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52. A MHz-repetition-rate hard X-ray free-electron laser driven by a superconducting linear accelerator

Author

Decking, W., Abeghyan, S., Abramian, P., Abramsky, A., Aguirre, A., Albrecht, C., Alou, P., Altarelli, M., Altmann, P., Amyan, K., Anashin, V., Apostolov, E., Appel, K., Auguste, D., Ayvazyan, V., Baark, S., Babies, F., Baboi, N., Bak, P., Balandin, V., Baldinger, R., Baranasic, B., Barbanotti, S., Belikov, O., Belokurov, V., Belova, L., Belyakov, V., Berry, S., Bertucci, M., Beutner, B., Block, A., Blöcher, M., Böckmann, T., Bohm, C., Böhnert, M., Bondar, V., Bondarchuk, E., Bonezzi, M., Borowiec, P., Bösch, C., Bösenberg, U., Bosotti, A., Böspflug, R., Bousonville, M., Boyd, E., Bozhko, Y., Brand, A., Branlard, J., Briechle, S., Brinker, F., Brinker, S., Brinkmann, R., Brockhauser, S., Brovko, O., Brück, H., Brüdgam, A., Butkowski, L., Büttner, T., Calero, J., Castro-Carballo, E., Cattalanotto, G., Charrier, J., Chen, J., Cherepenko, A., Cheskidov, V., Chiodini, M., Chong, A., Choroba, S., Chorowski, M., Churanov, D., Cichalewski, W., Clausen, M., Clement, W., Cloué, C., Cobos, J. A., Coppola, N., Cunis, S., Czuba, K., Czwalinna, M., D’Almagne, B., Dammann, J., Danared, H., de Zubiaurre Wagner, A., Delfs, A., Delfs, T., Dietrich, F., Dietrich, T., Dohlus, M., Dommach, M., Donat, A., Dong, X., Doynikov, N., Dressel, M., Duda, M., Duda, P., Eckoldt, H., Ehsan, W., Eidam, J., Eints, F., Engling, C., Englisch, U., Ermakov, A., Escherich, K., Eschke, J., Saldin, E., Faesing, M., Fallou, A., Felber, M., Fenner, M., Fernandes, B., Fernández, J. M., Feuker, S., Filippakopoulos, K., Floettmann, K., Fogel, V., Fontaine, M., Francés, A., Martin, I. Freijo, Freund, W., Freyermuth, T., Friedland, M., Fröhlich, L., Fusetti, M., Fydrych, J., Gallas, A., García, O., Garcia-Tabares, L., Geloni, G., Gerasimova, N., Gerth, C., Geßler, P., Gharibyan, V., Gloor, M., Głowinkowski, J., Goessel, A., Gołębiewski, Z., Golubeva, N., Grabowski, W., Graeff, W., Grebentsov, A., Grecki, M., Grevsmuehl, T., Gross, M., Grosse-Wortmann, U., Grünert, J., Grunewald, S., Grzegory, P., Feng, G., Guler, H., Gusev, G., Gutierrez, J. L., Hagge, L., Hamberg, M., Hanneken, R., Harms, E., Hartl, I., Hauberg, A., Hauf, S., Hauschildt, J., Hauser, J., Havlicek, J., Hedqvist, A., Heidbrook, N., Hellberg, F., Henning, D., Hensler, O., Hermann, T., Hidvégi, A., Hierholzer, M., Hintz, H., Hoffmann, F., Hoffmann, Markus, Hoffmann, Matthias, Holler, Y., Hüning, M., Ignatenko, A., Ilchen, M., Iluk, A., Iversen, J., Iversen, J., Izquierdo, M., Jachmann, L., Jardon, N., Jastrow, U., Jensch, K., Jensen, J., Jeżabek, M., Jidda, M., Jin, H., Johansson, N., Jonas, R., Kaabi, W., Kaefer, D., Kammering, R., Kapitza, H., Karabekyan, S., Karstensen, S., Kasprzak, K., Katalev, V., Keese, D., Keil, B., Kholopov, M., Killenberger, M., Kitaev, B., Klimchenko, Y., Klos, R., Knebel, L., Koch, A., Koepke, M., Köhler, S., Köhler, W., Kohlstrunk, N., Konopkova, Z., Konstantinov, A., Kook, W., Koprek, W., Körfer, M., Korth, O., Kosarev, A., Kosiński, K., Kostin, D., Kot, Y., Kotarba, A., Kozak, T., Kozak, V., Kramert, R., Krasilnikov, M., Krasnov, A., Krause, B., Kravchuk, L., Krebs, O., Kretschmer, R., Kreutzkamp, J., Kröplin, O., Krzysik, K., Kube, G., Kuehn, H., Kujala, N., Kulikov, V., Kuzminych, V., La Civita, D., Lacroix, M., Lamb, T., Lancetov, A., Larsson, M., Le Pinvidic, D., Lederer, S., Lensch, T., Lenz, D., Leuschner, A., Levenhagen, F., Li, Y., Liebing, J., Lilje, L., Limberg, T., Lipka, D., List, B., Liu, J., Liu, S., Lorbeer, B., Lorkiewicz, J., Lu, H. H., Ludwig, F., Machau, K., Maciocha, W., Madec, C., Magueur, C., Maiano, C., Maksimova, I., Malcher, K., Maltezopoulos, T., Mamoshkina, E., Manschwetus, B., Marcellini, F., Marinkovic, G., Martinez, T., Martirosyan, H., Maschmann, W., Maslov, M., Matheisen, A., Mavric, U., Meißner, J., Meissner, K., Messerschmidt, M., Meyners, N., Michalski, G., Michelato, P., Mildner, N., Moe, M., Moglia, F., Mohr, C., Mohr, S., Möller, W., Mommerz, M., Monaco, L., Montiel, C., Moretti, M., Morozov, I., Morozov, P., Mross, D., Mueller, J., Müller, C., Müller, J., Müller, K., Munilla, J., Münnich, A., Muratov, V., Napoly, O., Näser, B., Nefedov, N., Neumann, Reinhard, Neumann, Rudolf, Ngada, N., Noelle, D., Obier, F., Okunev, I., Oliver, J. A., Omet, M., Oppelt, A., Ottmar, A., Oublaid, M., Pagani, C., Paparella, R., Paramonov, V., Peitzmann, C., Penning, J., Perus, A., Peters, F., Petersen, B., Petrov, A., Petrov, I., Pfeiffer, S., Pflüger, J., Philipp, S., Pienaud, Y., Pierini, P., Pivovarov, S., Planas, M., Pławski, E., Pohl, M., Polinski, J., Popov, V., Prat, S., Prenting, J., Priebe, G., Pryschelski, H., Przygoda, K., Pyata, E., Racky, B., Rathjen, A., Ratuschni, W., Regnaud-Campderros, S., Rehlich, K., Reschke, D., Robson, C., Roever, J., Roggli, M., Rothenburg, J., Rusiński, E., Rybaniec, R., Sahling, H., Salmani, M., Samoylova, L., Sanzone, D., Saretzki, F., Sawlanski, O., Schaffran, J., Schlarb, H., Schlösser, M., Schlott, V., Schmidt, C., Schmidt-Foehre, F., Schmitz, M., Schmökel, M., Schnautz, T., Schneidmiller, E., Scholz, M., Schöneburg, B., Schultze, J., Schulz, C., Schwarz, A., Sekutowicz, J., Sellmann, D., Semenov, E., Serkez, S., Sertore, D., Shehzad, N., Shemarykin, P., Shi, L., Sienkiewicz, M., Sikora, D., Sikorski, M., Silenzi, A., Simon, C., Singer, W., Singer, X., Sinn, H., Sinram, K., Skvorodnev, N., Smirnow, P., Sommer, T., Sorokin, A., Stadler, M., Steckel, M., Steffen, B., Steinhau-Kühl, N., Stephan, F., Stodulski, M., Stolper, M., Sulimov, A., Susen, R., Świerblewski, J., Sydlo, C., Syresin, E., Sytchev, V., Szuba, J., Tesch, N., Thie, J., Thiebault, A., Tiedtke, K., Tischhauser, D., Tolkiehn, J., Tomin, S., Tonisch, F., Toral, F., Torbin, I., Trapp, A., Treyer, D., Trowitzsch, G., Trublet, T., Tschentscher, T., Ullrich, F., Vannoni, M., Varela, P., Varghese, G., Vashchenko, G., Vasic, M., Vazquez-Velez, C., Verguet, A., Vilcins-Czvitkovits, S., Villanueva, R., Visentin, B., Viti, M., Vogel, E., Volobuev, E., Wagner, R., Walker, N., Wamsat, T., Weddig, H., Weichert, G., Weise, H., Wenndorf, R., Werner, M., Wichmann, R., Wiebers, C., Wiencek, M., Wilksen, T., Will, I., Winkelmann, L., Winkowski, M., Wittenburg, K., Witzig, A., Wlk, P., Wohlenberg, T., Wojciechowski, M., Wolff-Fabris, F., Wrochna, G., Wrona, K., Yakopov, M., Yang, B., Yang, F., Yurkov, M., Zagorodnov, I., Zalden, P., Zavadtsev, A., Zavadtsev, D., Zhirnov, A., Zhukov, A., Ziemann, V., Zolotov, A., Zolotukhina, N., Zummack, F., and Zybin, D.

Published
2020
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54. Progress with applications of three-ion ICRF scenarios for fusion research: A review

Author

Wukitch, SJ, Bertelli, N, Bonoli, P, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Nocente, M, Bobkov, V, Garcia, J, Kiptily, V, Schneider, M, Wukitch, S, Wright, J, Dreval, M, Kirov, K, Mazzi, S, Ochoukov, R, Sharapov, S, Štancar, Weisen, H, Baranov, Y, Baruzzo, M, Bierwage, A, Bilato, R, Chomiczewska, A, Coelho, R, Craciunescu, T, Crombé, K, Delabie, E, Luna, E, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Durodié, F, Eriksson, J, Fitzgerald, M, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallart, D, Garcia-Munoz, M, Giacomelli, L, Giroud, C, Gonzalez-Martin, J, Hakola, A, Henriques, R, Jacquet, P, Jepu, I, Johnson, T, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, King, D, Klepper, C, Lauber, P, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lomanowski, B, Lowry, C, Mantsinen, M, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Noble, C, Panontin, E, Pinches, S, Polevoi, A, Rigamonti, D, Sahlberg, A, Salewski, M, Schneider, P, Sheikh, H, Shinohara, K, Siren, P, Sumida, S, Thorman, A, Tinguely, R, Valcarcel, D, Van Eester, D, Schoor, M, Varje, J, Weiland, M, Wendler, N, Kazakov Y. O., Ongena J., Nocente M., Bobkov V., Garcia J., Kiptily V. G., Schneider M., Wukitch S., Wright J. C., Dreval M., Kirov K. K., Mazzi S., Ochoukov R., Sharapov S. E., Weisen H., Baranov Y., Baruzzo M., Bierwage A., Bilato R., Chomiczewska A., Coelho R., Craciunescu T., Crombé K., Delabie E., Luna E. D. L., Dumont R., Dumortier P., Durodié F., Eriksson J., Fitzgerald M., Galdon-Quiroga J., Gallart D., Garcia-Munoz M., Giacomelli L., Giroud C., Gonzalez-Martin J., Hakola A., Henriques R., Jacquet P., Jepu I., Johnson T., Kappatou A., Keeling D., King D., Klepper C., Lauber P., Lennholm M., Lerche E., Lomanowski B., Lowry C., Mantsinen M. J., Maslov M., Menmuir S., Monakhov I., Nabais F., Nave M. F. F., Noble C., Panontin E., Pinches S. D., Polevoi A. R., Rigamonti D., Sahlberg A., Salewski M., Schneider P. A., Sheikh H., Shinohara K., Siren P., Sumida S., Thorman A., Tinguely R. A., Valcarcel D., Van Eester D., Schoor M. V., Varje J., Weiland M., Wendler N., Wukitch, SJ, Bertelli, N, Bonoli, P, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Nocente, M, Bobkov, V, Garcia, J, Kiptily, V, Schneider, M, Wukitch, S, Wright, J, Dreval, M, Kirov, K, Mazzi, S, Ochoukov, R, Sharapov, S, Štancar, Weisen, H, Baranov, Y, Baruzzo, M, Bierwage, A, Bilato, R, Chomiczewska, A, Coelho, R, Craciunescu, T, Crombé, K, Delabie, E, Luna, E, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Durodié, F, Eriksson, J, Fitzgerald, M, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallart, D, Garcia-Munoz, M, Giacomelli, L, Giroud, C, Gonzalez-Martin, J, Hakola, A, Henriques, R, Jacquet, P, Jepu, I, Johnson, T, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, King, D, Klepper, C, Lauber, P, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lomanowski, B, Lowry, C, Mantsinen, M, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Noble, C, Panontin, E, Pinches, S, Polevoi, A, Rigamonti, D, Sahlberg, A, Salewski, M, Schneider, P, Sheikh, H, Shinohara, K, Siren, P, Sumida, S, Thorman, A, Tinguely, R, Valcarcel, D, Van Eester, D, Schoor, M, Varje, J, Weiland, M, Wendler, N, Kazakov Y. O., Ongena J., Nocente M., Bobkov V., Garcia J., Kiptily V. G., Schneider M., Wukitch S., Wright J. C., Dreval M., Kirov K. K., Mazzi S., Ochoukov R., Sharapov S. E., Weisen H., Baranov Y., Baruzzo M., Bierwage A., Bilato R., Chomiczewska A., Coelho R., Craciunescu T., Crombé K., Delabie E., Luna E. D. L., Dumont R., Dumortier P., Durodié F., Eriksson J., Fitzgerald M., Galdon-Quiroga J., Gallart D., Garcia-Munoz M., Giacomelli L., Giroud C., Gonzalez-Martin J., Hakola A., Henriques R., Jacquet P., Jepu I., Johnson T., Kappatou A., Keeling D., King D., Klepper C., Lauber P., Lennholm M., Lerche E., Lomanowski B., Lowry C., Mantsinen M. J., Maslov M., Menmuir S., Monakhov I., Nabais F., Nave M. F. F., Noble C., Panontin E., Pinches S. D., Polevoi A. R., Rigamonti D., Sahlberg A., Salewski M., Schneider P. A., Sheikh H., Shinohara K., Siren P., Sumida S., Thorman A., Tinguely R. A., Valcarcel D., Van Eester D., Schoor M. V., Varje J., Weiland M., and Wendler N.

