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Background The English national bowel cancer screening program offering a guaiac fecal occult blood test began in July 2006. In randomized controlled trials of guaiac fecal occult blood test screening, reductions in mortality were accompanied by reductions in advanced stage colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to evaluate the effect of participation in the national bowel cancer screening program on stage-specific CRC incidence as a likely precursor of a mortality effect. Methods In this population-based case-control study, cases were individuals diagnosed with CRC aged 60-79 years between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013. Two controls per case were matched on geographic region, gender, date of birth, and year of first screening invitation. Screening histories were extracted from the screening database. Conditional logistic regression with correction for self-selection bias was used to estimate odds ratios (odds ratios corrected for self-selection bias [cOR]) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by Duke stage, sex, and age. Results 14 636 individuals with CRC and 29 036 without were eligible for analysis. The odds of CRC (any stage) were increased within 30 days of a screening test and decreased thereafter. No reduction in CRC (any stage) among screened individuals compared with those not screened was observed (cOR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.15). However, screened individuals had lower odds of Duke stage D CRC (cOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50 to 0.93). We estimate 435 fewer Duke D CRC by age 80 years in 100 000 people screened biennially between ages 60 and 74 years compared with an unscreened cohort. Conclusion The impact of colorectal screening on advanced CRC incidence suggests that the program will meet its aim of reducing mortality.

Correlation of the three urinary biomarkers and plasma CA19.9 (CA19.9p). A, Correlation plots (Navy blue: Healthy; Turquoise: chronic pancreatitis (CP); Purple: pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). B, Pearson correlation coefficients and corresponding significance (NS: non-significant, *: p

Diagnostic performance of urine biomarkers in discriminating pancreatic adenocarcinoma all stages (A-C) and stage I-II (D-F) from chronic pancreatitis patients. A, ROC curves of PDAC (n=143) versus CP (n=62) patients for individual urine biomarkers in the training set (70% of the data). B, ROC curves of PDAC versus CP patients for the panel in the training set and in the independent validation set (30% of the data, PDAC n=49, CP n=30). C, Summary table. D, ROC curves of individual urine biomarkers in training dataset (70%, PDAC stage I-II n= 56, CP=66). E, ROC curves of the panel in training and validation (PDAC stage I-II n=15, CP n=26) dataset. F, Summary table. Cnorm, creatinine-normalised, creat, creatinine, AUC: area under the curve SN: sensitivity, SP: specificity with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). SN and SP in the validation set were derived for optimal cutpoint determined in the training dataset.

Expression of the protein biomarkers in pancreatic cancer tissues. A, Immunohistochemical analysis of REG1A: i) REG1A in poorly differentiated PDAC, ii) luminal REG1A in malignant glands. B, TFF1: i) heterogenous expression in cancer,, ii) luminal TFF1 in malignant gland. C, LYVE1 expression in the scattered lymphatic vessels i) in the muscle layer and ii) in the stroma surrounding malignant gland. D, The biomarker levels during monitoring of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients: LYVE1, REG1A and TFF1 were measured using ELISA in urine samples collected before surgery and during the patient's follow up. Each point represents log-transformed ELISA values at a particular time point (x-axis).

Exploratory comparison of plasma CA19.9 and the urine biomarker panel in discriminating early pancreatic adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis patients. A, ROC curves of the biomarker panel with corresponding plasma CA19.9 alone and in combination comparing CP urine (n=50), and urines from PDAC stages I-II (n=71) and, I-IIA (n=16) (B). C, Summary table. AUC: area under the curve, SN: sensitivity, SP: specificity with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). SN and SP in the validation set were derived for optimal cutpoint determined in the training dataset.

