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Subglacial carbonate deposits have been exposed on the lee sides of small protuberances on a bare polished and striated limestone bedrock surface in the immediate vicinity of the disappearing small glaciers in the south-eastern Alps (N Slovenia and NE Italy). The uranium-thorium dating of these carbonates indicates that they were deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Younger Dryas (YD). The small glaciers in the Slovenian Alps (i.e., the Triglav and Skuta glaciers) are generally considered relicts of the Little Ice Age that were not continuously present due to the warm Holocene Climatic Optimum (HCO). If these glaciers had completely melted during the HCO, the the subglacial carbonates of the LGM and YD would have been exposed to frost weathering and would have had little chance of being preserved to the present day. While it has been postulated that subglacial carbonates are not very resistant to such weathering, no direct data have been available to date. Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine the rate of freeze-thaw weathering of subglacial carbonate deposits. Freeze-thaw analysis was performed in a controlled freeze-thaw chamber under dry and wet conditions. Preliminary results after 56 freeze-thaw cycles indicate an average mass loss of 2.13%. According to the high-altitude meteorological station adjacent to the Triglav Glacier, there is an average of 19 freeze and thaw cycles per year when there is no snow cover, indicating an average mass loss of 0.73% per year and a total mass loss in about 2000 years. These laboratory results suggest that the subglacial carbonates would likely have weathered in the absence of glaciers during the HCO and thus can be considered indicative of the recently exposed ice- or glacier-free surface for the first time since their deposition.

The retreat of ice shelves and glaciers over the last century provides unequivocal evidence of recent global warming. Glacierets (miniature glaciers) and ice patches are important components of the cryosphere that highlight the global retreat of glaciers, but knowledge of their behaviour prior to the Little Ice Age is lacking. Here, we report the uranium–thorium age of subglacial carbonate deposits from a recently exposed surface previously occupied by the disappearing Triglav Glacier (southeastern European Alps) that may elucidate the glacier's presence throughout the entire Holocene. The ages suggest the deposits' possible preservation since the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas. These thin deposits, formed by regelation, are easily eroded if exposed during previous Holocene climatic optima. The age data indicate the glacier's present unprecedented level of retreat since the Last Glacial Maximum and the potential of subglacial carbonates as additional proxies to highlight the extraordinary nature of the current global climatic changes.

Various ice bodies are an important source of paleoenvironmental data, and their study improves the understanding of present and future environmental conditions. Their changes are an important indicator of climate change. This special issue of Acta geographica Slovenica draws attention to the changing and disappearing cryosphere across the globe, with an emphasis on the southeastern Alps, and the necessity to conduct research in this field before the ice disappears forever. This paper briefly summarizes the current body of knowledge on glaciers, permafrost, cave ice, lake and river ice, and snow in the southeastern Alps, and it presents the contribution of Acta geographica Slovenica to this research and the main highlights of all five papers included in this special issue.

The Triglav Glacier in the Julian Alps and the Skuta Glacier in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps are among the south-easternmost glaciers in the Alps. Historical data show that ice masses are undergoing mass loss as the overall climate warms. Glacier ice and cave ice contain a wealth of paleoclimatic information, and rapid sampling is needed if any such information is to be saved before the ice is completely melted. We present the first comprehensive geochemical and water isotope data from glacier ice, meltwater, spring water, and cave ice in the Mount Triglav area and glacier ice from the Skuta Glacier. The samples primarily reflect the initial precipitation signal that has been greatly modified by the input of local CaCO3-rich dust with lesser amounts of marine aerosol and vegetation debris.

Various geodetic and lidar measurements performed on the Triglav Glacier (Julian Alps, Slovenia) make it possible to study not only the extent of the glacier but also changes in its thickness and volume. These measurements also make it possible to calculate the geodetic mass balance of the glacier. Thickness and volume changes were calculated using glacier area measurements from 1952, 1975, and 1992, and annually between 1999 and 2016. The mean thickness decreased from 39.2m in 1952 to 2.45m in 2012. The maximum thickness decreased from 48.3 m in 1952 to 5.2 m in 2007. The mean specific mass balance was calculated for the area of 1 hectare that the glacier covered in 2016. From 1952 to 2016, the annual specific mass balance was −0.45m w.e.a−1.