Abstract

The viability of magnetic confinement fusion as an energy source depends on achieving the high ion temperatures required for D-T fusion. Among the available techniques, plasma heating with waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) is a prominent method for bulk ion heating in fusion plasmas. Furthermore, a detailed understanding of the non-linear physics of alpha heating and the complex impact of MeV-range fast ions on plasma dynamics becomes progressively more important. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments with the three-ion ICRF scenarios on Alcator C-Mod, ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks. The results demonstrate the flexibility of these novel scenarios for heating bulk ions in D-T ≈ 50%-50% plasmas and efficient generation of MeV-range fast ions in multi-ion species plasmas. Several key results relevant for ITER and future fusion reactors are highlighted.

Published
2023

55. Analytical and MonteCarlo approaches to infer the total gamma ray emission from the JET tokamak

Author

Marcer, G, Zohar, A, Dal Molin, A, Rigamonti, D, Rebai, M, Nocente, M, Panontin, E, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, de la Luna, E, Ghani, Z, Conroy, S, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Nave, M, Ongena, J, Tardocchi, M, Marcer G., Zohar A., Dal Molin A., Rigamonti D., Rebai M., Nocente M., Panontin E., Croci G., Gorini G., Grosso G., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., de la Luna E., Ghani Z., Conroy S., Garcia J., Kazakov Y., Kiptily V., Maslov M., Nave M., Ongena J., Tardocchi M., Marcer, G, Zohar, A, Dal Molin, A, Rigamonti, D, Rebai, M, Nocente, M, Panontin, E, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, de la Luna, E, Ghani, Z, Conroy, S, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Nave, M, Ongena, J, Tardocchi, M, Marcer G., Zohar A., Dal Molin A., Rigamonti D., Rebai M., Nocente M., Panontin E., Croci G., Gorini G., Grosso G., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., de la Luna E., Ghani Z., Conroy S., Garcia J., Kazakov Y., Kiptily V., Maslov M., Nave M., Ongena J., and Tardocchi M.

Abstract

A single gamma-ray spectrometer installed at the end of a collimator can be used to infer the total emission from a tokamak plasma if the transport of gamma-rays from the plasma to the detector is known. In such analysis, the plasma emission profile plays a fundamental role, since it impacts the fraction of plasma volume intercepted by the detector line of sight. In this work, the DT 17 MeV fusion gamma-rays emission profile of the JET discharge #99608 from second 46 to 48 has been estimated both with the TRANSP code and reconstructed through tomographic inversion based on the neutron camera data, assuming that fusion gamma-rays have the same profile as the 14 MeV fusion neutrons. The gamma-ray transport has been evaluated both by MonteCarlo simulations and analytical calculations. By combining MonteCarlo and analytical evaluations of the gamma-ray transport in different ways with the estimated radiation emission profile, we provide four different routes to determine the total gamma-ray yield from measurements whose results agree within better than 10%.

Published
2023

56. Thermal Stability of C4+4nH8 Polycubanes

Author

Maslov, M. M., Podlivaev, A. I., and Openov, L. A.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter, Physics - Atomic and Molecular Clusters
Abstract

The temperature dependences of the lifetimes of polycubanes C4+4nH8 with n = 2 - 5 up to their decomposition have been directly calculated using the molecular dynamics method. It has been shown that the activation energy of decomposition of these metastable clusters, in which the C-C bonds form an angle of 90^0 that is not characteristic of carbon systems, rapidly decreases with an increase in n due to the lowering of the energy barrier that prevents the decomposition of the clusters. This has cast some doubt on the recently made suggestion that there exist nanotubes (n >> 1) with a square cross section. Nonetheless, the stability of bicubane (n = 2) and tricubane (n = 3) has proved to be sufficient for their existence at the liquid-nitrogen temperature., Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures

Published
2011
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57. Nonorthogonal tight-binding model for hydrocarbons

Author

Maslov, M. M., Podlivaev, A. I., and Openov, L. A.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

Parameters of the nonorthogonal tight-binding model for hydrocarbons are derived based on a criterion of the best agreement between the calculated and experimental values of bond lengths and binding energies for different molecules CnHm. The results obtained can be used, e. g., to study the kinetics of hydrogen absorption by carbon nanostructures, to simulate the dynamics of hydrocarbon clusters like cubane C8H8, etc., Comment: No figures, 1 table

Published
2009
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58. Thermal stability of cubane C8H8

Author

Maslov, M. M., Lobanov, D. A., Podlivaev, A. I., and Openov, L. A.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter
Abstract

The reasons for the anomalously high thermal stability of cubane C8H8 and the mechanisms of its decomposition are studied by numerically simulating the dynamics of this metastable cluster at T = 1050 - 2000 K using a tight-binding potential. The decomposition activation energy is found from the temperature dependence of the cubane lifetime obtained from the numerical experiment; this energy is fairly high, Ea = 1.8 - 2.0 eV. The decomposition products are, as a rule, either C6H6 and C2H2 molecules or the isomer C8H8 with a lower energy., Comment: 5 figures

Published
2009
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65. High Te discrepancies between ECE and Thomson diagnostics in high-performance JET discharges.

Author

Fontana, M., Giruzzi, G., Orsitto, F. P., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Figini, L., Kos, D., Maslov, M., Schmuck, S., Senni, L., Sozzi, C., Frigione, D., Garcia, J., Garzotti, L., Hobirk, J., Kappatou, A., Keeling, D., Lerche, E., Rimini, F., and Van Eester, D.

Subjects
DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory), ELECTRON emission, THOMSON scattering, ELECTRON distribution, ELECTRON temperature, DEUTERIUM, HARMONIC maps
Abstract

The present paper is dedicated to the study of the discrepancies encountered in electron temperature (Te) measurements carried out with electron cyclotron emission (ECE) and Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostics in the core of the JET tokamak. A large database of discharges has been collected, including high-performance scenarios performed with deuterium only and deuterium–tritium mixtures. Discrepancies have been found between core Te measurements taken with an X-mode ECE interferometer (TECE) and a LIDAR TS system (TLID) for T e > 5 keV. Depending on the plasma scenario, TECE has been found to be systematically higher or lower than TLID. Discrepancies have also been observed between the peaks of the ECE spectrum in the second (X2) and third (X3) harmonic domains, even in high optical thickness conditions. These discrepancies can be interpreted as evidence of the presence of non-Maxwellian features in the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). In order to investigate the relation between the shape of the EEDF and the measured discrepancies, a model for bipolar perturbations of Maxwellian EEDF has been developed. The model allows analytical calculations of ECE absorption and emission coefficients; hence, the comparison of modeled ECE spectra with experimental data. The different experimental results observed for the various JET scenarios have been found to be qualitatively reproducible by adapting the model parameters, suggesting that bipolar distortions of the bulk EEDF could play a role in giving rise to the reported discrepancies between ECE and TS measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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67. Enhanced performance in fusion plasmas through turbulence suppression by megaelectronvolt ions

Author

Mazzi, S., Garcia, J., Zarzoso, D., Kazakov, Y., Ongena, J., Dreval, M., Nocente, M., Stancar, Z., Szepesi, G., Eriksson, J., Sahlberg, A., Benkadda, S., Abid, N., Abraham, K., Abreu, P., Adabonyan, O., Adrich, P., Afanasev, V., Afzal, M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Akhtar, M., Albanese, R., Alderson-Martin, M., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Aleksa, A., Alekseev, A., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Algualcil, J., Ali, M., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V., Andersson Sunden, E., Andrew, P., Angelini, B., Angioni, C., Antoniou, I., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Aria, S., Ariola, M., Artaserse, G., Arter, W., Artigues, V., Asakura, N., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Astrain, M., Asztalos, O., Auld, D., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Aymerich, E., Baciero, A., Bairaktaris, F., Balbin, J., Balbinot, L., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, C., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V., Banks, J., Baranov, Y., Barcellona, C., Barnard, A., Barnard, M., Barnsley, R., Barth, A., Baruzzo, M., Barwell, S., Bassan, M., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P., Beckett, D., Begolli, A., Beidler, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Belli, E., Belli, F., Belonohy, E., Ben Yaala, M., Benayas, J., Bentley, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bickerton, S., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Bierwage, A., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Bílkova, P., Birkenmeier, G., Bishop, H., Bizarro, J., Blackburn, J., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Bonofiglo, P., Boocock, S., Booth, A., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Boyd, K., Bozicevic Mihalic, I., Bradnam, S., Braic, V., Brandt, L., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Bromley, K., Brown, B., Brunetti, D., Buckingham, R., Buckley, M., Budny, R., Buermans, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Burgess, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butcher, D., Cal, E., Calabro, G., Calacci, L., Calado, R., Camenen, Y., Canal, G., Cannas, B., Cappelli, M., Carcangiu, S., Card, P., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Casiraghi, I., Casson, F., Castaldo, C., Catalan, J., Catarino, N., Causa, F., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Challis, C., Chamberlain, B., Chang, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, B., Chernyshova, M., Chiariello, A., Chmielewski, P., Chomiczewska, A., Chone, L., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Ciupinski, t., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J., Coates, P., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Coelho, R., Coenen, J., Coffey, I., Colangeli, A., Colas, L., Collins, C., Collins, J., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, B., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, P., Cooper, S., Corradino, C., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Cox, P., 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moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (Ukraine), V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (KhNU), Dipartimento di Fisica (Milano), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Milano] (CNR), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant agreement No 633053., Mazzi, S, Garcia, J, Zarzoso, D, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Dreval, M, Nocente, M, Stancar, Z, Szepesi, G, Eriksson, J, Sahlberg, A, Benkadda, S, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, 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R., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Fil, N., Finburg, P., Fiorucci, D., Fischer, U., Fishpool, G., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Flinders, K., Foley, S., Fonnesu, N., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J. M., Forbes, S., Formisano, A., Fornal, T., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Fowler, C., Fransson, E., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Fridstrom, R., Frigione, D., Fulop, T., Furseman, M., Fusco, V., Futatani, S., Gadariya, D., Gal, K., Galassi, D., Galazka, K., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Galvao, R., Gao, Y., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardener, M., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gatto, R., Gaudio, P., Gear, D., Gebhart, T., Gee, S., Gelfusa, M., George, R., Gerasimov, S. N., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Gherendi, M., Ghezzi, F., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Giacometti, G., Gibson, C., Gibson, K. 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R., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Normanton, R., Noterdaeme, J. -M., Nowak, S., Nunn, E., Nystrom, H., Oberparleiter, M., Obryk, B., O'Callaghan, J., Odupitan, T., Oliver, H. J. C., Olney, R., O'Mullane, M., Organ, E., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Osborne, T., Otin, R., Otsuka, T., Owen, A., Oya, Y., Oyaizu, M., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Packer, L. W., Paige, S., Pajuste, E., Palade, D., Pamela, S. J. P., Panadero, N., Panontin, E., Papadopoulos, A., Papp, G., Papp, P., Parail, V. V., Pardanaud, C., Parisi, J., Parra Diaz, F., Parsloe, A., Parsons, M., Parsons, N., Passeri, M., Patel, A., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Soldan, C. P., Peacock, A., Pearce, M., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pepperell, K., Pereira, R., Pereira, T., Cippo, E. P., Pereslavtsev, P., von Thun, C. P., Pericoli, V., Perry, D., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petrella, N., Peyman, M., Pillon, M., Pinches, S., Pintsuk, G., de Sa, W. P., dos Reis, A. 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C., Siren, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjostrand, H., Skinner, N., Slater, J., Smith, N., Smith, P., Snell, J., Snoep, G., Snoj, L., Snyder, P., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Solokha, V., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Soni, K., Sorokovoy, E., Sos, M., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Spong, D., Sprada, D., Sridhar, S., Srinivasan, C., Stables, G., Staebler, G., Stamatelatos, I., Staniec, P., Stankunas, G., Stead, M., Stefanikova, E., Stephen, A., Stephens, J., Stevenson, P., Stojanov, M., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Strikwerda, S., Strom, P., Stuart, C. I., Studholme, W., Subramani, M., Suchkov, E., Sumida, S., Sun, H. J., Susts, T. E., Svensson, J., Svoboda, J., Sweeney, R., Sytnykov, D., Szabolics, T., Tabia, B., Tadic, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tallargio, A., Tamain, P., Tan, H., Tanaka, K., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taylor, D., Teimane, A. 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R., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R., Waterhouse, J., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Wedderburn Maxwell, H., Weiland, M., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Welch, P., Wendler, N., West, A., Wheatley, M., Wheeler, S., Whitehead, A., Whittaker, D., Widdowson, A., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J. C., Willoughby, D., Wilson, I., Wilson, J., Wilson, T., Wischmeier, M., Wise, P., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D., Wojcik-Gargula, A., Wolfrum, E., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Woodley, R., Woods, B., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yajima, M., Yakovenko, Y., Yang, Y., Yanling, W., Yanovskiy, V., Young, I., Young, R., Zabolockis, R. J., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zakharov, L., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. -D., Zayachuk, Y., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zlobinski, M., Zocco, A., Zohar, A., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zotta, V. K., Zoulias, I., Zwingmann, W., Zychor, I., JET Contributors, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Applied Physics and Science Education, Kazakov, Yo, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, Aalto University, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Aalto-yliopisto

