers). age ranged between (18-25) years. Athletes were selected from al-Yarmouk University. The measurements of this study included (height. weight. body mass index (the skinfold of behind humerus, trciplal. suprailiac. chest, subscapular, thigh, and leg) aird circumference of chest, thigh, leg. humerus, arm. wrist. Chemical measurements were red bltatad cells, white blood cells, platelets, cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, thyroid hormones (T3. T4. TSII) and maximum oxygen uptake which has been measured through balke: and storer lest. The results indicated significant differences for thigh ;and wrist circumference. Some chemical vairables (Hematocrit (HCT). hemoglobin (HGB), (LDL). and red blixad cells (RBC). suprailiac. subscapular skiir fold, thigh skinfold). However, the results did not iaadicated ؛any significant deferences of the lather chemical and physical measurements. The researchers recommended that the benefits of this study can be applied 1'or llac preparation of similar studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of exergames «Wii Nintendo Sports» on psychological and physiological parameters of young adults. Methods: In the present study, twenty (N = 20) students of the School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences of Democritus University of Thrace aged from 20 to 25 years old volunteered. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, the experimental (N = 10) and control group (N = 10). The experimental group used as a training method the exergames «Wii Nintendo Sports», while the control group did not participate in any training program. The experimental group participated in a 10 weeks pilot study of Nintendo's Wii sports, with three 30 min sessions a week. Subjective vitality, body weight, body mass index, maximum oxygen uptake and maximum heart rate of the participants were examined, before and after the intervention program. Results: Results of the present study revealed that exergames did not affect the participants' body weight, body mass index, maximum oxygen uptake and maximum heart rate. On the contrary, it was found that only the experimental group achieved a significantly better subjective vitality, between the pre- and post-test. Conclusions: In conclusion, exergames are effective tools for achieving a better subjective vitality in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The basic measurement of aerobic capability of an organism is the quantity of oxygen uptake (VO2 ml/min/kg). Aerobic power or the maximum aerobic capacity is determined by the maximum value of oxygen uptake (VO2 max). Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the maximal oxygen uptake between two groups of athletes involved with different training regimes. . Materials and Methods: There were 204 top male athletes from a variety of disciplines participating in our research, aged between 18 and 35. The participants were divided into two groups corresponding to the characteristics of their training: skill sports group (n = 86) and endurance sports group (n = 118). Results: Subjects in the group of skills sports were significantly older than those in the endurance sport group (25 ± 5, 23 ± 4, respectively; p < 0.05). The body height values were significantly higher in the endurance sports group compared to skills sports (185.54 ± 7.24, 183.41 ± 7.79, respectively; p < 0.05). Body weight values did not significantly differ among groups. The body mass index was statistically significantly lower in the endurance sports group when compared to the skill sports group (23,32 ± 1,88 kg/ m2 and 24,80 ± 3,37 kg/m2, respectively; p < 0,001). Testing showed that the body fat percentage statistically significantly higher for the skill sports group when compared to the endurance sports group (13,52 ± 6,45% and 8,39 ± 3,62%, respectively; p < 0,001). The participants part of the skill sports group had a statistically significantly lower oxygen consumption at rest when compare to the endurance sports group (5,87 ± 1,20 ml/min/ kg and 6,54 ± 1,26 ml/min/kg, respectively; p < 0.05). Within the endurance sports group a statistically significantly higher maximum oxygen consumption when compared to the skill sports group (55,35 ± 8,44 ml/ min and 45,50 ± 7,49 ml/min respectively; p < 0,001). Conclusion: The results of our study pointed to the existence of a significant difference in the anthropometric and functional characteristics between the two examined groups of athletes who are in different training regimes. Higher values of maximum oxygen consumption in a group of athletes involved in endurance sport points to a better physical fitness in comparison with the group of skills sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The basic measurement of aerobic capability of an organism is the quantity of oxygen uptake (VO2 ml/min/kg). Aerobic power or the maximum aerobic capacity is determined by the maximum value of oxygen uptake (VO2 max). Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the maximal oxygen uptake between two groups of athletes involved with different training regimes. . Materials and Methods: There were 204 top male athletes from a variety of disciplines participating in our research, aged between 18 and 35. The participants were divided into two groups corresponding to the characteristics of their training: skill sports group (n = 86) and endurance sports group (n = 118). Results: Subjects in the group of skills sports were significantly older than those in the endurance sport group (25 ± 5, 23 ± 4, respectively; p < 0.05). The body height values were significantly higher in the endurance sports group compared to skills sports (185.54 ± 7.24, 183.41 ± 7.79, respectively; p < 0.05). Body weight values did not significantly differ among groups. The body mass index was statistically significantly lower in the endurance sports group when compared to the skill sports group (23,32 ± 1,88 kg/m2 and 24,80 ± 3,37 kg/m2, respectively; p < 0,001). Testing showed that the body fat percentage statistically significantly higher for the skill sports group when compared to the endurance sports group (13,52 ± 6,45% and 8,39 ± 3,62%, respectively; p < 0,001). The participants part of the skill sports group had a statistically significantly lower oxygen consumption at rest when compare to the endurance sports group (5,87 ± 1,20 ml/min/kg and 6,54 ± 1,26 ml/min/kg, respectively; p < 0.05). Within the endurance sports group a statistically significantly higher maximum oxygen consumption when compared to the skill sports group (55,35 ± 8,44 ml/min and 45,50 ± 7,49 ml/min respectively; p < 0,001). Conclusion: The results of our study pointed to the existence of a significant difference in the anthropometric and functional characteristics between the two examined groups of athletes who are in different training regimes. Higher values of maximum oxygen consumption in a group of athletes involved in endurance sport points to a better physical fitness in comparison with the group of skills sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical students need to cope with their tight schedule, which also demand a good physical fitness to do those activities. Insufficient leisure time and exhausting activities impede students’ capacity on having routine physical exercise to maintain their physical fitness. Cardiopulmonary endurance describes a person physical fitness level, and lung function is one basic component of cardiopulmonary endurance. Without optimal lung function, circulatory system in the body cannot work properly. This study aimed to determine whether lung function giving a significant correlation with the cardiorespiratory endurance which are measured by Forced Expiratory Volume One Second (FEV1), Vital Capacity (VC), and VO2Maximum (VO2max), respectively. Methods: This study was conducted in September–October 2013 to the students of Faculty of Medicine at Universitas Padjadjaran academic year 2010–2012, using the cross-sectional method. Sample was taken through simple random sampling process. There were 34 male and 34 female students after controlling for covariates. Direct measurement using spirometer used to determine lung function and maximum oxygen uptake was measured by assessing Rhyming Step Test result. Correlation coefficient was then calculated by Pearson correlation test. Results: The correlation between FEV1with VO2max of male students giving a value of p=0.442, while for VC obtained a value of p=0.259. Female students result giving a value of p=0.746 for the FEV1with VO2max, and p=0.489 for the VC with the VO2max. Conclusions: There is no significant correlation between FEV1 and VC with the VO2max of the respondents.

Long-term heavy physical work often leads to early retirement and disability pension due to chronic overload, with a need to define upper limits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of the first lactate threshold (LTP1) as a physiological marker for heavy occupational work. A total of 188 male and 52 female workers performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to determine maximal exercise performance and the first and second lactate (LTP1; LTP2) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1; VT2). Heart rate (HR) recordings were obtained during one eight-hour shift (HR8h) and oxygen uptake was measured during 20 minutes of a representative work phase. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from gas-exchange measures. Maximal power output (Pmax), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and power output at LTP1 and LTP2 were significantly different between male and female workers. HR8h was not significantly different between male and female workers. A significant relationship was found between Pmax and power output at LTP1. HR8h as a percentage of maximum HR significantly declined with increasing performance (Pmax:r = −0.56; p < 0.01; PLTP1:r = −0.49; p < 0.01). Despite different cardio-respiratory fitness-levels; 95.4% of all workers performed their usual work below LTP1. It is therefore suggested that LTP1 represents the upper limit for sustained heavy occupational work; which supports its use to determine work capability and assessing the limits of heavy occupational work.