The accuracy and uncertainty of paleoclimate interpretations of geochemical and isotopic proxies from stalagmites depend critically on how accurately isotopic signals are transmitted through the vadose zone of the aquifer and how the elemental composition of the groundwater feeding the stalagmite changes as it passes through the aquifer.Results of the first year (2021) of drip-water monitoring at 15 drip sites in the Jama v Dovčku Cave in SE Slovenia are presented. Cumulative monthly samples were analysed for δ18O of water, δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), elemental composition of drip-water and concentration and δ13C of CO2 in the cave atmosphere. While the seasonal variability of δ18O of precipitation in 2021 at the nearest meteorological station exceeded 10 ‰ (from –15.42 ‰ in January to –5.28 in June), the intra-annual variability of δ18O of drip-water was reduced to 0.18–1.28 ‰ and showed no correlation with the thickness of the roof, which varied between >1 and 49 m. A discernible annual cyclicity was observed at some drip sites, with the highest δ18O values determined in winter and the lowest in late summer. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) δ13C values exhibited a wide range (between –15.5 and –5.0 ‰), and drip sites could be divided into two groups: some drip sites exhibited large seasonal variability (up to 9.9 %) with low values in the warmer season, while the others varied within 2 concentration in the cave atmosphere was significantly higher from May to October, about 4000 to 8000 ppm, while it fluctuated between 700 and 1500 ppm in the colder part of the year. The δ13C values of CO2 varied between –23.8 and –15.2 ‰ and decreased exponentially with CO2 concentration. Similar to CO2, the δ13C values of DIC also decreased exponentially with increasing DIC concentration. The δ13C value of “added” CO2 in the atmosphere obtained from the δ13C x (C/C0-1) vs. (C/C0-1) plot (Sayles &% Curry, 1988) was –23.4 ± 2.6 ‰, which is almost identical to the CO2 added to the drip-water estimated from DIC concentration and δ13C values of DIC (–23.9 ± 3.4 ‰, considering the isotopic fractionation factor between CO2(g) and HCO3- from Mook et al. 1974). Chemical analysis showed that drip sites with a large seasonality of δ13C values have significantly lower saturation indices with respect to calcite in the warmer part of the year and that earlier calcite precipitation is most likely to occur at drip sites with lower drip rates. Reference:Mook et al., 1974, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 22,169–186.Sayles & Curry, 1988, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 2963–2978. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We acknowledge the financial support of Slovenian Research Agency (J1-2478).

The soil organic carbon (SOC) was determined in soils of enclosed karst depressions (dolines) (NW Dinaric Mts.) to define their potential for organic carbon sequestration. SOC was measured in the forest, succession (scrubland), and grassland plots at the bottom of dolines at four depths (0–40 cm) and for 40 cm soil layer SOC stock was calculated. We demonstrated that the prevailing fine soil fractions, the C/N ratio and soil thickness play a positive role in the storage capacity of SOC in dolines regardless land use type. Grasslands have the lowest SOC storage capacity (106 t/ha/40 cm), while the highest SOC storage capacity is in succession plots (130 t/ha/40 cm). The last are covered by shrub communities dominated by Prunus spinosa, forming dense communities, and are typical of abandoned croplands or meadows that have been impacted by high levels of nutrients during cultivation phase. At this stage, there is no additional nutrient input in studied plots, which lowers the nutrient content and increases the C/N ratio. C/N ratio is the highest in the forest, where SOC stock capacity is 116 t/ha/40 cm. Given the trend towards the abandonment of agricultural land at Kras Plateau (SW Slovenia), we can expect more overgrowth of dolines, and thus an increase in carbon stocks and stabilization of organic carbon in forest soils. In contrary, we noticed the alarming decrease in grasslands and increase in urban land. The SOC storage in 2020 was for 12,538 t/ha/40 cm lower than in 2002. Although grasslands showed the lowest SOC storage, their contribution to total SOC storage in dolines is very important. Since there is a lack of studies on carbon stocks in doline soils, our research is of great importance and a novelty and gives an important background for further research on SOC stock in karst landscapes worldwide. Bibliografija: str. 9-10. Abstract.