Supplementary Figure Legends from Identification of a Three-Biomarker Panel in Urine for Early Detection of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Urine biomarker concentrations in different tumours. Scatter dot plots of urine LYVE1, REG1A and plasma CA19.9 in different hepatobiliary pathologies and early stages of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (I-IIA, n=16) and I-II (n=71). The level of TFF1 protein was not measured in these samples due to substantial modifications made to the original ELISA assay by the source company at the moment of this analysis. IPMN (n=33): intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, AMP (n=26): ampullary cancer, NET (n=18): neuroendocrine tumour, CHL (n=24): cholangiocarcinoma, DuCA (n=16): duodenal cancer. Bars indicate median and IQR values. Upper bars: Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's post test, *: p0.05 (no adjustment for multiplicity was made).

Expression of non-redundant proteins identified by GeLC-MS/MS from males and females in healthy controls, chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.

Urine proteome analysis. A, schematic outline of the study. B, classification of total identified proteins according to sub-cellular localisation and C, functional activity determined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. H: healthy, CP: chronic pancreatitis, PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, GeLC/MS/MS: SDS-PAGE-Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Funder: Policy Research Unit in Cancer Awareness, Screening and early Diagnosis, PR-PRU-1217-21601, Funder: American Cancer Society NHPDCSGBR-GBRLONG Policy Research Unit in Cancer Awareness, Screening and early Diagnosis, PR-PRU-1217-21601, BACKGROUND: This study investigates whether quantitative breast density (BD) serves as an imaging biomarker for more intensive breast cancer screening by predicting interval, and node-positive cancers. METHODS: This case-control study of 1204 women aged 47-73 includes 599 cancer cases (302 screen-detected, 297 interval; 239 node-positive, 360 node-negative) and 605 controls. Automated BD software calculated fibroglandular volume (FGV), volumetric breast density (VBD) and density grade (DG). A radiologist assessed BD using a visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 100. Logistic regression and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) determined whether BD could predict mode of detection (screen-detected or interval); node-negative cancers; node-positive cancers, and all cancers vs. controls. RESULTS: FGV, VBD, VAS, and DG all discriminated interval cancers (all p < 0.01) from controls. Only FGV-quartile discriminated screen-detected cancers (p < 0.01). Based on AUC, FGV discriminated all cancer types better than VBD or VAS. FGV showed a significantly greater discrimination of interval cancers, AUC = 0.65, than of screen-detected cancers, AUC = 0.61 (p < 0.01) as did VBD (0.63 and 0.53, respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: FGV, VBD, VAS and DG discriminate interval cancers from controls, reflecting some masking risk. Only FGV discriminates screen-detected cancers perhaps adding a unique component of breast cancer risk.

We investigate the iron-based superconductor Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$ using intense terahertz (THz) light. In the superconducting state a THz Kerr signal is observed and assigned to non-linear THz coupling to superconducting degrees of freedom. The polarization dependence of the THz Kerr signal is remarkably sensitive to the coexistence of a nematic order. In the absence of nematic order the $C_4$ symmetric polarization dependence of the THz Kerr signal is consistent with a coupling to the Higgs amplitude mode of the superconducting condensate. In the coexisting nematic and superconducting state the signal becomes purely nematic with a vanishing $C_4$ symmetric component, signaling the emergence of a new superconducting collective mode activated by nematicity., Comment: 25 pages, 3 figures. Supplementary Material available upon request

L’éclectisme des auteurs de cet ouvrage en fait sa richesse puisque vont se côtoyer ici représentants de l’État, universitaires et praticiens religieux. Il en découle une approche comparatiste de la laïcité, nourrissant une vision internationale enrichie du sujet. Deux conceptions antagonistes de la définition de la laïcité s’illustrent ici : l’une, libérale, d’influence anglo-saxonne, où la liberté de religion prime sur toutes autres considérations (laïcité dite « ouverte » ou « tolérante »)...

Suite à un tome premier qui retraçait la conception du projet de loi de séparation des Églises et de l’État porté par Émile Combes, Jean Baubérot entend, dans ce deuxième volet, rétablir la vérité politique sur la construction de cette loi en s’appuyant habilement sur des quotidiens de l’époque. Loin d’être l’expression du combat contre les congrégations d’Émile Combes – le « Petit Père » dont le projet de loi sera par ailleurs refusé –, la Séparation est l’aboutissement d’un compromis entre ...