Aim: To investigate the association between self-reported physical fitness level obtained by a single-item question and objectively measured fitness level in 30- to 49-year-old men and women. Methods: From the Danish ‘Check Your Health Preventive Program’ 2013–2014 fitness level was assessed in 2316 participants using the Aastrand test. Additionally, participants rated their physical fitness as high, good, average, fair or low. The association of self-reported- with objectively measured fitness level was analyzed by linear regression. Categories of self-reported- and objectively measured fitness level were cross-tabulated and agreement was quantified by Kappa statistics. Gender differences within categories were investigated by Poisson regression. Results: Data from 996 men and 1017 women were analyzed (excluded, n = 303). In both men and women a higher self-reported fitness level was associated with a higher objectively measured fitness level (Rall = 0.42). Kappa agreement was 0.25. Poisson regression revealed that women rated their fitness level significantly lower than men (p

An animal's body size impacts many aspects of its structure and function (Y); insights that only become apparent when viewed over several orders of magnitude of body mass (M) and expressed allometrically in the form of power law equations (Y=aMb). The resulting relationships are apparent clusters of similar exponents (b) revealing emergent 'patterns of design' that shed light on the universal principles of structure and function. Basic physical principles of surface area, volume and heat exchange apply to all objects, including animals, and many consequences must be attributed to these fundamental properties. Starting with Galileo's description of the shapes of bones in the 16th century and extending to 19th century explanations of heat production and loss by Sarrus and Rameaux, allometric patterns have provided numerous biological insights. Here, we examine several of these insights and explore how the selective pressures and scaling may differ when comparing animals in a vegetative (basal) state and those utilizing their maximum metabolic capacities. It seems that the selective pressures under those two conditions differ. We caution that allometric patterns invite explanations that lack supporting data or may be dismissed because there is hesitation among biologists to make comparisons lacking phylogenetic support. We argue that emergent allometric patterns have inherent value and continue to be the fodder for many fruitful hypotheses., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2023. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

Background: Peak oxygen pulse (O 2 P peak ) can reflect the condition of cardiovascular function and provide supplementary information for maximal oxygen uptake, but its direct measurement requires the precise instruments under the guidance of professionals, and the subjects should strive to the state of exhaustion., Objectives: The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to establish a prediction equation to estimate O 2 P peak of Chinese adults aged 20-39, from routine measures of anthropometry and cardiovascular function., Methods: 252 adults (20-39 years old) were recruited and randomly allocated to the validation group (n = 226) and the cross-validation group (n = 26). To be included in the study, subjects were required to be healthy, none-professional sports experience (healthy individuals who are not athletes or have had experience as athletes), and no medication taken recently. Subjects with cardiovascular diseases, lung disease and musculoskeletal diseases were excluded. The subjects' anthropometric and cardiovascular variables were measured and each subject performed a maximal exercise test on an electromagnetic cycle ergometer., Results: The O 2 P peak estimated equation was developed using multiple linear regression models, O 2 P peak  = 30.394 + 0.083 x body mass (kg) - 0.090 x resting heart rate (bpm) - 0.157 x age (years) - 2.710 x gender (1 = male, 2 = female) - 0.035 x systolic blood pressure (mmHg). The equation had the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) = 0.804 and the standard error of estimate (SEE) = 1.619 ml/beat. An ANOVA and Akaike's information criterion (AIC) were tested. Bland-Altman graphs were plotted to examine the distribution of bias. Cross-validation estimated O 2 P peak and directly measured O 2 P peak did not show significant difference while had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.89, p  < 0.001)., Conclusions: The established equation has high effectiveness and reliability to predict O 2 P peak of adults aged 20-39., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This study investigated the determination of exercise intensity for a rhythmik exercise program based on cardiopulmonary functions. Nine female participants in their 20s to 40s performed a rhythmik exercise program for 60 min per session, three sessions weekly, for 8 weeks. All participants underwent a grade exercise test to measure their minute ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), maximal volume of minute oxygen consumption (VO 2max ), heart rate (HR), and oxygen pulse (O 2 pulse) at the time of anaerobic threshold (AT) and maximal exercise time (ET max ). To determine the exercise intensity of the rhythmik exercise program, the Polar Heart Monitor was used for quantification, and the Borg Scale was used to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). We did not observe any significant effects on the reaching time of AT, VE, VO 2 , VO 2max , HR, and O 2 pulse at either AT or ET max . However, maximal value of VE (VE max ) was significantly enhanced at ET max . The exercise intensity of the rhythmik exercise program was found to be low at 62.85% of HR max with an RPE of 12.22. Our results suggest that the rhythmik exercise program did not directly improve cardiopulmonary functions; however, considering the unstructured nature of the rhythmik exercise program, anticipated positive effects on cardiopulmonary fitness are achievable through changes in the program contents and exercise time according to the goals of the participants., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2023 Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation.)