This article presents a Geographic Information System (GIS) assessment of Landslide Susceptibility Zonation (LSZ) in North Macedonia. Because of the weak landslide inventory, statistical method (frequency ratio) is combined with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). In this study, lithology, slope, plan curvature, precipitations, land cover, distance from streams, and distance from roads were selected as precondition factors for landslide occurrence. There are two advantages of the approach used. The first is the possibility of comparing of the results and cross-validation between the statistical and expert based methods with an indication of the advantages and drawbacks of each of them. The second is the possibility of better weighting of precondition factors for landslide occurrence, which can be useful in cases of weak landslide inventory. The final result shows that in the case of weak landslide inventory, LSZmap created with the combination of both models provide better overall results than each model separately.

A boundary stone, boundary marker, border marker or border stone is a robust physical marker that identifies a land boundary, especially a change in the direction of a boundary. Usually, it is a stone. Natural stone was used for boundary stones, which were later made of concrete or other materials. They were usually placed in a particularly visible spot. Many boundary stones feature information, such as an abbreviation identifying the holder of the border and a date. Boundary stones separating countries usually include abbreviations of countries they are separating, as well as the date when the border was delineated. We focused on boundary stones in the territory of modern-day Slovenia, which in the Habsburg Monarchy, before World War I, divided the Duchy of Styria and the Kingdom of Hungary and, in the interwar period, the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. These boundary stones no longer serve their original purpose; however, as markers of the past, they are historical witnesses. They represent an administrative legacy that is today mostly hidden in the cognitive perception of these boundaries.

Changes in climate, land use, and land management impact the occurrence and severity of wildland fires in many parts of the world. This is particularly evident in Europe, where ongoing changes in land use have strongly modified fire patterns over the last decades. Although satellite data by the European Forest Fire Information System provide large-scale wildland fire statistics across European countries, there is still a crucial need to collect and summarize in-depth local analysis and understanding of the wildland fire condition and associated challenges across Europe. This article aims to provide a general overview of the current wildland fire patterns and challenges as perceived by national representatives, supplemented by national fire statistics (2009–2018) across Europe. For each of the 31 countries included, we pres ent a perspective authored by scientists or practitioners from each respective country, representing a wide range of disciplines and cultural backgrounds. The authors were selected from members of the COST Action “Fire and the Earth System: Science & Society” funded by the European Commission with the aim to share knowledge and improve communication about wildland fire. Where relevant, a brief overview of key studies, particular wildland fire challenges a country is facing, and an overview of notable recent fire events are also presented. Key perceived challenges included (1) the lack of consistent and detailed records for wildland fire events, within and across countries, (2) an increase in wild land fires that pose a risk to properties and human life due to high population densities and sprawl into forested regions, and (3) the view that, irrespective of changes in management, climate change is likely to increase the frequency and impact of wildland fires in the coming decades. Addressing challenge (1) will not only be valuable in advancing national and pan-European wildland fire management strategies, but also in evaluating perceptions (2) and (3) against more robust quantitative evidence.

Članek prinaša pregled glavnih tipov, temeljnih lastnosti in učinkov negradbenih protipoplavnih ukrepov. Ugotavljajmo, da uporaba negradbenih ukrepov izhaja iz geografskih raziskav in da so v zadnjih desetletjih vse pomembnejši tudi v drugih strokah, ki se ukvarjajo s poplavami. Izkazalo se je namreč, da samo gradbeni protipoplavni ukrepi ne zadoščajo več za tako kompleksno sodobno družbo, ki jo sicer zaznamujejo tehnizacija, individualizacija in informacijske tehnologije, po drugi strani pa pogrešamo poznavanje nevarnih naravnih procesov, kot so poplave. Negradbeni ukrepi obsegajo širok spekter dejavnosti, ki segajo vse od ukrepov upravljanja porečij in coniranja oziroma vzpostavitve evidenc poplavne ogroženosti, do monitoringa poplav in opozarjanja pred njimi ter ozaveščanja in nenazadnje tudi gospodarskih dejavnosti, kot je zavarovalništvo. Izziv ostaja, kako voditi in povezati negradbene ukrepe, da bi dolgoročno prispevali k poplavni varnosti – kot najbolj učinkovita se je izkazala kombinacija različnih vrst ukrepov, kjer nekateri vplivajo dolgoročno, drugi pa prispevajo kratkoročno. The article provides an overview of the main types, basic properties and effects of non-structural flood protection measures. The authors note that the use of non-structural measures stems from geographical research and that they have become increasingly important in other flood-dealing disciplines in recent decades. It turned out that structural flood protection measures alone are no longer enough for a complex modern society, which is characterized by technicalization, individualization and information technology, but on the other hand we lack knowledge of natural hazards, such as floods. Non-structural measures cover a wide range of activities, ranging from river basin management and zoning measures or the establishment of flood risk records to flood monitoring and warning, as well as awareness-raising and, last but not least, economic activities such as insurance. The challenge remains how to manage and integrate non-structural measures to contribute to flood safety in the long term – a combination of different types of measures has proven to be most effective, with some having long-term effects and others contribute to short-term effects.