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Settore FIS/01, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, General Physics and Astronomy, simulation, magnetically confined plasma, nuclear fusion, tokamaks, turbulence suppression, Plasma, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], confinement, transport, Alpha particles, Fusion reactors, Turbulence, physics
Abstract

openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion Funding Information: We thank M. Baruzzo and F. Nave for the preparation and execution of JET experiments discussed in this paper; E. de la Luna for support in detailing the experimental diagnostics of JET; A. Ho for assistance in processing the experimental data; T. Görler for providing essential advice to ensure the correct numerical setup for the GENE modelling reported in this paper; Y. Camenen, X. Garbet and A. Bierwage for fruitful discussions about the gyrokinetic analyses; G. Giruzzi for valuable suggestions on the article strategy. The simulations were performed on the IRENE Joliot-Curie HPC system, in the framework of the PRACE projects IONFAST and AFIETC, led by J. Garcia, and on the CINECA Marconi HPC within the project GENE4EP, led by D. Zarzoso. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under grant agreement no. 633053. The views and opinions express herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Part of the work by Ye. O. Kazakov and J.Ongena was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN). Funding Information: We thank M. Baruzzo and F. Nave for the preparation and execution of JET experiments discussed in this paper; E. de la Luna for support in detailing the experimental diagnostics of JET; A. Ho for assistance in processing the experimental data; T. Görler for providing essential advice to ensure the correct numerical setup for the GENE modelling reported in this paper; Y. Camenen, X. Garbet and A. Bierwage for fruitful discussions about the gyrokinetic analyses; G. Giruzzi for valuable suggestions on the article strategy. The simulations were performed on the IRENE Joliot-Curie HPC system, in the framework of the PRACE projects IONFAST and AFIETC, led by J. Garcia, and on the CINECA Marconi HPC within the project GENE4EP, led by D. Zarzoso. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under grant agreement no. 633053. The views and opinions express herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Part of the work by Ye. O. Kazakov and J.Ongena was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN). Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. Alpha particles with energies on the order of megaelectronvolts will be the main source of plasma heating in future magnetic confinement fusion reactors. Instead of heating fuel ions, most of the energy of alpha particles is transferred to electrons in the plasma. Furthermore, alpha particles can also excite Alfvénic instabilities, which were previously considered to be detrimental to the performance of the fusion device. Here we report improved thermal ion confinement in the presence of megaelectronvolts ions and strong fast ion-driven Alfvénic instabilities in recent experiments on the Joint European Torus. Detailed transport analysis of these experiments reveals turbulence suppression through a complex multi-scale mechanism that generates large-scale zonal flows. This holds promise for more economical operation of fusion reactors with dominant alpha particle heating and ultimately cheaper fusion electricity.

Published
2022

68. Pedestal particle balance studies in JET-ILW H-mode plasmas

Author

Horvath, L, Lomanowski, B, Karhunen, J, Maslov, M, Schneider, PA, Simpson, J, Brix, M, Chapman-Oplopoiou, B, Corrigan, G, Frassinetti, L, Groth, M, Lawson, K, Maggi, CF, Menmuir, S, Morales, RB, Moulton, D, Myatra, O, Nina, D, Pereira, T, Refy, DI, Saarelma, S, Vecsei, M, Chiariello, A, Formisano, A, Horvath, L, Lomanowski, B, Karhunen, J, Maslov, M, Schneider, Pa, Simpson, J, Brix, M, Chapman-Oplopoiou, B, Corrigan, G, Frassinetti, L, Groth, M, Lawson, K, Maggi, Cf, Menmuir, S, Morales, Rb, Moulton, D, Myatra, O, Nina, D, Pereira, T, Refy, Di, Saarelma, S, Vecsei, M, Chiariello, A, Formisano, A, JET, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Universidade Lisboa, Center for Energy Research, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and JET Contributors

Subjects
H-mode, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, particle transport, EDGE2D-EIRENE, JET-ILW, fuelling, EIRENE, Condensed Matter Physics, pedestal
Abstract

JET-ILW type I ELMy H-modes at 2.5 MA/2.8 T with constant NBI heating (23 MW) and gas fuelling rate were performed, utilising edge localised mode (ELM) pacing by vertical kicks and plasma shaping (triangularity, δ) as tools to disentangle the effects of ELMs, inter-ELM transport and edge stability on the pedestal particle balance. In agreement with previous studies, the pedestal confinement improves with increasing δ, mostly due to a significant increase in pedestal density while the ELM frequency ( f E L M ) is decreased. Improved pedestal confinement with increasing δ was observed even when the pedestal MHD stability was degraded artificially by vertical kicks, implying that increased triangularity may favourably affect the inter-ELM pedestal recovery. The workflow developed to quantify the pedestal particle balance uses high time-resolution profile reflectometry to characterise the inter-ELM evolution of the plasma particle content ( d N / d t ), the NEO drift-kinetic solver to evaluate the neoclassical fluxes and interpretative EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations to estimate the edge particle source. The edge particle source is then constrained by deuterium Balmer-α line intensity measurements in the main chamber, which are, however, strongly affected by reflections from the metal walls. The reflections are accounted for by the CHERAB code taking the divertor emission (the brightest light source in the torus) distribution from imaging spectroscopy measurements as input. Our analysis shows that in the second half of the ELM cycle, the volume-integrated particle source is larger than d N / d t , indicating that transport plays a key role in the inter-ELM pedestal recovery.