Purpose: To analyse if the ability of elite Brazilian football athletes to perform repeated sprints, evaluated in real game situations, correlates with their previously determined VO2max. Methods: We analysed data from 10 male elite Brazilian football athletes, who had their movements monitored in the field through GPS devices, during 17 matches of official championships. For analysis of athletes' movements in the field, we considered a block of repeated sprints (BRS), activities characterised by at least 3 sprints with velocity ≥20 km/h separated by a maximum of 21 s between each sprint. Results: There was no correlation between the ability to perform BRS in real game situations and the previously determined VO2max of athletes (r = 0.5828; p = 0.0770). On the other side, there was a positive correlation between the performance of blocks of repeated sprints and the number of actions within the blocks (r = 0.6712; p = 0.0336), and a negative correlation between the performance of blocks of repeated sprints and the recovery time between one block and another (r = -0.9191; p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Repeated-sprint ability determined in the game in elite male Brazilian football players is not correlated with VO2max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A customized submaximal exercise test for cycle ergometry was reported as a superior estimate of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) in comparison to the traditional YMCA ergometry test.Purpose: Following similar methodology, we sought to validate a customized submaximal treadmill test (CustomTM) compared with the widely used Bruce submaximal protocol.Methods: Participants (29 women and 21 men; age = 31.37 ± 11.44 year, BMI = 24.02 ± 3.03) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) with a subsequent exhaustive, square-wave bout for the verification of "true" VO2max. In counterbalanced order, subjects then completed submaximal protocols. The CustomTM protocol consisted of two 3-min stages estimated at 35 and 70% of VO2max, where VO2max was estimated with a linear regression equation utilizing sex, BMI, age, and self-reported physical activity.Results: VO2 values from the GXT and verification bout were 47.2 ± 7.7 and 47.0 ± 7.7 ml kg-1 min-1, respectively (ICC = 0.99, CV = 2.0%, TE = 0.83 ml kg-1 min-1), with the highest value used as "true" VO2max (47.7 ± 7.7 ml kg-1 min-1). Neither the Bruce (45.95 ± 6.97 ml kg-1 min-1) nor the CustomTM (47.3 ± 9.4 ml kg-1 min-1) protocol differed from "true" VO2max. The CustomTM had a "very large" measurement agreement with "true" VO2max (ICC = 0.78, CV of 9.1%, TE = 4.07 ml kg-1 min-1). Bruce had a "large" measurement agreement with "true" VO2max (ICC = 0.62, CV of 10.0%, TE = 4.51 ml kg-1 min-1).Conclusion: The CustomTM was superior to the Bruce protocol, because it included a stage below and above gas exchange threshold, yielded a better measurement agreement for "true" VO2max, and was more time efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A customized submaximal exercise test for cycle ergometry was reported as a superior estimate of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) in comparison to the traditional YMCA ergometry test.Purpose: Following similar methodology, we sought to validate a customized submaximal treadmill test (CustomTM) compared with the widely used Bruce submaximal protocol.Methods: Participants (29 women and 21 men; age = 31.37 ± 11.44 year, BMI = 24.02 ± 3.03) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) with a subsequent exhaustive, square-wave bout for the verification of "true" VO2max. In counterbalanced order, subjects then completed submaximal protocols. The CustomTM protocol consisted of two 3-min stages estimated at 35 and 70% of VO2max, where VO2max was estimated with a linear regression equation utilizing sex, BMI, age, and self-reported physical activity.Results: VO2 values from the GXT and verification bout were 47.2 ± 7.7 and 47.0 ± 7.7 ml kg-1 min-1, respectively (ICC = 0.99, CV = 2.0%, TE = 0.83 ml kg-1 min-1), with the highest value used as "true" VO2max (47.7 ± 7.7 ml kg-1 min-1). Neither the Bruce (45.95 ± 6.97 ml kg-1 min-1) nor the CustomTM (47.3 ± 9.4 ml kg-1 min-1) protocol differed from "true" VO2max. The CustomTM had a "very large" measurement agreement with "true" VO2max (ICC = 0.78, CV of 9.1%, TE = 4.07 ml kg-1 min-1). Bruce had a "large" measurement agreement with "true" VO2max (ICC = 0.62, CV of 10.0%, TE = 4.51 ml kg-1 min-1).Conclusion: The CustomTM was superior to the Bruce protocol, because it included a stage below and above gas exchange threshold, yielded a better measurement agreement for "true" VO2max, and was more time efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e purpose of current study is