Acta geographica Slovenica je znanstvena revija za vsa področja geografije in sorodnih ved. Izdaja jo Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU, zalaga Založba ZRC in sozalaga Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti. Med letoma 1952 in 1976 je revija izhajala občasno, nato enkrat letno, od leta 2003 dvakrat letno, od leta 2019 pa izhaja trikrat letno. Od leta 1995 revija izhaja tudi na spletu. Od leta 1981 je revija vključena v Scopus, od leta 2003 pa v Web of Science. Je med najbolj citiranimi slovenskimi znanstvenimi revijami v tujini. Leta 2020 je izšel njen šestdeseti letnik in tej obletnici je posvečen ta prispevek. // Acta geographica Slovenica is a scientific journal for papers covering all fields of geography and related disciplines. It is issued by the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute, published by Založba ZRC, and co-published by the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. From 1952 to 1976, the journal was published periodically, then once a year, twice a year from 2003, and three times a year since 2019. The online version of the journal has been available since 1995. The journal has been included in Scopus since 1981 and in Web of Science since 2003. It is one of the Slovenian scholarly journals most cited abroad. The 60th volume was published in 2020 and this article is dedicated to the milestone anniversary.

The concept of connectivity, especially hydrological connectivity, is used in Earth and environmental sciences as a term and as a conceptual framework for addressing spatial and temporal variability in runoff and sediment transport. Hydrological connectivity can be defined as the transfer of water and sediment through a fluvial system or a dynamic linkage between surface and subsurface waters flowing through a landscape. Five forms of hydrological connectivity may be distinguished: stream-hillslope connectivity, river-floodplain connectivity, stream-lake connectivity, longitudinal or upstream-downstream connectivity, and stream-groundwater connectivity. All of them are interconnected. Hydrological connections are not only unidirectional but cover multiple dimensions and operate across different temporal scales. As a framework, connectivity is useful for understanding spatial variations in runoff. // Pojem povezljivosti, zlasti hidrološke povezljivosti, se v vedah o Zemlji in okolju uporablja kot strokovni izraz in kot konceptualni okvir za obravnavo prostorske ter časovne spremenljivosti v pretoku vode in prenosu gradiva. Hidrološko povezljivost lahko opredelimo kot prenašanje vode in sedimentov skozi rečni sistem ali kot dinamično povezavo med nadzemnimi in podzemnimi vodami, ki tečejo skozi pokrajino. Razlikujemo lahko pet oblik hidrološke povezljivosti: povezljivost med vodotokom in pobočjem, povezljivost med vodotokom in njegovim poplavnim območjem, povezljivost med vodotokom in jezerom, vzdolžno povezljivost med vodotokovim povirnim in izlivnim delom ter povezljivost med vodotokom in podzemno vodo. Vse so med sabo povezane. Vodne povezave niso samo enosmerne, ampak imajo več razsežnosti glede na prostor in čas. Kot okvir je povezljivost koristna za razumevanje prostorskih razlik pri odtoku.

V knjigi je stirinajst poglavij s podrocja naravnih nesrec. V poglavjih so opisana raziskovalna spoznanja ter primeri uporabe sodobnih tehnologij v primeru naravnih nesrec, s poudarkom na domacih odzivih na globalne izzive. Knjiga vsebuje razlicne teme, kot so na primer potresi, suse, vrocinski valovi, poplave, snežni plazovi ter odzivanje in komuniciranje v primeru naravnih nesrec.