Published
2023

69. Disruption prediction with artificial intelligence techniques in tokamak plasmas

Author

Vega, J, Murari, A, Dormido-Canto, S, Ratta, G, Gelfusa, M, Mailloux, J, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afanasev, V, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alekseev, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amosov, V, Sunden, E, Andrew, P, Angelini, B, Angioni, C, Antoniou, I, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Aria, S, Ariola, M, Artaserse, G, Arter, W, Artigues, V, Asakura, N, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Astrain, M, Asztalos, O, Auld, D, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Aymerich, E, Baciero, A, Bairaktaris, F, Balbin, J, Balbinot, L, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, C, Balshaw, N, Bandaru, V, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barcellona, C, Barnard, A, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barth, A, Baruzzo, M, Barwell, S, Bassan, M, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baumane, L, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Beaumont, P, Beckett, D, Begolli, A, Beidler, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Belli, E, Belli, F, Belonohy, E, Yaala, M, Benayas, J, Bentley, J, Bergsaker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Betar, H, Beurskens, M, Bickerton, S, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Bierwage, A, Biewer, T, Bilato, R, Bilkova, P, Birkenmeier, G, Bishop, H, Bizarro, J, Blackburn, J, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bohm, P, Bohm, T, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonfiglio, D, Bonnin, X, Bonofiglo, P, Boocock, S, Booth, A, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Boyd, K, Bozicevic Mihalic, I, Bradnam, S, Braic, V, Brandt, L, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Brix, M, Bromley, K, Brown, B, Brunetti, D, Buckingham, R, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Burgess, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, de la Cal, E, Calabro, G, Calacci, L, Calado, R, Camenen, Y, Canal, G, Cannas, B, Cappelli, M, Carcangiu, S, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carnevale, D, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casiraghi, I, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catalan, J, Catarino, N, Causa, F, Cavedon, M, Cecconello, M, Challis, C, Chamberlain, B, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, B, Chernyshova, M, Chiariello, A, Chmielewski, P, Chomiczewska, A, Chone, L, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Citrin, J, Ciupinski, T, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colangeli, A, Colas, L, Collins, C, Collins, J, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, B, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, P, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corrigan, G, Coster, D, Cox, P, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crapper, C, Craven, D, Craven, R, Esposito, M, Croci, G, Croft, D, Croitoru, A, Crombe, K, Cronin, T, Cruz, N, Crystal, C, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarski, T, Dabirikhah, H, Dal Molin, A, Dale, E, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, David, P, Davies, A, Davies, S, Davis, G, Dawson, K, Dawson, S, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Dejarnac, R, Del Sarto, D, Delabie, E, Del-Castillo-Negrete, D, Dempsey, A, Dendy, R, Devynck, P, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dickson, T, Dinca, P, Dittmar, T, Dobrashian, J, Doerner, R, Donne, A, Dorling, S, Douai, D, Dowson, S, Doyle, R, Dreval, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Drummond, G, Duckworth, P, Dudding, H, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunatov, T, Dunne, M, Duran, I, Durodie, F, Dux, R, Dvornova, A, Eastham, R, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Eichorn, A, Eidietis, N, Eksaeva, A, El Haroun, H, Ellwood, G, Elsmore, C, Embreus, O, Emery, S, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, B, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Ertmer, S, Esquembri, S, Esquisabel, A, Estrada, T, Evans, G, Evans, S, Fable, E, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falessi, M, Fanni, A, Farahani, A, Farquhar, I, Fasoli, A, Faugeras, B, Fazinie, S, Felici, F, Felton, R, Fernandes, A, Fernandes, H, Ferrand, J, Ferreira, D, Ferreira, J, Ferro, G, Fessey, J, Ficker, O, Field, A, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Fil, N, Finburg, P, Fiorucci, D, Fischer, U, Fishpool, G, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Flinders, K, Foley, S, Fonnesu, N, Fontana, M, Fontdecaba, J, Forbes, S, Formisano, A, Fornal, T, Fortuna, L, Fortuna-Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Fowler, C, Fransson, E, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Fridstrom, R, Frigione, D, Fulop, T, Furseman, M, Fusco, V, Futatani, S, Gadariya, D, Gal, K, Galassi, D, Gafezka, K, Galeani, S, Gallart, D, Galvao, R, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Gardener, M, Garzotti, L, Gaspar, J, Gatto, R, Gaudio, P, Gear, D, Gebhart, T, Gee, S, George, R, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Gherendi, M, Ghezzi, F, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Giacometti, G, Gibson, C, Gibson, K, Gil, L, Gillgren, A, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Giroud, C, Glen, R, Gloggler, S, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborodko, V, Gomes, R, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Goodyear, A, Gore, S, Gorini, G, Gorler, T, Gotts, N, Goulding, R, Gow, E, Graham, B, Graves, J, Greuner, H, Grierson, B, Griffiths, J, Griph, S, Grist, D, Gromelski, W, Groth, M, Grove, R, Gruca, M, Guard, D, Gupta, N, Gurl, C, Gusarov, A, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Hager, R, Hagg, L, Hakola, A, Halitovs, M, Hall, S, Hallworth-Cook, S, Ham, C, Hamaguchi, D, Hamed, M, Hamlyn-Harris, C, Hammond, K, Harford, E, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hatano, Y, Hatch, D, Haupt, T, Hawes, J, Hawkes, N, Hawkins, J, Hayashi, T, Hazael, S, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heidbrink, B, Helou, W, Hemming, O, Henderson, S, Henriques, R, Hepple, D, Herfindal, J, Hermon, G, Hill, J, Hillesheim, J, Hizanidis, K, Hjalmarsson, A, Ho, A, Hobirk, J, Hoenen, O, Hogben, C, Hollingsworth, A, Hollis, S, Hollmann, E, Holzl, M, Homan, B, Hook, M, Hopley, D, Hora:ek, J, Horsley, D, Horsten, N, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Howell, R, Hu, Z, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Huijsmans, G, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iliasova, M, Lmrie, D, Lmrisek, M, Lngleby, J, Innocente, P, Bjork, K, Isernia, N, lvanova-Stanik, I, Lvings, E, Jablonski, S, Jachmich, S, Jackson, T, Jacquet, P, Jarleblad, H, Jaulmes, F, Rodriguez, J, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Jones, C, Jones, G, Jones, L, Jones, N, Jones, T, Joyce, A, Juarez, R, Juvonen, M, Kalnina, P, Kaltiaisenaho, T, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Kashchuk, Y, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Kelly, R, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kennedy, D, Kent, J, Khan, K, Khilkevich, E, Kiefer, C, Kilpelainen, J, Kim, C, Kim, H, Kim, S, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirjasuo, A, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kiviniemi, T, Kizane, G, Klas, M, Klepper, C, Klix, A, Kneale, G, Knight, M, Knight, P, Knights, R, Knipe, S, Knolker, M, Knott, S, Kocan, M, Kochl, F, Kodeli, I, Kolesnichenko, Y, Kominis, Y, Kong, M, Korovin, V, Kos, B, Kos, D, Koslowski, H, Kotschenreuther, M, Koubiti, M, Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E, Koziol, K, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Kresina, M, Krieger, K, Krishnan, N, Krivska, A, Kruezi, U, Ksiezek, I, Kukushkin, A, Kumpulainen, H, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurotaki, H, Kwak, S, Kwon, O, Laguardia, L, Lagzdina, E, Lahtinen, A, Laing, A, Lam, N, Lambertz, H, Lane, B, Lane, C, Neto, E, Laszyriska, E, Lawson, K, Lazaros, A, Lazzaro, E, Learoyd, G, Lee, C, Lee, S, Leerink, S, Leeson, T, Lefebvre, X, Leggate, H, Lehmann, J, Lehnen, M, Leichtle, D, Leipold, F, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Gutierrez, E, Lepiavko, B, Leppanen, J, Lerche, E, Lescinskis, A, Lewis, J, Leysen, W, Li, L, Li, Y, Likonen, J, Linsmeier, C, Lipschultz, B, Litaudon, X, Litherland-Smith, E, Liu, F, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomanowski, B, Lomas, P, Lopez, J, Lorenzini, R, Loreti, S, Losada, U, Loschiavo, V, Loughlin, M, Louka, Z, Lovell, J, Lowe, T, Lowry, C, Lubbad, S, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukin, A, Luna, C, de la Luna, E, Lungaroni, M, Lungu, C, Lunt, T, Lutsenko, V, Lyons, B, Lyssoivan, A, Machielsen, M, Macusova, E, Maenpaa, R, Maggi, C, Maggiora, R, Magness, M, Mahesan, S, Maier, H, Maingi, R, Malinowski, K, Manas, P, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manyer, J, Manzanares, A, Maquet, P, Marceca, G, Marcenko, N, Marchetto, C, Marchuk, O, Mariani, A, Mariano, G, Marin, M, Marinelli, M, Markovic, T, Marocco, D, Marot, L, Marsden, S, Marsh, J, Marshall, R, Martellucci, L, Martin, A, Martone, R, Maruyama, S, Maslov, M, Masuzaki, S, Matejcik, S, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Matveev, D, Matveeva, E, Mauriya, A, Maviglia, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, Mazzi, S, Mazzotta, C, Mcadams, R, Mccarthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mcclenaghan, J, Mccullen, P, Mcdonald, D, Mcguckin, D, Mchugh, D, Mclntyre, G, Mckean, R, Mckehon, J, Mcmillan, B, Mcnamee, L, Mcshee, A, Meakins, A, Medley, S, Meekes, C, Meghani, K, Meigs, A, Meisl, G, Meitner, S, Menmuir, S, Mergia, K, Merriman, S, Mertens, P, Meshchaninov, S, Messiaen, A, Michling, R, Middleton, P, Middleton-Gear, D, Mietelski, J, Milanesio, D, Milani, E, Militello, F, Asp, A, Milnes, J, Milocco, A, Miloshevsky, G, Minghao, C, Minucci, S, Miron, I, Miyamoto, M, Mlynar, J, Moiseenko, V, Monaghan, P, Monakhov, I, Moody, T, Moon, S, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Morales, J, Morales, R, Mordijck, S, Moreira, L, Morgan, L, Moro, F, Morris, J, Morrison, K, Moser, L, Moulton, D, Mrowetz, T, Mundy, T, Muraglia, M, Muraro, A, Muthusonai, N, N'Konga, B, Na, Y, Nabais, F, Naden, M, Naish, J, Naish, R, Napoli, F, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nedzelskiy, I, Nemtsev, G, Nesenevich, V, Nestoras, I, Neu, R, Neverov, V, Ng, S, Nicassio, M, Nielsen, A, Nina, D, Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nobs, C, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Normanton, R, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Nunn, E, Nystrom, H, Oberparleiter, M, Obryk, B, O'Callaghan, J, Odupitan, T, Oliver, H, Olney, R, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Organ, E, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Osborne, T, Otin, R, Otsuka, T, Owen, A, Oya, Y, Oyaizu, M, Paccagnella, R, Pace, N, Packer, L, Paige, S, Pajuste, E, Palade, D, Pamela, S, Panadero, N, Panontin, E, Papadopoulos, A, Papp, G, Papp, P, Parail, V, Pardanaud, C, Parisi, J, Diaz, F, Parsloe, A, Parsons, M, Parsons, N, Passeri, M, Patel, A, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Soldan, C, Peacock, A, Pearce, M, Peluso, E, Penot, C, Pepperell, K, Pereira, R, Pereira, T, Cippo, E, Pereslavtsev, P, Perez von Thun, C, Pericoli, V, Perry, D, Peterka, M, Petersson, P, Petravich, G, Petrella, N, Peyman, M, Pillon, M, Pinches, S, Pintsuk, G, Pires de Sa, W, Pires dos Reis, A, Piron, C, Piron, L, Pironti, A, Pitts, R, van de Plassche, K, Platt, N, Plyusnin, V, Podesta, M, Pokol, G, Poli, F, Pompilian, O, Popovichev, S, Poradzinski, M, Porfiri, M, Porkolab, M, Porosnicu, C, Porton, M, Poulipoulis, G, Predebon, I, Prestopino, G, Price, C, Price, D, Price, M, Primetzhofer, D, Prior, P, Provatas, G, Pucella, G, Puglia, P, Purahoo, K, Pusztai, I, Putignano, O, Putterich, T, Quercia, A, Rachlew, E, Radulescu, G, Radulovic, V, Rainford, M, Raj, P, Ralph, G, Ramogida, G, Rasmussen, D, Rasmussen, J, Ratynskaia, S, Rebai, M, Refy, D, Reichle, R, Reinke, M, Reiser, D, Reux, C, Reynolds, S, Richiusa, M, Richyal, S, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Risner, J, Riva, M, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Roach, C, Robins, R, Robinson, S, Robson, D, Rodionov, R, Rodrigues, P, Ramos, M, Rodriguez-Fernandez, P, Romanelli, F, Romanelli, M, Romanelli, S, Romazanov, J, Rossi, R, Rowe, S, Rowlands, D, Rubel, M, Rubinacci, G, Rubino, G, Ruchko, L, Ruiz, M, Ruiz, J, Ruset, C, Rzadkiewicz, J, Saarelma, S, Safi, E, Sahlberg, A, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Salmon, R, Salzedas, F, Sanders, I, Sandiford, D, Santos, B, Santucci, A, Sarkimaki, K, Sarwar, R, Sarychev, I, Sauter, O, Sauwan, P, Scapin, N, Schluck, F, Schmid, K, Schmuck, S, Schneider, M, Schneider, P, Schworer, D, Scott, G, Scott, M, Scraggs, D, Scully, S, Segato, M, Seo, J, Sergienko, G, Sertoli, M, Sharapov, S, Shaw, A, Sheikh, H, Sheikh, U, Shepherd, A, Shevelev, A, Shigin, P, Shinohara, K, Shiraiwa, S, Shiraki, D, Short, M, Sias, G, Silburn, S, Silva, A, Silva, C, Silva, J, Silvagni, D, Simfukwe, D, Simpson, J, Sinclair, D, Sipila, S, Sips, A, Siren, P, Sirinelli, A, Sjostrand, H, Skinner, N, Slater, J, Smith, N, Smith, P, Snell, J, Snoep, G, Snoj, L, Snyder, P, Soare, S, Solano, E, Solokha, V, Somers, A, Sommariva, C, Soni, K, Sorokovoy, E, Sos, M, Sousa, J, Sozzi, C, Spagnolo, S, Spelzini, T, Spineanu, F, Spong, D, Sprada, D, Sridhar, S, Srinivasan, C, Stables, G, Staebler, G, Stamatelatos, I, Stancar, Z, Staniec, P, Stankunas, G, Stead, M, Stefanikova, E, Stephen, A, Stephens, J, Stevenson, P, Stojanov, M, Strand, P, Strauss, H, Strikwerda, S, Strom, P, Stuart, C, Studholme, W, Subramani, M, Suchkov, E, Sumida, S, Sun, H, Susts, T, Svensson, J, Svoboda, J, Sweeney, R, Sytnykov, D, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, G, Tabia, B, Tadic, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tallargio, A, Tamain, P, Tan, H, Tanaka, K, Tang, W, Tardocchi, M, Taylor, D, Teimane, A, Telesca, G, Teplova, N, Teplukhina, A, Terentyev, D, Terra, A, Terranova, D, Terranova, N, Testa, D, Tholerus, E, Thomas, J, Thoren, E, Thorman, A, Tierens, W, Tinguely, R, Tipton, A, Todd, H, Tokitani, M, Tolias, P, Tomes, M, Tookey, A, Torikai, Y, von Toussaint, U, Tsavalas, P, Tskhakaya, D, Turner, I, Turner, M, Turnyanskiy, M, Tvalashvili, G, Tyrrell, S, Tyshchenko, M, Uccello, A, Udintsev, V, Urbanczyk, G, Vadgama, A, Valcarcel, D, Valisa, M, Olivares, P, Vallhagen, O, Valovic, M, Eester, D, Varje, J, Vartanian, S, Vasilopoulou, T, Vayakis, G, Vecsei, M, Ventre, S, Verdoolaege, G, Verona, C, Rinati, G, Veshchev, E, Vianello, N, Viezzer, E, Vignitchouk, L, Vila, R, Villari, R, Villone, F, Vincenzi, P, Vinyar, I, Viola, B, Virtanen, A, Vitins, A, Vizvary, Z, Vlad, G, Vlad, M, Vondracek, P, de Vries, P, Wakeling, B, Walkden, N, Walker, M, Walker, R, Walsh, M, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warder, S, Warren, R, Waterhouse, J, Watts, C, Wauters, T, Weckmann, A, Maxwell, H, Weiland, M, Weisen, H, Weiszflog, M, Welch, P, Wendler, N, West, A, Wheatley, M, Wheeler, S, Whitehead, A, Whittaker, D, Widdowson, A, Wiesen, S, Wilkinson, J, Williams, J, Willoughby, D, Wilson, I, Wilson, J, Wilson, T, Wischmeier, M, Wise, P, Withenshaw, G, Withycombe, A, Witts, D, Wojcik-Gargula, A, Wolfrum, E, Wood, R, Woodley, C, Woodley, R, Woods, B, Wright, J, Xu, T, Yadikin, D, Yajima, M, Yakovenko, Y, Yang, Y, Yanling, W, Yanovskiy, V, Young, I, Young, R, Zabolockis, R, Zacks, J, Zagorski, R, Zaitsev, F, Zakharov, L, Zarins, A, Fernandez, D, Zastrow, K, Zayachuk, Y, Zerbini, M, Zhang, W, Zhou, Y, Zlobinski, M, Zocco, A, Zohar, A, Zoita, V, Zoletnik, S, Zotta, V, Zoulias, I, Zwingmann, W, Zychor, I, Vega J., Murari A., Dormido-Canto S., Ratta G. A., Gelfusa M., Mailloux J., Abid N., Abraham K., Abreu P., Adabonyan O., Adrich P., Afanasev V., Afzal M., Ahlgren T., Aho-Mantila L., Aiba N., Airila M., Akhtar M., Albanese R., Alderson-Martin M., Alegre D., Aleiferis S., Aleksa A., Alekseev A. G., Alessi E., Aleynikov P., Algualcil J., Ali M., Allinson M., Alper B., Alves E., Ambrosino G., Ambrosino R., Amosov V., Sunden E. A., Andrew P., Angelini B. M., Angioni C., Antoniou I., Appel L. C., Appelbee C., Aria S., Ariola M., Artaserse G., Arter W., Artigues V., Asakura N., Ash A., Ashikawa N., Aslanyan V., Astrain M., Asztalos O., Auld D., Auriemma F., Austin Y., Avotina L., Aymerich E., Baciero A., Bairaktaris F., Balbin J., Balbinot L., Balboa I., Balden M., Balshaw C., Balshaw N., Bandaru V. K., Banks J., Baranov Y. F., Barcellona C., Barnard A., Barnard M., Barnsley R., Barth A., Baruzzo M., Barwell S., Bassan M., Batista A., Batistoni P., Baumane L., Bauvir B., Baylor L., Beaumont P. S., Beckett D., Begolli A., Beidler M., Bekris N., Beldishevski M., Belli E., Belli F., Belonohy E., Yaala M. B., Benayas J., Bentley J., Bergsaker H., Bernardo J., Bernert M., Berry M., Bertalot L., Betar H., Beurskens M., Bickerton S., Bieg B., Bielecki J., Bierwage A., Biewer T., Bilato R., Bilkova P., Birkenmeier G., Bishop H., Bizarro J. P. S., Blackburn J., Blanchard P., Blatchford P., Bobkov V., Boboc A., Bohm P., Bohm T., Bolshakova I., Bolzonella T., Bonanomi N., Bonfiglio D., Bonnin X., Bonofiglo P., Boocock S., Booth A., Booth J., Borba D., Borodin D., Borodkina I., Boulbe C., Bourdelle C., Bowden M., Boyd K., Bozicevic Mihalic I., Bradnam S. C., Braic V., Brandt L., Bravanec R., Breizman B., Brett A., Brezinsek S., Brix M., Bromley K., Brown B., Brunetti D., Buckingham R., Buckley M., Budny R., Buermans J., Bufferand H., Buratti P., Burgess A., Buscarino A., Busse A., Butcher D., de la Cal E., Calabro G., Calacci L., Calado R., Camenen Y., Canal G., Cannas B., Cappelli M., Carcangiu S., Card P., Cardinali A., Carman P., Carnevale D., Carr M., Carralero D., Carraro L., Carvalho I. S., Carvalho P., Casiraghi I., Casson F. J., Castaldo C., Catalan J. P., Catarino N., Causa F., Cavedon M., Cecconello M., Challis C. D., Chamberlain B., Chang C. S., Chankin A., Chapman B., Chernyshova M., Chiariello A., Chmielewski P., Chomiczewska A., Chone L., Ciraolo G., Ciric D., Citrin J., Ciupinski T., Clark M., Clarkson R., Clements C., Cleverly M., Coad J. P., Coates P., Cobalt A., Coccorese V., Coelho R., Coenen J. W., Coffey I. H., Colangeli A., Colas L., Collins C., Collins J., Collins S., Conka D., Conroy S., Conway B., Conway N. J., Coombs D., Cooper P., Cooper S., Corradino C., Corrigan G., Coster D., Cox P., Craciunescu T., Cramp S., Crapper C., Craven D., Craven R., Esposito M. C., Croci G., Croft D., Croitoru A., Crombe K., Cronin T., Cruz N., Crystal C., Cseh G., Cufar A., Cullen A., Curuia M., Czarski T., Dabirikhah H., Dal Molin A., Dale E., Dalgliesh P., Dalley S., Dankowski J., David P., Davies A., Davies S., Davis G., Dawson K., Dawson S., Day I. E., De Bock M., De Temmerman G., De Tommasi G., Deakin K., Deane J., Dejarnac R., Del Sarto D., Delabie E., Del-Castillo-Negrete D., Dempsey A., Dendy R. O., Devynck P., Di Siena A., Di Troia C., Dickson T., Dinca P., Dittmar T., Dobrashian J., Doerner R. P., Donne A. J. 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A., Huynh P., Hynes A., Iliasova M., lmrie D., lmrisek M., lngleby J., Innocente P., Bjork K. I., Isernia N., lvanova-Stanik I., lvings E., Jablonski S., Jachmich S., Jackson T., Jacquet P., Jarleblad H., Jaulmes F., Rodriguez J. J., Jepu I., Joffrin E., Johnson R., Johnson T., Johnston J., Jones C., Jones G., Jones L., Jones N., Jones T., Joyce A., Juarez R., Juvonen M., Kalnina P., Kaltiaisenaho T., Kaniewski J., Kantor A., Kappatou A., Karhunen J., Karkinsky D., Kashchuk Y., Kaufman M., Kaveney G., Kazakov Y. E. O., Kazantzidis V., Keeling D. L., Kelly R., Kempenaars M., Kennedy C., Kennedy D., Kent J., Khan K., Khilkevich E., Kiefer C., Kilpelainen J., Kim C., Kim H. -T., Kim S. H., King D. B., King R., Kinna D., Kiptily V. G., Kirjasuo A., Kirov K. K., Kirschner A., kiviniemi T., Kizane G., Klas M., Klepper C., Klix A., Kneale G., Knight M., Knight P., Knights R., Knipe S., Knolker M., Knott S., Kocan M., Kochl F., Kodeli I., Kolesnichenko Y., Kominis Y., Kong M., Korovin V., Kos B., Kos D., Koslowski H. R., Kotschenreuther M., Koubiti M., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk E., Koziol K., Krasilnikov A., Krasilnikov V., Kresina M., Krieger K., Krishnan N., Krivska A., Kruezi U., Ksiezek I., Kukushkin A. B., Kumpulainen H., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurotaki H., Kwak S., Kwon O. J., Laguardia L., Lagzdina E., Lahtinen A., Laing A., Lam N., Lambertz H. T., Lane B., Lane C., Neto E. L., Laszyriska E., Lawson K. D., Lazaros A., Lazzaro E., Learoyd G., Lee C., Lee S. E., Leerink S., Leeson T., Lefebvre X., Leggate H. J., Lehmann J., Lehnen M., Leichtle D., Leipold F., Lengar I., Lennholm M., Gutierrez E. 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F., Matveev D., Matveeva E., Mauriya A., Maviglia F., Mayer M., Mayoral M. -L., Mazzi S., Mazzotta C., McAdams R., McCarthy P. J., McClements K. G., McClenaghan J., McCullen P., McDonald D. C., McGuckin D., McHugh D., Mclntyre G., McKean R., McKehon J., McMillan B., McNamee L., McShee A., Meakins A., Medley S., Meekes C. J., Meghani K., Meigs A. G., Meisl G., Meitner S., Menmuir S., Mergia K., Merriman S., Mertens P., Meshchaninov S., Messiaen A., Michling R., Middleton P., Middleton-Gear D., Mietelski J., Milanesio D., Milani E., Militello F., Asp A. M., Milnes J., Milocco A., Miloshevsky G., Minghao C., Minucci S., Miron I., Miyamoto M., Mlynar J., Moiseenko V., Monaghan P., Monakhov I., Moody T., Moon S., Mooney R., Moradi S., Morales J., Morales R. 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Abstract