investigating eff ect of Blood Flow Restriction Interval Training on aerobic performance among young football players during transition phase of periodization. Twenty eight young male football players were recruited in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups: control, Normal Interval without Kaatsu, and Interval with Kaatsu. Exercise protocol was based on aerobic interval at 400 meters with maximum eff ort for 3 sets in per sessions (First week) and 4 set (Second week). Th e results shown that there is a signifi cant diff erence in aerobic power between groups p<0.05. Post hoc comparisons indicated that the mean of aerobic power was signifi cantly diff erent between all three groups. It has been shown, there is a signifi cant diff erence in rate of perceived exertion between groups at the p<0.05. Post hoc comparisons indicated that the mean of RPE was signifi cantly diff erent between groups. Th is study has been shown that aerobic power and RPE was improved by both normal and BFR interval method. We also found that there is not signifi cantly diff erence in NIWK and IWK group at rate of perceived exertion. Th is results may be explained by reducing intensity of exercise by subjects during exercise with BFR in cause of pain in their legs during exercise. Th e result of current study suggest that Intermediate-intensity, interval training with BFR improves aerobic capacity and RPE concurrently in young football players and prevent decline of VO2max at result of retraining at transition phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrate (CHO) availability during endurance exercise seems to attenuate exercise-induced perturbations of cellular homeostasis and might consequently diminish the stimulus for training adaptation. Therefore, a negative effect of CHO intake on endurance training efficacy seems plausible. This study aimed to test the influence of carbohydrate intake on the efficacy of an endurance training program on previously untrained healthy adults. A randomized cross-over trial (8-week wash-out period) was conducted in 23 men and women with two 8-week training periods (with vs. without intake of 50g glucose before each training bout). Training intervention consisted of 4x45 min running/walking sessions/week at 70% of heart rate reserve. Exhaustive, ramp-shaped exercise tests with gas exchange measurements were conducted before and after each training period. Outcome measures were maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VT). VO2maxand VT increased after training regardless of CHO intake (VO2max: Non-CHO 2.6 ± 3.0 ml min−1 kg−1p = 0.004; CHO 1.4 ± 2.5 ml min−1 kg−1p = 0.049; VT: Non-CHO 4.2 ± 4.2 ml min−1 kg−1p < 0.001; CHO 3.0 ± 4.2 ml min−1 kg−1p = 0.003). The 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference between conditions was between +0.1 and +2.1 ml min−1 kg−1for VO2maxand between −1.2 and +3.1 for VT. It is concluded that carbohydrate intake could potentially impair the efficacy of an endurance training program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients suffering from exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) are subjected to several exhausting tests. We aimed to assess the feasibility of using a single test to obtain diagnostic measurements for maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO). Methods: Patients referred to the outpatient respiratory clinic at the University Hospital of Bispebjerg, Copenhagen with exercise-induced dyspnoea were evaluated for inclusion over 13 months. Eligible patients were aged 18–43 years, had a known EILO diagnosis (moderate or severe) and were inactive (self-reported activity) with less than 3 hours activity per week. In randomised order, all participants (n = 11) underwent three tests: a VO2max test with and without concurrent laryngoscopy. VO2max and EILO values from the two testing methods were compared. Findings: There was no difference in VO2max measured by ergospirometry with and without simultaneous continuous laryngoscopy during exercise (CLE) testing (mean difference −22 ml O2･min−1; 95% CI −125 to 81 ml O2･min−1; P = 0.647). EILO scores obtained during the CLE testing on the treadmill versus CLE testing on the ergometer bike revealed identical supraglottic scores in nine of the 11 participants (82%) with substantial agreement between the two types of test (x = 0.71). Glottic scores were identical in six of the 11 (55%), showing moderate agreement between test types (x = 0.38). Conclusions: Based on our findings in inactive individuals, ergospirometry with laryngoscopy is feasible and well tolerated, yielding measurements for maximal oxygen uptake comparable to those of standard bike ergospirometry. Likewise, measurements of supraglottic EILO are comparable to those of the standard treadmill CLE test.