The book presents a wealth of historical cartographic representations of Slovenian territory. It is divided into two main parts. The first or the text part briefly presents the history of European cartography up to the end of the nineteenth century, maps of the Slovenian territory up to the early twentieth century and maps as cultural heritage. In the second or cartographic part, in turn, features important historical maps of the Slovenian territory presented in chronological order. The format of the book enables an excellent presentation of the presented maps. The maps presented date from the mid-sixteenth century, when the first independent maps of present-day Slovenia were produced, to the beginning of the twentieth century, when cartography developed into a modern discipline. The aim of this book is to present the extensive Slovenian cartographic heritage. Co-published by Narodna in unverzitetna knjižnica (NUK)

In order to assess the rainfall erosivity in the Pannonian basin, several parameters which describe distribution, concentration and variability of precipitation were used, as well as 9 extreme precipitation indices. The precipitation data is obtained from the European Climate Assessment and Dataset project for the period 1961-2014, for 8 meteorological stations in northern Serbia, 5 in Hungary and 1 in eastern Croatia. The extreme values of precipitation were calculated following the indices developed by the ETCCDI. RclimDex software package was used for indices calculation. Based on statistical analysis and the calculated values, the results have been presented with Geographic Information System (GIS) to point out the most vulnerable parts of the Pannonian basin, with regard to pluvial erosion. This study presents the first result of combined rainfall erosivity and extreme precipitation indices for the investigated area. Results of PCI indicate presence of moderate precipitation concentration (mean value 11.6). Trend analysis of FI (mean value 22.7) and MFI (mean value 70.2) implies a shift from being largely in the low erosivity class, to being completely in the moderate erosivity class in the future, thus indicating an increase in rainfall erosivity for most of the investigated area (except in the northwestern parts). Furthermore, the observed precipitation extremes suggest that both the amount and the intensity of precipitation are increasing. The knowledge about the areas affected by strong soil erosion could lead to introducing effective measures in order to reduce it. Long term analysis of rainfall erosivity is a significant step concerning flood prevention, hazard mitigation, ecosystem services, land use change and agricultural production.

The retreat of ice shelves and glaciers over the last century provides unequivocal evidence of recent global warming. Glacierets (miniature glaciers) are an important component that highlights the global retreat of glaciers, but knowledge of their behaviour prior to the Little Ice Age is lacking. Here, we present subglacial carbonate deposits from a recently exposed surface previously occupied by the disappearing Triglav Glacier (southeastern European Alps) that may elucidate the glacier’s existence throughout the entire Holocene since their maximum uranium-thorium (U-Th) ages suggest their possible preservation since the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas. These thin deposits, formed by regelation, are easily eroded if exposed during previous Holocene climatic optima. The age data indicate the glacier’s present unprecedented level of retreat since the Last Glacial Maximum, and the potential of subglacial carbonates as additional proxies to highlight the extraordinary nature of the current global climatic changes.

In the topography of war landscapes the remains of war are found in the form of trenches, bombing craters and remnants of war infrastructure. Today war landscapes are “overlaid” by post-war “layers” of cultural landscapes. It requires non-invasive remote-sensing methods, e.g. time series of aerial photographs and high-resolution terrain models (LiDAR digital terrain model) to recognize these landscapes. In the study area on Kras Plateau (SW Slovenia) over one hundred kilometres of World War I trenches are preserved in the NW part of the plateau (app. 72 km2) in the present-day topography and represent tangible war geoheritage. But much of these geoheritage was also lost in post-war periods, e.g. near the village of Vrtojba (SW Slovenia) where in 1917 over 12 km of World War I trenches existed, but a century later no traces of war are visible in the present-day topography. Almost two hundred World War I bomb craters also existed around the village that are also not existent in the topography any more. Many anthropo-geomorphological traces of war are thus preserved only virtually and present intangible war geoheritage.

© 2018 The European Association for Conservation of the Geological Heritage The region of Eastern Serbia is a highly dominant karst terrain with numerous geological and geomorphological features, especially caves. The speleotourism potential of these caves and other geosites still remains fully unrevealed. In this paper, we analyzed several caves with immense geotourism potential. These caves include Ceremošnja Cave, Ravništarka Cave, Resavska Cave, Rajkova Cave, Lazareva Cave and Vernjikica Cave. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the speleotourism potential of Eastern Serbia and to determine the current state and speleotourism potential of caves located in this area by applying the modified geosite assessment model (M-GAM). The results indicate that further speleotourism development should primarily be focused towards Rajkova Cave which has the highest main values. The results also emphasize the importance of additional (tourist) values which are currently at a low level among all analyzed geosites. This especially refers to tour guide service, interpretive panels and promotional activities which proved to be key elements at these types of destinations. Major improvement of these elements is necessary in the future in order to attract a larger number of visitors to these sites.