In nuclear fusion reactors, plasmas are heated to very high temperatures of more than 100 million kelvin and, in so-called tokamaks, they are confined by magnetic fields in the shape of a torus. Light nuclei, such as deuterium and tritium, undergo a fusion reaction that releases energy, making fusion a promising option for a sustainable and clean energy source. Tokamak plasmas, however, are prone to disruptions as a result of a sudden collapse of the system terminating the fusion reactions. As disruptions lead to an abrupt loss of confinement, they can cause irreversible damage to present-day fusion devices and are expected to have a more devastating effect in future devices. Disruptions expected in the next-generation tokamak, ITER, for example, could cause electromagnetic forces larger than the weight of an Airbus A380. Furthermore, the thermal loads in such an event could exceed the melting threshold of the most resistant state-of-the-art materials by more than an order of magnitude. To prevent disruptions or at least mitigate their detrimental effects, empirical models obtained with artificial intelligence methods, of which an overview is given here, are commonly employed to predict their occurrence—and ideally give enough time to introduce counteracting measures.

Published
2022

70. Enhanced performance in fusion plasmas through turbulence suppression by megaelectronvolt ions

Author

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R., Ruset C., Rzadkiewicz J., Saarelma S., Safi E., Salewski M., Salmi A., Salmon R., Salzedas F., Sanders I., Sandiford D., Santos B., Santucci A., Sarkimaki K., Sarwar R., Sarychev I., Sauter O., Sauwan P., Scapin N., Schluck F., Schmid K., Schmuck S., Schneider M., Schneider P. A., Schworer D., Scott G., Scott M., Scraggs D., Scully S., Segato M., Seo J., Sergienko G., Sertoli M., Sharapov S. E., Shaw A., Sheikh H., Sheikh U., Shepherd A., Shigin P., Shinohara K., Shiraiwa S., Shiraki D., Short M., Sias G., Silburn S. A., Silva A., Silva C., Silva J., Silvagni D., Simfukwe D., Simpson J., Sinclair D., Sipila S. K., Sips A. C. C., Siren P., Sirinelli A., Sjostrand H., Skinner N., Slater J., Smith N., Smith P., Snell J., Snoep G., Snoj L., Snyder P., Soare S., Solano E. 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M., Turnyanskiy M., Tvalashvili G., Tyrrell S., Tyshchenko M., Uccello A., Udintsev V., Urbanczyk G., Vadgama A., Valcarcel D., Valisa M., Vallejos Olivares P., Vallhagen O., Valovic M., Van Eester D., Varje J., Vartanian S., Vasilopoulou T., Vayakis G., Vecsei M., Vega J., Ventre S., Verdoolaege G., Verona C., Rinati G. V., Veshchev E., Vianello N., Viezzer E., Vignitchouk L., Vila R., Villari R., Villone F., Vincenzi P., Viola B., Virtanen A. J., Vitins A., Vizvary Z., Vlad G., Vlad M., Vondracek P., de Vries P., Wakeling B., Walkden N. R., Walker M., Walker R., Walsh M., Wang E., Wang N., Warder S., Warren R., Waterhouse J., Watts C., Wauters T., Weckmann A., Wedderburn Maxwell H., Weiland M., Weisen H., Weiszflog M., Welch P., Wendler N., West A., Wheatley M., Wheeler S., Whitehead A., Whittaker D., Widdowson A., Wiesen S., Wilkinson J., Williams J. 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Abstract

Alpha particles with energies on the order of megaelectronvolts will be the main source of plasma heating in future magnetic confinement fusion reactors. Instead of heating fuel ions, most of the energy of alpha particles is transferred to electrons in the plasma. Furthermore, alpha particles can also excite Alfvénic instabilities, which were previously considered to be detrimental to the performance of the fusion device. Here we report improved thermal ion confinement in the presence of megaelectronvolts ions and strong fast ion-driven Alfvénic instabilities in recent experiments on the Joint European Torus. Detailed transport analysis of these experiments reveals turbulence suppression through a complex multi-scale mechanism that generates large-scale zonal flows. This holds promise for more economical operation of fusion reactors with dominant alpha particle heating and ultimately cheaper fusion electricity.

Published
2022

71. The dependence of confinement on the isotope mass in the core and the edge of AUG and JET-ILW H-mode plasmas

Author

Schneider, P, Angioni, C, Frassinetti, L, Horvath, L, Maslov, M, Auriemma, F, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Delabie, E, Dunne, M, Climent, J, Hobirk, J, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, Kurzan, B, Lennholm, M, Lomanowski, B, Maggi, C, Mcdermott, R, Putterich, T, Thorman, A, Willensdorfer, M, Schneider P. A., Angioni C., Frassinetti L., Horvath L., Maslov M., Auriemma F., Cavedon M., Challis C. D., Delabie E., Dunne M. G., Climent J. M. F., Hobirk J., Kappatou A., Keeling D. L., Kurzan B., Lennholm M., Lomanowski B., Maggi C. F., McDermott R. M., Putterich T., Thorman A., Willensdorfer M., Schneider, P, Angioni, C, Frassinetti, L, Horvath, L, Maslov, M, Auriemma, F, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Delabie, E, Dunne, M, Climent, J, Hobirk, J, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, Kurzan, B, Lennholm, M, Lomanowski, B, Maggi, C, Mcdermott, R, Putterich, T, Thorman, A, Willensdorfer, M, Schneider P. A., Angioni C., Frassinetti L., Horvath L., Maslov M., Auriemma F., Cavedon M., Challis C. D., Delabie E., Dunne M. G., Climent J. M. F., Hobirk J., Kappatou A., Keeling D. L., Kurzan B., Lennholm M., Lomanowski B., Maggi C. F., McDermott R. M., Putterich T., Thorman A., and Willensdorfer M.