Endurance exercise improves cardiac performance and affords protection against cardiovascular diseases but the signalling events that mediate these benefits are largely unexplored. Phosphorylation is a widely studied post-translational modification involved in intracellular signalling, and to discover novel phosphorylation events associated with exercise we have profiled the cardiac phosphoproteome response to a standardised exercise test to peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Male Wistar rats (346 ± 18 g) were assigned to 3 independent groups (n = 6, in each) that were familiarised with running on a motorised treadmill within a metabolic chamber. Animals performed a graded exercise test and were killed either immediately (0 h) after or 3 h after terminating the test at a standardised physiological end point (i.e. peak oxygen uptake; VO2peak). Control rats were killed at a similar time of day to the exercised animals, to minimise possible circadian effects. Cardiac proteins were digested with trypsin and phosphopeptides were enriched by selective binding to titanium dioxide (TiO2). Phosphopeptides were analysed by liquid chromatography and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, and phosphopeptides were quantified by MS1 intensities and identified against the UniProt knowledgebase using MaxQuant (data are available via ProteomeXchange, ID PXD006646 ). The VO2peak of rats in the 0 h and 3 h groups was 66 ± 5 ml kg − 1 min − 1 and 69.8 ± 5 ml kg − 1 min − 1 , respectively. Proteome profiling detected 1169 phosphopeptides and one-way ANOVA found 141 significant (P < 0.05 with a false discovery rate of 10%) differences. Almost all (97%) of the phosphosites that were responsive to exercise are annotated in the PhosphoSitePlus database but, importantly, the majority of these have not previously been associated with the cardiac response to exercise. More than two-thirds of the exercise-responsive phosphosites were different from those identified in previous phosphoproteome profiling of the cardiac response to β 1 -adrenergic receptor stimulation. Moreover, we report entirely new phosphorylation sites on 4 cardiac proteins, including S81 of muscle LIM protein, and identified 7 exercise-responsive kinases, including myofibrillar protein kinases such as obscurin, titin and the striated-muscle-specific serine/threonine kinase (SPEG) that may be worthwhile targets for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum oxygen uptake (...O2max), determined from graded maximal or submaximal exercise tests, is used to classify the cardiorespiratory fitness level of individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the YMCA submaximal exercise test protocol performed on a newly- designed rectilinear stepping ergometer (RSE) that used up and down reciprocating vertical motion in place of conventional circular motion and giving precise measurement of workload, to determine ...O2max in young healthy male adults. Thirty-two young healthy male adults (32 males; age range: 20 - 35 years; height: 1.75 ± 0.05 m; weight: 67.5 ± 8.6 kg) firstly participated in a maximal-effort graded exercise test using a cycle ergometer (CE) to directly obtain measured ...O2max. Subjects then completed the progressive multistage test on the RSE beginning at 50W and including additional stages of 70, 90, 110, 130, and 150W, and the RSE YMCA submaximal test consisting of a workload increase every 3 minutes until the termination criterion was reached. A metabolic equation was derived from the RSE multistage exercise test to predict oxygen consumption (...O2max) from power output (W) during the submaximal exercise test (...O2mL⋅min-1=12.4 x W (watts) + 3.5 mL⋅kg -1⋅ min -1xM+160mL⋅min-1,R²= 0.91, standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 134.8mL⋅min-1). A high correlation was observed between the RSE YMCA estimated ...O2max and the CE measured ...O2max (r=0.87). The mean difference between estimated and measured ...O2max was 2.5 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1, with an SEE of 3.55 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. The data suggest that the RSE YMCA submaximal exercise test is valid for predicting VO2max in young healthy male adults. The findings show that the rectilinear stepping exercise is an effective submaximal exercise for predicting VO2max. The newly-designed RSE may be potentially further developed as an alternative ergometer for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness and the promotion of personalized health interventions for health care professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: With a growing number of athletes and coaches adopting altitude training, the importance for rationalizing and optimizing such training has been emphasized. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the influence of altitude training on athletes' aerobic capacity and to explore the best altitude training method to improve this capacity., Methods: We searched Web of Science, SpringerLink, Science Direct, EBSCO, and PubMed databases combined with manual search of the references to collect studies indexed from 1979 to September 2020 on the effect of altitude training on athletes' aerobic capacity. Data from experimental studies that reported hemoglobin levels and maximum oxygen uptake in athletes before and after altitude training, or in athletes performing altitude training in comparison with a control group were analyzed. Data of the populations, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study design were extracted. Review Manager software 5.3 was used for bias evaluation., Results: 17 publications were included. In our meta-analysis, altitude training led to higher maximum oxygen uptake [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35-1.00, P < 0.001] and hemoglobin level (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI 0.11-0.90, P = 0.013) than training at lower altitude. The result of sensitivity analysis showed that results of meta-analysis were relatively stable, and there was no bias or change in the result of effect size according to the bias test. The results of subgroup analysis showed that high-altitude living and low-altitude training ("Hi-Lo" regime), with a training cycle of about three weeks at an altitude around 2500 m, had better effects than other regimes on the athletes' aerobic capacity., Conclusions: Altitude training can improve athletes' aerobic capacity in terms of maximum oxygen uptake and hemoglobin level. Our results are limited by the number and quality of available studies. Therefore, more high-quality studies are needed to verify and extend these findings. Our study can provide scientific suggestions for the training of athletes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

OBJETIVO: A identificação de valores populacionais do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx) auxilia nos estudos que se propõem a relacionar a aptidão física ao risco cardiovascular, bem como na prescrição do exercício e na análise do efeito do treinamento. Em amostras de adolescentes da população brasileira, ainda não existem informações para classificação desse parâmetro. Portanto, a proposta inédita deste estudo foi de determinar os valores médios de VO2 máx de uma amostra da população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foi selecionada aleatoriamente uma amostra de 380 escolares (177 meninos e 203 meninas) da rede pública de Vitória (ES), com idade de 10 a 14 anos. Após avaliação antropométrica, foram submetidos a teste cardiopulmonar para medida direta do VO2 máx, cujos valores foram classificados de acordo com o quintil calculado a partir da amostra estudada. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de VO2 máx encontrados para os meninos foram de 42,95 a 49,55 mL.kg-1.min-1 e, nas meninas, entre 36,76 e 38,29 mL.kg-1.min-1. CONCLUSÕES: O presente trabalho propõe faixas de valores médios de VO2 máx como parâmetro para classificação de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, além de contribuir para a definição dos valores de normalidade da população brasileira. Essa classificação auxilia também no estabelecimento de pontos de corte para estudos posteriores.OBJECTIVE: The identification of populational levels of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an aid to studies that propose to relate physical fitness to cardiovascular risk, and also for prescribing exercise and analyzing the effects of training. To date, there is no information with which this parameter can be classified in samples of adolescents from the Brazilian population. This study is, therefore, the first to propose the determination of mean VO2max levels in a sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS: A sample of 380 schoolchildren (177 boys and 203 girls, aged 10 to 14 years) was selected at random from public schools in Vitória, ES. After anthropometric assessment they underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, VO2max was measured directly and results were classified according to quintiles calculated from the study sample. RESULTS: The mean VO2max values observed ranged from 42.95 to 49.55 mL.kg-1.min-1 for boys and from 36.76 to 38.29 mL.kg-1.min-1 for girls. CONCLUSIONS: This paper proposes mean VO2max ranges as a classification parameter for cardiorespiratory fitness, in addition to contributing to a definition of normal values for the Brazilian population. This classification will also be of use for establishing cutoff points in future studies.