Slovenia is considered as the cradle of karst geotourism as cave tourism started there as early as the Middle Ages. To date more than 12,000 caves were discovered from which 22 have the status of tourist caves. From these, 10 were assessed using the M-GAM model (Modified Geosite Assessment Model) to gain information for better future management strategies. The results show that visitors of Slovenian tourist caves mostly appreciate their natural values, as they prefer caves without major tourism infrastructure and they pay attention to their protection status. The model also confirmed that the two most important tourist caves (Postojna Cave and Škocjan Caves) have the leading geotourism role and that the management of tourist caves via a regional park as is the case of Škocjan Caves is an example of good practice.

© Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRCSAZU 2018. The annual trends of surface mean monthly air temperature and monthly extreme temperatures were analyzed from ten meteorological stations in Kosovo. The data refer to observation periods between 1949 and 1999 for four stations, and observation periods between 1965 and 1999 for the remaining six stations. Trends were analyzed for nine time series. Positive trends were found in six series, and negative trends were found in three series. After an assessment of these trends using the Mann–Kendall test, positive trends were confirmed in four series, a negative trend was confirmed in one series, and in one series there was no trend, whereas trends were characterized as slightly positive in two time series and slightly negative in one series.

Former agricultural fields are increasingly abandoned in several regions in Southern Europe. In many cases this leads to vegetation succession which may have a direct impact on soil quality, biodiversity and hydrological connectivity. The aim of this study is to provide insights on the role of vegetation succession in response to land abandonment on soil quality changes, while keeping aspect into consideration. Information on soil quality change is incomplete and highly scattered especially in the Mediterranean and deserves more attention. Four different stages of land use change and vegetation succession (i.e. agricultural field, abandoned field, young forest, semi-mature forest) were selected and sampled on both north-, and south-facing slopes. For each of the eight conditions six representative sites were sampled. During vegetation succession soil organic carbon (SOC) content and total nitrogen (TN) content, and aggregate stability significantly increased. With increasing SOC, TN and aggregate stability the bulk density and pH decreased. In addition, the parameters SOC, TN and water retention are impacted by aspect. SOC contents increased slower over time on north exposed slopes, but were higher after 50 years. Carbon stocks showed a similar trend but were not different after 50 years for both studied expositions, due to aspect related changes in dry bulk density over time. Soil water availability was 24% higher for north-facing slopes. Soil water availability however did not change over time. Largest increase in soil quality was observed in the first 30 years after abandonment.

Dolines are depressions in karst landscapes that are of high value for conservation, providing habitats and supporting species not found in the surrounding landscape. This is due to their high microhabitat diversity and ability to decouple microclimate from regional climate changes, making them potential refugia for biodiversity. Nevertheless, local anthropogenic disturbances have had considerable impact on the species composition and vegetation structure of many dolines. Here we investigate the conservation value of dolines in three European karst areas, where different levels and types of anthropogenic disturbances have been shaping the vegetation for centuries, using the number of plant species that are cool-adapted, moist-adapted and of high conservation importance (i.e. vulnerable species) as indicators. We found that anthropogenic disturbances generally have a negative impact, reducing the number of vulnerable species supported by dolines. However, more cool-adapted and moist-adapted species were found in some dolines planted with non-native Picea abies than in less disturbed dolines, indicating that anthropogenic disturbances can also have positive consequences for biodiversity. We conclude that anthropogenic disturbances alter the capacity of dolines to support vulnerable species, and that this will impact survival of species in landscapes under global warming. In this context, the effects of various disturbances on species composition and diversity need to carefully considered to determine the best conservation and/or management options.