Abstract

Experiments in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and JET with the ITER-like wall (JET-ILW) are performed to separate the pedestal and core contributions to confinement in H-modes with different main ion masses. A strong isotope mass dependence in the pedestal is found which is enhanced at high gas puffing. This is because the ELM type changes when going from D to H for matched engineering parameters, which is likely due to differences in the inter ELM transport with isotope mass. The pedestal can be matched in H and D plasmas by varying only the triangularity and keeping the engineering parameters relevant for core transport the same. With matched pedestals Astra/TGLF (Sat1geo) core transport simulations predict the experimental profiles equally well for H and D. These core transport simulations show a negligible mass dependence and no gyro-Bohm scaling is observed. However, to match the experimental observations at medium ß it is required to take the fast-ion dilution and rotation into account. This is not enough for high ß plasmas where for the first time a profile match between H and D plasmas was achieved experimentally. Under these conditions quasilinear modelling with TGLF over predicts the transport in the core of H and D plasmas alike.

Published
2022

74. Analytical and MonteCarlo approaches to infer the total gamma ray emission from the JET tokamak

Author

Marcer, G., primary, Zohar, A., additional, Dal Molin, A., additional, Rigamonti, D., additional, Rebai, M., additional, Nocente, M., additional, Panontin, E., additional, Croci, G., additional, Gorini, G., additional, Grosso, G., additional, Muraro, A., additional, Perelli Cippo, E., additional, Putignano, O., additional, de la Luna, E., additional, Ghani, Z., additional, Conroy, S., additional, Garcia, J., additional, Kazakov, Y., additional, Kiptily, V., additional, Maslov, M., additional, Nave, M.F.F., additional, Ongena, J., additional, and Tardocchi, M., additional

Published
2023
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75. Pedestal particle balance studies in JET-ILW H-mode plasmas

Author

Horvath, L, primary, Lomanowski, B, additional, Karhunen, J, additional, Maslov, M, additional, Schneider, P A, additional, Simpson, J, additional, Brix, M, additional, Chapman-Oplopoiou, B, additional, Corrigan, G, additional, Frassinetti, L, additional, Groth, M, additional, Lawson, K, additional, Maggi, C F, additional, Menmuir, S, additional, Morales, R B, additional, Moulton, D, additional, Myatra, O, additional, Nina, D, additional, Pereira, T, additional, Réfy, D I, additional, Saarelma, S, additional, and Vécsei, M, additional

Published
2023
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77. Characterisation of divertor detachment onset in JET-ILW hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and deuterium–tritium low-confinement mode plasmas

Author

Groth, M., primary, Solokha, V., additional, Aleiferis, S., additional, Brezinsek, S., additional, Brix, M., additional, Carvalho, I.S., additional, Carvalho, P., additional, Corrigan, G., additional, Harting, D., additional, Horsten, N., additional, Jepu, I., additional, Karhunen, J., additional, Kirov, K., additional, Lomanowski, B., additional, Lawson, K.D., additional, Lowry, C., additional, Meigs, A.G., additional, Menmuir, S., additional, Pawelec, E., additional, Pereira, T., additional, Shaw, A., additional, Silburn, S., additional, Thomas, B., additional, Wiesen, S., additional, Börner, P., additional, Borodin, D., additional, Jachmich, S., additional, Reiter, D., additional, Sergienko, G., additional, Stancar, Z., additional, Viola, B., additional, Beaumont, P., additional, Bernardo, J., additional, Coffey, I., additional, Conway, N.J., additional, de la Luna, E., additional, Douai, D., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Hillesheim, J., additional, Horvath, L., additional, Huber, A., additional, Lomas, P., additional, Maggi, C.F., additional, Maslov, M., additional, Perez von Thun, C., additional, Scully, S., additional, Vianello, N., additional, and Wischmeier, M., additional

Published
2023
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78. The JET hybrid scenario in Deuterium, Tritium and Deuterium-Tritium

Author

Hobirk, J., Challis, C. D., Kappatou, A., Lerche, E., Keeling, D., King, D., Aleiferis, S., Alessi, E., Angioni, C., Auriemma, F., Baruzzo, M., Belonohy, E., Bernardo, J., Boboc, A., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Chomiczewska, A., Citrin, J., Coffey, I. H., Conway, N. J., Douai, D., Delabie, E., Eriksson, Benjamin, Eriksson, Jacob, Ficker, O., Field, A. R., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J. M., Frassinetti, L., Frigione, D., Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Gelfusa, M., Ghani, Z., Giacomelli, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Goniche, M., Gromelski, W., Hacquin, S., Ham, C., Hawkes, N. C., Henriques, R. B., Hillesheim, J. C., Ho, A., Horvath, L., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacquet, P., Jaulmes, F., Joffrin, E., Kim, H. T., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Kumpulainen, H., Lawson, K., Lennholm, M., Litaudon, X., Litherland-Smith, E., Lomas, P. J., de la Luna, E., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M. J., Maslov, M., Matthews, G., Mcclements, K. G., Meigs, A. G., Menmuir, S., Milocco, A., Miron, I. G., Moradi, S., Morales, R. B., Nowak, S., Orsitto, F., Patel, A., Piron, L., Prince, C., Pucella, G., Peluso, E., von Thun, C. Perez, Rachlew, E., Reux, C., Rimini, F., Saarelma, S., Schneider, P. A., Scully, S., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S., Shaw, A., Silburn, S., Sips, A., Siren, P., Sozzi, C., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., Stankunas, G., Stuart, C., Sun, H. J., Szepesi, G., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Verdoolaege, G., Viola, B., Wendler, N., Zerbini, M., Hobirk, J., Challis, C. D., Kappatou, A., Lerche, E., Keeling, D., King, D., Aleiferis, S., Alessi, E., Angioni, C., Auriemma, F., Baruzzo, M., Belonohy, E., Bernardo, J., Boboc, A., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Chomiczewska, A., Citrin, J., Coffey, I. H., Conway, N. J., Douai, D., Delabie, E., Eriksson, Benjamin, Eriksson, Jacob, Ficker, O., Field, A. R., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J. M., Frassinetti, L., Frigione, D., Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Gelfusa, M., Ghani, Z., Giacomelli, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Goniche, M., Gromelski, W., Hacquin, S., Ham, C., Hawkes, N. C., Henriques, R. B., Hillesheim, J. C., Ho, A., Horvath, L., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacquet, P., Jaulmes, F., Joffrin, E., Kim, H. T., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Kumpulainen, H., Lawson, K., Lennholm, M., Litaudon, X., Litherland-Smith, E., Lomas, P. J., de la Luna, E., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M. J., Maslov, M., Matthews, G., Mcclements, K. G., Meigs, A. G., Menmuir, S., Milocco, A., Miron, I. G., Moradi, S., Morales, R. B., Nowak, S., Orsitto, F., Patel, A., Piron, L., Prince, C., Pucella, G., Peluso, E., von Thun, C. Perez, Rachlew, E., Reux, C., Rimini, F., Saarelma, S., Schneider, P. A., Scully, S., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S., Shaw, A., Silburn, S., Sips, A., Siren, P., Sozzi, C., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., Stankunas, G., Stuart, C., Sun, H. J., Szepesi, G., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Verdoolaege, G., Viola, B., Wendler, N., and Zerbini, M.

Abstract

The JET hybrid scenario has been developed from low plasma current carbon wall discharges to the record-breaking Deuterium-Tritium plasmas obtained in 2021 with the ITER-like Be/W wall. The development started in pure Deuterium with refinement of the plasma current, and toroidal magnetic field choices and succeeded in solving the heat load challenges arising from 37 MW of injected power in the ITER like wall environment, keeping the radiation in the edge and core controlled, avoiding MHD instabilities and reaching high neutron rates. The Deuterium hybrid plasmas have been re-run in Tritium and methods have been found to keep the radiation controlled but not at high fusion performance probably due to time constraints. For the first time this scenario has been run in Deuterium-Tritium (50:50). These plasmas were re-optimised to have a radiation-stable H-mode entry phase, good impurity control through edge Ti gradient screening and optimised performance with fusion power exceeding 10 MW for longer than three alpha particle slow down times, 8.3 MW averaged over 5 s and fusion energy of 45.8 MJ.

Published
2023
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79. JET D-T scenario with optimized non-thermal fusion

Author

Maslov, M., Lerche, E., Auriemma, F., Belli, E., Bourdelle, C., Challis, C. D., Chomiczewska, A., Dal Molin, A., Eriksson, Jacob, Garcia, J., Hobirk, J., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacquet, Ph., Kappatou, A., Kazakov, Y., Keeling, D. L., King, D. B., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Lorenzini, R., de la Luna, E., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Mantica, P., Marin, M., Matthews, G., Monakhov, I., Nocente, M., Pucella, G., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., Stankunas, G., Sun, H., Tardocchi, M., Van Eester, D., Maslov, M., Lerche, E., Auriemma, F., Belli, E., Bourdelle, C., Challis, C. D., Chomiczewska, A., Dal Molin, A., Eriksson, Jacob, Garcia, J., Hobirk, J., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacquet, Ph., Kappatou, A., Kazakov, Y., Keeling, D. L., King, D. B., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Lorenzini, R., de la Luna, E., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Mantica, P., Marin, M., Matthews, G., Monakhov, I., Nocente, M., Pucella, G., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., Stankunas, G., Sun, H., Tardocchi, M., and Van Eester, D.

Abstract

In JET deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas, the fusion power is produced through thermonuclear reactions and reactions between thermal ions and fast particles generated by neutral beam injection (NBI) heating or accelerated by electromagnetic wave heating in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRFs). To complement the experiments with 50/50 D/T mixtures maximizing thermonuclear reactivity, a scenario with dominant non-thermal reactivity has been developed and successfully demonstrated during the second JET deuterium-tritium campaign DTE2, as it was predicted to generate the highest fusion power in JET with a Be/W wall. It was performed in a 15/85 D/T mixture with pure D-NBI heating combined with ICRF heating at the fundamental deuterium resonance. In steady plasma conditions, a record 59 MJ of fusion energy has been achieved in a single pulse, of which 50.5 MJ were produced in a 5 s time window (P fus = 10.1 MW) with average Q = 0.33, confirming predictive modelling in preparation of the experiment. The highest fusion power in these experiments, P fus = 12.5 MW with average Q = 0.38, was achieved over a shorter 2 s time window, with the period of sustainment limited by high-Z impurity accumulation. This scenario provides unique data for the validation of physics-based models used to predict D-T fusion power.

Published
2023
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80. Experiments in high-performance JET plasmas in preparation of second harmonic ICRF heating of tritium in ITER

Author

Mantsinen, M. J., Jacquet, P., Lerche, E., Gallart, D., Kirov, K., Mantica, P., Taylor, D., Van Eester, D., Baruzzo, M., Carvalho, I., Challis, C. D., Dal Molin, A., Delabie, E., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Eriksson, Jacob, Frigione, D., Garcia, J., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Henriques, R., Hobirk, J., Kappatou, A., Kazakov, Y., Keeling, D., King, D., Kiptily, V., Lennholm, M., Lomas, P., Lowry, C., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Maslov, M., Menmuir, S., Monakhov, I., Morales, R. B., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Patel, A., Pucella, G., Reux, C., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F., Sheikh, A., Silburn, S., Siren, P., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., Tardocchi, M., Mantsinen, M. J., Jacquet, P., Lerche, E., Gallart, D., Kirov, K., Mantica, P., Taylor, D., Van Eester, D., Baruzzo, M., Carvalho, I., Challis, C. D., Dal Molin, A., Delabie, E., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Eriksson, Jacob, Frigione, D., Garcia, J., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Henriques, R., Hobirk, J., Kappatou, A., Kazakov, Y., Keeling, D., King, D., Kiptily, V., Lennholm, M., Lomas, P., Lowry, C., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Maslov, M., Menmuir, S., Monakhov, I., Morales, R. B., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Patel, A., Pucella, G., Reux, C., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F., Sheikh, A., Silburn, S., Siren, P., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., and Tardocchi, M.