The aim of this study was to determine whether selected physiological, performance and technical parameters derived from an on-court test are capable of discriminating between tennis players of national and international levels. 38 elite and subelite tennis players were divided into international level (INT, n = 8) and national level players (NAT, n = 30). They all performed a specific endurance field test, and selected physiological (maximum oxygen uptake [...O2max], and ventilatory thresholds [VT1 and VT2]), performance (test duration, final stage and hits per test) and technical (technical effectiveness [TE]) parameters were compared. INT showed greater ...O2max, VO2 at VT2 (ml⋅kg-1⋅min-1)> test duration (s), final stage (no.), hits per test (no.) and TE (% of successful hits), as compared with NAT (p<0.05). At high exercise intensity (stages 5 and 6), the INT achieved better TE than NAT (p = 0.001-0.004), and the discriminant analyses showed that these technical parameters were the most discriminating factors. These results suggest that this specific endurance field test is capable of discriminating between tennis players at national and international levels, and that the better aerobic condition of the INT is associated with better technical efficiency at higher exercise intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The aim was to investigate the relationship between aerobic fitness as ascribed by maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and post-exercise recovery after incremental exercise to volitional exhaustion. Methods. A sample of 17 professional cyclists (age 17.4 ± 3.1 years; VO2max 61.1 ± 7.2 ml/min/kg) were recruited. A graded exercise test was administered on a cycle ergometer. Upon termination, the participants remained seated, and oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), and heart rate (HR) were measured in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th minute of recovery. Results. Post-exercise VO2 dynamics revealed a 69% and 80.9% reduction from VO2max in the 1st and 5th minute, respectively. HR decreased only by 41% of HRmax, in the 5th minute of recovery. A positive correlation between the differential rate of recovery for VO2 and VO2max indicated a dependency between aerobic fitness and recovery potential. Correlative strength decreased with time, and by the 5th minute of recovery a significant correlation was evidenced only between VO2 and VE. Conclusions. As recovery potential is associated with the aerobic fitness level, training effects may be monitored based on the recovery of VO2 and HR to pre-exercise values [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to describe the acute changes of both standard physiological-perceptual markers and circulating microRNAs in response to tennis match-play in a detailed case report. Two elite male baseliners with comparable tennis experience were tested for anthropometric and fitness related variables and played 2 h of match-play on a red-clay court. The changes of standard physiological-perceptual markers including the heart rate, lactate concertation, creatine kinase activity, urea concentration and rating of perceived exertion as well as circulating microRNA-133a, -486 and -126 expression rates were examined at 10 different time-points (i.e., pre, during and up to 24 h post match-play). Player 2 had lower fitness related variables, but a higher heart rate, lactate concentration, creatine kinase activity and rating of perceived exertion during play than player 1. Player 2 showed an increase in all microRNAs (≤3.83-fold), most evident post match-play, whereas player 1 demonstrated a decrease (≤0.41-fold). The time-course in the changes of all standard physiological-perceptual markers was similar in both players, whereas this of the microRNAs was different. It was concluded that the relative changes of the circulating microRNA-133a, -486 and 126 expression rates of both players differed in response to tennis match-play with respect to the experienced physiological-perceptual stress and the underlying fitness level. Therefore, circulating microRNAs can serve as additional biomarkers for tennis exercise physiology and may be assessed together with standard markers to conclude whether key cellular regulatory processes were induced in response to match-play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Medicine & Science of Physical Activity & Sport / Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte is the property of Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a treadmill walk-jog-run exercise test previously validated in adults and physical activity questionnaire data to estimate maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in boys (n = 62) and girls (n = 66) aged 12 to 17 years old.Methods:Data were collected from Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) and Perceived Functional Ability (PFA) questionnaires, a walk-jog-run submaximal treadmill exercise test, and a maximal graded exercise test.Results:Regression analysis resulted in the development of 2 models to predict VO2max. Submaximal exercise test data were used to build the following model (R2 = .73; SEE = 4.59 mL + kg− 1 + min− 1): VO2max (mL + kg− 1 + min− 1) = 26.890+(5.877 × Gender; 0 = female; 1 = male) −  (0.782 × Body Mass Index [BMI])+(0.438 × PFA Score) +(2.712 × Treadmill Speed; mph) +(0.746 × Age) +(0.449 × PA-R Score). Maximal exercise test data were used to build the following model (R2 = .83; SEE = 3.63 mL +  kg− 1 + min− 1): VO2max (mL + kg− 1 + min− 1) = 10.716+(1.334 × Maximal Treadmill Grade) +(5.203 × Treadmill Speed; mph) +(3.494 × Gender; 0 = female; 1 = male) −  (0.413 × BMI) +(0.249 × PFA).Conclusions:The results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, that regression equations that use both exercise data and physical activity questionnaire data can accurately predict VO2max in youth. The submaximal and maximal exercise tests that use self-selected treadmill speeds can be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness of youth with a wide range of fitness levels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]