This chapter explores the military landscape of the Slovenian–Italian border region and its connections with the First World War and memorialization of the interwar years. In the study region, which encompasses the western part of present-day Slovenia, fighting took place on the Soca/Isonzo Front, 1915–1917. The front was the scene of one of the greatest battles between Austria-Hungary and Italy. During the interwar period, the region was part of the Kingdom of Italy. During this time, the Italians built fortifications known as the Alpine Wall (Ital. Vallo Alpino). These ran along the new eastern Italian and western Yugoslav border. On the Yugoslav side, the Rupnik Line of fortifications was built to counter the Italian constructions. Trails, monuments, and memorial places are physical reminders of this conflicting past. The narratives attached to these places are integrated into local and national discourses. In the past, major social conflict was associated with these memorials, but now they are being (re)constructed as tourist and hiking destinations. The research focuses on two places of memory in western Slovenia (i) the Walk of Peace trail, a 320 km route connecting outdoor museums, memorials, cemeteries, and other restored wartime sites with stories of the largely overlooked Soca/Isonzo Front, the easternmost section of the WWI Alpine or Italian Front. (ii) The second case study covers a series of memorial trails that run along the interwar border between Italy and Yugoslavia.

This article examines different annual trends in the climate and hydrological changes in the Slovenian part of the Drava Basin (Sln. Podravje) between 1961 and 2018. Climate change is primarily reflected in the rising average annual temperatures and a significantly shorter duration of snow cover. In terms of hydrological changes, a decrease in the average annual minimum and mean annual discharge can be observed, whereas the average maximum and absolute discharge is increasing in places. In addition to the water volume, changes can also be observed in the rivers’ discharge regimes, which may indicate a smaller probability of spring floods, but conversely a higher probability of fall floods., V prispevku obravnavamo različne letne trende podnebnih in hidroloških spremenljivk na območju slovenskega dela porečja Drave med letoma 1961 in 2018. Prve se odražajo predvsem v rasti povprečne letne temperature in močno skrajšanem trajanju snežne odeje. Pri drugih pa je opazno padanje povprečnih minimalnih in srednjih letnih pretokov, povprečni maksimalni in absolutni maksimalni pretoki pa ponekod naraščajo. Poleg vodnih količin se pri rekah spreminjajo tudi pretočni režimi, ki po eni strani lahko kažejo manjšo možnost spomladanskih poplav, po drugi strani pa večjo možnost jesenskih poplav.

Preucevanje intenzivnosti erozijskih procesov spada med temeljne in pogosto obravnavane geomorfoloske dejavnosti ter obicajno vkljucuje tako terenske meritve kot tudi racunalnisko modeliranje. V Sloveniji so terenske meritve redke, zato prevladuje modeliranje erozijskih procesov. Pri slednjem je zaradi svoje preprostosti kljub pomanjkljivostim zelo priljubljena Gavriloviceva enacba v vec razlicicah. V prispevku predstavljamo uporabnost geografskih informacijskih sistemov pri izracunu posameznih clenov Gavriloviceve enacbe. Z njeno pomocjo smo za panonska gricevja severovzhodne Slovenije ocenili intenzivnost erozije. // The study of the intensity of erosion processes is one of the fundamental and often treated geomorphological activities. It usually involves both field measurements, as well as computer modelling. In Slovenia, field measurements are rare, so modelling of erosion processes prevail. Due to its simplicity the Gavrilovic equation (and its derivatives) is very popular for the calculations of erosion; despite its shortcomings. The paper presents the usefulness of geographic information systems in the calculation of individual parameters of Gavrilovic equation. The Gavrilovic equation was used to calculate the intensity of erosion in Pannonian low-hills of north-eastern Slovenia.

The chapter deals with public participation in recovery after earthquakes in the border region of Friuli (NE Italy) and the Upper Soca Valley (NW Slovenia) in 1976 (magnitude 6.4, 6 May; magnitude 6.1, 15 September—the Friuli earthquakes), 1998 (magnitude 6.0, 12 April), and 2004 (magnitude 4.9, 7 July). It highlights the differences in the concepts of the post-earthquake recovery, taking into consideration the different political systems between the two countries (capitalist Italy vs. communist Slovenia in 1976) and changes in recovery after the change of political system in Slovenia (communist Slovenia in 1976 versus capitalist Slovenia in 1998 and 2004). The research is based on a qualitative case study carried out through interviews and comparative analysis in selected settlements. From the strategy of recovery, Italy was characterized by a bottom-up and Slovenia by a top-down approach. According to Arnstein’s ladder, the citizen participation in Italy was at the highest stage of citizen power—citizen control, while Slovenia was characterized by non-participation, tokenism, and was thus at a much lower stage of citizen power, regardless of the political system.