Abstract

The reference ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) heating schemes for ITER deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas at the full magnetic field of 5.3 T are second harmonic heating of T and 3He minority heating. The wave-particle resonance location for these schemes coincide and are central at a wave frequency of 53 MHz at 5.3 T. Experiments have been carried out in the second major D-T campaign (DTE2) at JET, and in its prior D campaigns, to integrate these ICRF scenarios in JET high-performance plasmas and to compare their performance with the commonly used hydrogen (H) minority heating. In 50:50 D:T plasmas, up to 35% and 5% larger fusion power and diamagnetic energy content, respectively, were obtained with second harmonic heating of T as compared to H minority heating at comparable total input powers and gas injection rates. The core ion temperature was up to 30% and 20% higher with second harmonic T and 3He minority heating, respectively, with respect to H minority heating. These are favourable results for the use of these scenarios in ITER and future fusion reactors. According to modelling, adding ICRF heating to neutral beam injection using D and T beams resulted in a 10%-20% increase of on-axis bulk ion heating in the D-T plasmas due to its localisation in the plasma core. Central power deposition was confirmed with the break-in-slope and fast Fourier transform analysis of ion and electron temperature in response to ICRF modulation. The tail temperature of fast ICRF-accelerated tritons, their enhancement of the fusion yield and time behaviour as measured by an upgraded magnetic proton recoil spectrometer and neutral particle analyser were found in agreement with theoretical predictions. No losses of ICRF-accelerated ions were observed by fast ion detectors, which was as expected given the high plasma density of n e approximate to 7-8 x 1019 m-3 in the main heating phase that limited the formation of ICRF-accelerated fast ion tails. 3He was introduced in the mach

Published
2023
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81. Validation of D-T fusion power prediction capability against 2021 JET D-T experiments

Author

Kim, H, Auriemma, F, Ferreira, J, Gabriellini, S, Ho, A, Huynh, P, Kirov, K, Lorenzini, R, Marin, M, Poradzinski, M, Shi, N, Staebler, G, Stancar, Z, Stankunas, G, Zotta, V, Belli, E, Casson, F, Challis, C, Citrin, J, van Eester, D, Fransson, E, Gallart, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Gatto, R, Hobirk, J, Kappatou, A, Lerche, E, Ludvig-Osipov, A, Maggi, C, Maslov, M, Nocente, M, Sharma, R, Di Siena, A, Strand, P, Tholerus, E, Yadykin, D, Kim, HT, Ho, AR, Zotta, VK, Casson, FJ, Kim, H, Auriemma, F, Ferreira, J, Gabriellini, S, Ho, A, Huynh, P, Kirov, K, Lorenzini, R, Marin, M, Poradzinski, M, Shi, N, Staebler, G, Stancar, Z, Stankunas, G, Zotta, V, Belli, E, Casson, F, Challis, C, Citrin, J, van Eester, D, Fransson, E, Gallart, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Gatto, R, Hobirk, J, Kappatou, A, Lerche, E, Ludvig-Osipov, A, Maggi, C, Maslov, M, Nocente, M, Sharma, R, Di Siena, A, Strand, P, Tholerus, E, Yadykin, D, Kim, HT, Ho, AR, Zotta, VK, and Casson, FJ

Abstract

JET experiments using the fuel mixture envisaged for fusion power plants, deuterium and tritium (D-T), provide a unique opportunity to validate existing D-T fusion power prediction capabilities in support of future device design and operation preparation. The 2021 JET D-T experimental campaign has achieved D-T fusion powers sustained over 5 s in ITER-relevant conditions i.e. operation with the baseline or hybrid scenario in the full metallic wall. In preparation of the 2021 JET D-T experimental campaign, extensive D-T predictive modelling was carried out with several assumptions based on D discharges. To improve the validity of ITER D-T predictive modelling in the future, it is important to use the input data measured from 2021 JET D-T discharges in the present core predictive modelling, and to specify the accuracy of the D-T fusion power prediction in comparison with the experiments. This paper reports on the validation of the core integrated modelling with TRANSP, JINTRAC, and ETS coupled with a quasilinear turbulent transport model (Trapped Gyro Landau Fluid or QualLiKiz) against the measured data in 2021 JET D-T discharges. Detailed simulation settings and the heating and transport models used are described. The D-T fusion power calculated with the interpretive TRANSP runs for 38 D-T discharges (12 baseline and 26 hybrid discharges) reproduced the measured values within 20 % . This indicates the additional uncertainties, that could result from the measurement error bars in kinetic profiles, impurity contents and neutron rates, and also from the beam-thermal fusion reaction modelling, are less than 20 % in total. The good statistical agreement confirms that we have the capability to accurately calculate the D-T fusion power if correct kinetic profiles are predicted, and indicates that any larger deviation of the D-T fusion power prediction from the measured fusion power could be attributed to the deviation of the predicted kinetic profiles from the measured kinet

Published
2023

82. Overview of interpretive modelling of fusion performance in JET DTE2 discharges with TRANSP

Author

Stancar, Z, Kirov, K, Auriemma, F, Kim, H, Poradzinski, M, Sharma, R, Lorenzini, R, Ghani, Z, Gorelenkova, M, Poli, F, Boboc, A, Brezinsek, S, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Challis, C, Delabie, E, Van Eester, D, Fitzgerald, M, Fontdecaba, J, Gallart, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Giroud, C, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, King, D, Kiptily, V, Kos, D, Lerche, E, Litherland-Smith, E, Maggi, C, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Nocente, M, Oliver, H, Sharapov, S, Sirén, P, Solano, E, Sun, H, Szepesi, G, Kirov, KK, Kim, HT, Casson, FJ, Challis, CD, Fontdecaba, JM, Kazakov, YO, King, DB, Kiptily, VG, Maggi, CF, Mantsinen, MJ, Oliver, HJC, Sharapov, SE, Solano, ER, Stancar, Z, Kirov, K, Auriemma, F, Kim, H, Poradzinski, M, Sharma, R, Lorenzini, R, Ghani, Z, Gorelenkova, M, Poli, F, Boboc, A, Brezinsek, S, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Challis, C, Delabie, E, Van Eester, D, Fitzgerald, M, Fontdecaba, J, Gallart, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Giroud, C, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, King, D, Kiptily, V, Kos, D, Lerche, E, Litherland-Smith, E, Maggi, C, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Nocente, M, Oliver, H, Sharapov, S, Sirén, P, Solano, E, Sun, H, Szepesi, G, Kirov, KK, Kim, HT, Casson, FJ, Challis, CD, Fontdecaba, JM, Kazakov, YO, King, DB, Kiptily, VG, Maggi, CF, Mantsinen, MJ, Oliver, HJC, Sharapov, SE, and Solano, ER

Abstract

In the paper we present an overview of interpretive modelling of a database of JET-ILW 2021 D-T discharges using the TRANSP code. The main aim is to assess our capability of computationally reproducing the fusion performance of various D-T plasma scenarios using different external heating and D-T mixtures, and to understand the performance driving mechanisms. We find that interpretive simulations confirm a general power-law relationship between increasing external heating power and fusion output, which is supported by absolutely calibrated neutron yield measurements. A comparison of measured and computed D-T neutron rates shows that the calculations' discrepancy depends on the absolute neutron yield. The calculations are found to agree well with measurements for higher performing discharges with external heating power above similar to 20 MW , while low-neutron shots display an average discrepancy of around +40% compared to measured neutron yields. A similar trend is found for the ratio between thermal and beam-target fusion, where larger discrepancies are seen in shots with dominant beam-driven performance. We compare the observations to studies of JET-ILW D discharges, to find that on average the fusion performance is well modelled over a range of heating power, although an increased unsystematic deviation for lower-performing shots is observed. The ratio between thermal and beam-induced D-T fusion is found to be increasing weakly with growing external heating power, with a maximum value of greater than or similar to 1 achieved in a baseline scenario experiment. An evaluation of the fusion power computational uncertainty shows a strong dependence on the plasma scenario type and fusion drive characteristics, varying between +/- 25% and 35%. D-T fusion alpha simulations show that the ratio between volume-integrated electron and ion heating from alphas is less than or similar to 10 for the majority of analysed discharges. Alphas are computed to contribute between simi

Published
2023

83. JET D-T scenario with optimized non-thermal fusion

Author

Maslov, M, Lerche, E, Auriemma, F, Belli, E, Bourdelle, C, Challis, C, Chomiczewska, A, Dal Molin, A, Eriksson, J, Garcia, J, Hobirk, J, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacquet, P, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, Keeling, D, King, D, Kiptily, V, Kirov, K, Kos, D, Lorenzini, R, de la Luna, E, Maggi, C, Mailloux, J, Mantica, P, Marin, M, Matthews, G, Monakhov, I, Nocente, M, Pucella, G, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Solano, E, Stancar, Z, Stankunas, G, Sun, H, Tardocchi, M, Van Eester, D, Challis, CD, Keeling, DL, King, DB, Maggi, CF, Solano, ER, Maslov, M, Lerche, E, Auriemma, F, Belli, E, Bourdelle, C, Challis, C, Chomiczewska, A, Dal Molin, A, Eriksson, J, Garcia, J, Hobirk, J, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacquet, P, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, Keeling, D, King, D, Kiptily, V, Kirov, K, Kos, D, Lorenzini, R, de la Luna, E, Maggi, C, Mailloux, J, Mantica, P, Marin, M, Matthews, G, Monakhov, I, Nocente, M, Pucella, G, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Solano, E, Stancar, Z, Stankunas, G, Sun, H, Tardocchi, M, Van Eester, D, Challis, CD, Keeling, DL, King, DB, Maggi, CF, and Solano, ER

Abstract

In JET deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas, the fusion power is produced through thermonuclear reactions and reactions between thermal ions and fast particles generated by neutral beam injection (NBI) heating or accelerated by electromagnetic wave heating in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRFs). To complement the experiments with 50/50 D/T mixtures maximizing thermonuclear reactivity, a scenario with dominant non-thermal reactivity has been developed and successfully demonstrated during the second JET deuterium-tritium campaign DTE2, as it was predicted to generate the highest fusion power in JET with a Be/W wall. It was performed in a 15/85 D/T mixture with pure D-NBI heating combined with ICRF heating at the fundamental deuterium resonance. In steady plasma conditions, a record 59 MJ of fusion energy has been achieved in a single pulse, of which 50.5 MJ were produced in a 5 s time window (P fus = 10.1 MW) with average Q = 0.33, confirming predictive modelling in preparation of the experiment. The highest fusion power in these experiments, P fus = 12.5 MW with average Q = 0.38, was achieved over a shorter 2 s time window, with the period of sustainment limited by high-Z impurity accumulation. This scenario provides unique data for the validation of physics-based models used to predict D-T fusion power.

Published
2023

84. Experiments in high-performance JET plasmas in preparation of second harmonic ICRF heating of tritium in ITER

Author

Mantsinen, M, Jacquet, P, Lerche, E, Gallart, D, Kirov, K, Mantica, P, Taylor, D, Van Eester, D, Baruzzo, M, Carvalho, I, Challis, C, Dal Molin, A, Delabie, E, de la Luna, E, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Eriksson, J, Frigione, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Giroud, C, Henriques, R, Hobirk, J, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, Keeling, D, King, D, Kiptily, V, Lennholm, M, Lomas, P, Lowry, C, Maggi, C, Mailloux, J, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Morales, R, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Patel, A, Pucella, G, Reux, C, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Sheikh, A, Silburn, S, Siren, P, Solano, E, Stancar, Z, Tardocchi, M, Mantsinen, MJ, Challis, CD, Maggi, CF, Morales, RB, Solano, ER, Mantsinen, M, Jacquet, P, Lerche, E, Gallart, D, Kirov, K, Mantica, P, Taylor, D, Van Eester, D, Baruzzo, M, Carvalho, I, Challis, C, Dal Molin, A, Delabie, E, de la Luna, E, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Eriksson, J, Frigione, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Giroud, C, Henriques, R, Hobirk, J, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, Keeling, D, King, D, Kiptily, V, Lennholm, M, Lomas, P, Lowry, C, Maggi, C, Mailloux, J, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Morales, R, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Patel, A, Pucella, G, Reux, C, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Sheikh, A, Silburn, S, Siren, P, Solano, E, Stancar, Z, Tardocchi, M, Mantsinen, MJ, Challis, CD, Maggi, CF, Morales, RB, and Solano, ER

Abstract

The reference ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) heating schemes for ITER deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas at the full magnetic field of 5.3 T are second harmonic heating of T and 3He minority heating. The wave-particle resonance location for these schemes coincide and are central at a wave frequency of 53 MHz at 5.3 T. Experiments have been carried out in the second major D-T campaign (DTE2) at JET, and in its prior D campaigns, to integrate these ICRF scenarios in JET high-performance plasmas and to compare their performance with the commonly used hydrogen (H) minority heating. In 50:50 D:T plasmas, up to 35% and 5% larger fusion power and diamagnetic energy content, respectively, were obtained with second harmonic heating of T as compared to H minority heating at comparable total input powers and gas injection rates. The core ion temperature was up to 30% and 20% higher with second harmonic T and 3He minority heating, respectively, with respect to H minority heating. These are favourable results for the use of these scenarios in ITER and future fusion reactors. According to modelling, adding ICRF heating to neutral beam injection using D and T beams resulted in a 10%-20% increase of on-axis bulk ion heating in the D-T plasmas due to its localisation in the plasma core. Central power deposition was confirmed with the break-in-slope and fast Fourier transform analysis of ion and electron temperature in response to ICRF modulation. The tail temperature of fast ICRF-accelerated tritons, their enhancement of the fusion yield and time behaviour as measured by an upgraded magnetic proton recoil spectrometer and neutral particle analyser were found in agreement with theoretical predictions. No losses of ICRF-accelerated ions were observed by fast ion detectors, which was as expected given the high plasma density of n e ≈ 7-8 × 1019 m−3 in the main heating phase that limited the formation of ICRF-accelerated fast ion tails. 3He was introduced in the machine by 3He ga

Published
2023

85. TOFu : A fully digital data acquisition system upgrade for the neutron time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR

Author

Eriksson, Benjamin, Conroy, Sean, Ericsson, Göran, Eriksson, Jacob, Hjalmarsson, Anders, Weiszflog, Matthias, Ghani, Z., Maslov, M., Eriksson, Benjamin, Conroy, Sean, Ericsson, Göran, Eriksson, Jacob, Hjalmarsson, Anders, Weiszflog, Matthias, Ghani, Z., and Maslov, M.