Slovenia is characterized by an abundance of water in a great variety of forms. The river network comprises almost 28,000 km of watercourses (1.4 km/km2). However, these are not equally distributed because about 40% of Slovenia is karst and therefore almost without surface waters. Rivers from four–fifths of Slovenian territory flow several hundred kilometers to the Black Sea and from less than one fifth into the nearer Adriatic Sea. The few small natural lakes are either tectonic, glacial, or karst. The once-extensive swamps and marshes have shrunk significantly due to water regulation, and climate change has also caused the two Slovenian glaciers on Mount Triglav and Mount Skuta to shrink drastically. The population’s water supply relies heavily on groundwater. This is divided into aquifers with intergranular porosity, karst fissure porosity, and fissure porosity, all of which are threatened by pollution. Slovenia has a small share of coastal water: part of the Adriatic Sea’s Gulf of Trieste. Many parts of the country are threatened by different types of floods. The right to drinkable water is mentioned in the Slovenian constitution as a fundamental right.

The rocks that can be seen on Slovenia’s surface today formed from at least the early Paleozoic to the Quaternary, or the present. The oldest metamorphic rocks probably date even back to the Precambrian. Sedimentary rocks predominate, covering 65.1% of Slovenia’s surface. Among these, two carbonate rocks are especially common: limestone and dolomite. Loose sediments fill the tectonic depressions and river valleys, covering 29.2% of Slovenian territory. Metamorphic rocks account for 4.1% and are mostly concentrated in northeast Slovenia. Igneous rocks account for the smallest share, covering only 1.6% of the territory. Intrusive igneous rocks can only be found on the surface along the Periadriatic Seam and in the Pohorje Hills, whereas extrusive igneous rocks (or volcanic rocks) are scattered across smaller areas of the Alpine hills and mountains. Slovenia lies at the intersection of the following geotectonic units: the Dinarides, Southern Alps, Eastern Alps, and Pannonian Basin. All of these units form part of the Adriatic microplate, and their current distribution was achieved only as late as the Neogene—that is, during the past 20 million years.

Slovenia has very heterogeneous landforms because it lies at the intersection of the Alps, Dinaric Alps, Pannonian Basin, and Adriatic Sea Basin, all characterized by unique geology, tectonics, and geomorphic processes. Four major geomorphic landscape types can be defined based on their genesis. More than half of Slovenian territory has fluvial characteristics dominated by valleys and ridges. This is followed by karst terrain on roughly two-fifths of the territory, dominated by dolines, caves, and the absence of surface drainage. Glacial and coastal landscapes, dominated by glacial valleys and moraines and by coastal cliffs, respectively, are the least common types at the national scale. In addition, human activities such as mining, agriculture, and urbanization have influenced the landscape over the years, playing an important role in today’s cultural landscape as an anthropogenic landscape.

The diverse physical geographical characteristics of Slovenia result in diverse soil types. Due to widespread karst landscapes, the basic division of soils is carbonate and non-carbonate. However, the pedogeographical classification of Slovenian soils is based on topography and has three groups of soil types: soils of plains and valleys, soils of hills and mountains, and soils of karst plains and plateaus. The most common soil types are Chromic Cambisol and Rendzina alternation (33.6%), followed by Dystric Cambisol (24.2%) and Eutric Cambisol (13.3%). Most Slovenian soils formed during the Quaternary and are relatively rich in humus. Soil sealing, soil contamination, and soil erosion are the main forms of soil degradation in Slovenia.

Slovenia is one of the youngest countries in the world. It has been independent since 1991, but at the same time, it is strongly dependent on its geography. Most of its natural, economic, and cultural features result from its location in the center of Europe, where completely different geographical units intersect. It is exposed to South Slavic influences via the karstified plateaus and intermediate lowlands of the Dinaric Alps to the southeast, Hungarian influences from the continental Pannonian Basin to the northeast, Romance influences from the warm Mediterranean to the southwest, and Germanic influences via the steep mountains and deep valleys of the Alps to the northwest. Because most of the territory of what is now Slovenia belonged to Germanic states for over a thousand years, Germanic influences have left the most traces in the Slovenian cultural landscapes and among its residents. Due to its great landscape diversity and despite its smallness, Slovenia is well known for being a European landscape hotspot, and among other things the young country is increasingly using this geographical fact to strengthen its identity.