Abstract

TOFOR is a time-of-flight (TOF) neutron spectrometer located at the Joint European Torus (JET) with a vertical sightline of the JET plasma. It consists of 5 start (denoted S1) and 32 stop (denoted S2) plastic scintillation detectors which can be used in coincidence to generate a TOF spectrum. Spectroscopic analysis of the neutron TOF spectra produced by the JET plasma is regularly performed to determine, e.g., the fuel ion ratio and the presence of fast ion species in the fusion plasma. TOFOR has been upgraded with a new digital data acquisition (DAQ) system, denoted TOFu, which consists of 10 waveform digitizers with a total of 40 channels, 37 of which are connected to the photomultiplier output of the different S1 and S2 detectors. This paper presents a technical overview of the TOFu system and describes the offline analysis capabilities of TOFu which were not available with the previous DAQ system. Two experimental JET discharges are studied and used to show that the signal-to-background ratio is improved by almost 200% for the 2.5 MeV neutron signal and almost 400% for the 14 MeV neutron signal using the new offline analysis capabilities.

Published
2023
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86. Analytical and MonteCarlo approaches to infer the total gamma ray emission from the JET tokamak

Author

Marcer, G., Zohar, A., Dal Molin, A., Rebai, M., Nocente, M., Panontin, E., Croci, G., Gorini, G., Grosso, G., Muraro, A., Cippo, E. Perelli, Putignano, O., Luna, E. de la, Ghani, Z., Conroy, Sean, Garcia, J., Kazakov, Y., Kiptily, V., Maslov, M., Nave, M. F. F., Ongena, J., Tardocchi, M., Contributors, J E T, Marcer, G., Zohar, A., Dal Molin, A., Rebai, M., Nocente, M., Panontin, E., Croci, G., Gorini, G., Grosso, G., Muraro, A., Cippo, E. Perelli, Putignano, O., Luna, E. de la, Ghani, Z., Conroy, Sean, Garcia, J., Kazakov, Y., Kiptily, V., Maslov, M., Nave, M. F. F., Ongena, J., Tardocchi, M., and Contributors, J E T

Abstract

A single gamma-ray spectrometer installed at the end of a collimator can be used to infer the total emission from a tokamak plasma if the transport of gamma-rays from the plasma to the detector is known. In such analysis, the plasma emission profile plays a fundamental role, since it impacts the fraction of plasma volume intercepted by the detector line of sight. In this work, the DT 17 MeV fusion gamma-rays emission profile of the JET discharge #99608 from second 46 to 48 has been estimated both with the TRANSP code and reconstructed through tomographic inversion based on the neutron camera data, assuming that fusion gamma-rays have the same profile as the 14 MeV fusion neutrons. The gamma-ray transport has been evaluated both by MonteCarlo simulations and analytical calculations. By combining MonteCarlo and analytical evaluations of the gamma-ray transport in different ways with the estimated radiation emission profile, we provide four different routes to determine the total gamma-ray yield from measurements whose results agree within better than 10%.

Published
2023
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87. Pedestal particle balance studies in JET-ILW H-mode plasmas

Author

Horvath, L., Lomanowski, B., Karhunen, J., Maslov, M., Schneider, P. A., Simpson, J., Brix, M., Chapman-Oplopoiou, B., Corrigan, G., Frassinetti, Lorenzo, Groth, M., Lawson, K., Maggi, C. F., Menmuir, S., Morales, R. B., Moulton, D., Myatra, O., Nina, D., Pereira, T., Refy, D. , I, Saarelma, S., Vecsei, M., Horvath, L., Lomanowski, B., Karhunen, J., Maslov, M., Schneider, P. A., Simpson, J., Brix, M., Chapman-Oplopoiou, B., Corrigan, G., Frassinetti, Lorenzo, Groth, M., Lawson, K., Maggi, C. F., Menmuir, S., Morales, R. B., Moulton, D., Myatra, O., Nina, D., Pereira, T., Refy, D. , I, Saarelma, S., and Vecsei, M.

Abstract

JET-ILW type I ELMy H-modes at 2.5 MA/2.8 T with constant NBI heating (23 MW) and gas fuelling rate were performed, utilising edge localised mode (ELM) pacing by vertical kicks and plasma shaping (triangularity, delta) as tools to disentangle the effects of ELMs, inter-ELM transport and edge stability on the pedestal particle balance. In agreement with previous studies, the pedestal confinement improves with increasing delta, mostly due to a significant increase in pedestal density while the ELM frequency (fELM) is decreased. Improved pedestal confinement with increasing delta was observed even when the pedestal MHD stability was degraded artificially by vertical kicks, implying that increased triangularity may favourably affect the inter-ELM pedestal recovery. The workflow developed to quantify the pedestal particle balance uses high time-resolution profile reflectometry to characterise the inter-ELM evolution of the plasma particle content (dN/dt), the NEO drift-kinetic solver to evaluate the neoclassical fluxes and interpretative EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations to estimate the edge particle source. The edge particle source is then constrained by deuterium Balmer-alpha line intensity measurements in the main chamber, which are, however, strongly affected by reflections from the metal walls. The reflections are accounted for by the CHERAB code taking the divertor emission (the brightest light source in the torus) distribution from imaging spectroscopy measurements as input. Our analysis shows that in the second half of the ELM cycle, the volume-integrated particle source is larger than dN/dt, indicating that transport plays a key role in the inter-ELM pedestal recovery., QC 20230404

Published
2023
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88. Parameter dependencies of the separatrix density in low triangularity L-mode and H-mode JET-ILW plasmas

Author

Lomanowski, B., Rubino, G., Uccello, A., Dunne, M., Vianello, N., Aleiferis, S., Canik, J., Carvalho, I., Corrigan, G., Frassinetti, Lorenzo, Frigione, D., Garzotti, L., Groth, M., Meigs, A., Maslov, M., von Thun, C. Perez, Rimini, F., Schneider, P. A., Sergienko, G., Simpson, J., Van Eester, D., Contributors, J E T, Lomanowski, B., Rubino, G., Uccello, A., Dunne, M., Vianello, N., Aleiferis, S., Canik, J., Carvalho, I., Corrigan, G., Frassinetti, Lorenzo, Frigione, D., Garzotti, L., Groth, M., Meigs, A., Maslov, M., von Thun, C. Perez, Rimini, F., Schneider, P. A., Sergienko, G., Simpson, J., Van Eester, D., and Contributors, J E T

Abstract

The midplane electron separatrix density, n(e,sep), in JET-ILW L-mode and H-mode low triangularity deuterium fuelled plasmas exhibits a strong explicit dependence on the averaged outer divertor target electron temperature, n(e,sep) similar to T-e,ot(-1/2). This dependence is reproduced by analytic reversed two point model (rev-2PM), and arises from parallel pressure balance, as well as the ratio of the power and momentum volumetric loss factors, (1 - f(cooling))/(1- f(mom-loss)). Quantifying the influence of the (1 - f(cooling)) and (1 -f(mom-loss)) loss factors on ne,sep has been enabled by measurement estimates of these quantities from L-mode density (fueling) ramps in the outer horizontal, VH, QC 20230316

Published
2023
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89. L-H transition studies in tritium and deuterium-tritium campaigns at JET with Be wall and W divertor

Author

Solano, E., Birkenmeier, G., Silva, C., Delabie, E., Hillesheim, J., Baciero, A., Balboa, I., Baruzzo, M., Boboc, A., Brix, M., Bernardo, J., Bourdelle, C., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Challis, C., Chernyshova, M., Chomiczewska, A., Coelho, R., Coffey, I., Craciunescu, T., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J., Frassinetti, L., Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Giroud, C., Gromelski, W., Henriques, R., Hall, J., Ho, A., Horton, L.D., Horvath, L., Jacquet, P., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Kappatou, A., Keeling, D., King, D., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Litherland-Smith, E., Loarte, A., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P.J., Maggi, C.F., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M.J., Maslov, M., Meigs, A.G., Monakhov, I., Morales, R.B., Nielsen, Anders Henry, Nina, D., Noble, C., Pawelec, E., Poradzinski, M., Pucella, Gianluca, Puglia, P., Réfy, D., Rasmussen, Jens Juul, Righi, E., Rimini, F.G., Robinson, T., Sertoli, M., Silburn, S. A., Sips, G., Sirén, P., Štancar, Žiga, Sun, H. J., Szepesi, G., Taylor, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, Beth, Verdoolaege, G., Vincenzi, P., Viola, Bruno, Vianello, N, Wilson, Thomas, Solano, E., Birkenmeier, G., Silva, C., Delabie, E., Hillesheim, J., Baciero, A., Balboa, I., Baruzzo, M., Boboc, A., Brix, M., Bernardo, J., Bourdelle, C., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Challis, C., Chernyshova, M., Chomiczewska, A., Coelho, R., Coffey, I., Craciunescu, T., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J., Frassinetti, L., Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Giroud, C., Gromelski, W., Henriques, R., Hall, J., Ho, A., Horton, L.D., Horvath, L., Jacquet, P., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Kappatou, A., Keeling, D., King, D., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Litherland-Smith, E., Loarte, A., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P.J., Maggi, C.F., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M.J., Maslov, M., Meigs, A.G., Monakhov, I., Morales, R.B., Nielsen, Anders Henry, Nina, D., Noble, C., Pawelec, E., Poradzinski, M., Pucella, Gianluca, Puglia, P., Réfy, D., Rasmussen, Jens Juul, Righi, E., Rimini, F.G., Robinson, T., Sertoli, M., Silburn, S. A., Sips, G., Sirén, P., Štancar, Žiga, Sun, H. J., Szepesi, G., Taylor, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, Beth, Verdoolaege, G., Vincenzi, P., Viola, Bruno, Vianello, N, and Wilson, Thomas

Abstract

The recent deuterium-tritium campaign in JET-ILW (DTE2) has provided a unique opportunity to study the isotope dependence of the L-H power threshold in an ITER-like wall environment (Be wall and W divertor). Here we present results from dedicated L-H transition experiments at JET-ILW, documenting the power threshold in tritium and deuterium-tritium plasmas, comparing them with the matching deuterium and hydrogen datasets. From earlier experiments in JET-ILW it is known that as plasma isotopic composition changes from deuterium, through varying deuterium/hydrogen concentrations, to pure hydrogen, the value of the line averaged density at which the threshold is minimum, n̄e,min, increases, leading us to expect that n̄e,min(T) < n̄e,min(DT) < n̄e,min(D) < n̄e,min(H). The new power threshold data confirms these expectations in most cases, with the corresponding ordering of the minimum power thresholds. We present a comparison of this data to power threshold scalings, used for extrapolation to future devices such as ITER and DEMO.

Published
2023

90. Characterisation of divertor detachment onset in JET-ILW hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and deuterium–tritium low-confinement mode plasmas

Author

Groth, M., Solokha, V., Aleiferis, S., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Corrigan, G., Harting, D., Horsten, N., Jepu, I., Karhunen, J., Kirov, K., Lomanowski, B., Lawson, K. D., Lowry, C., Meigs, A. G., Menmuir, S., Pawelec, E., Pereira, T., Shaw, A., Silburn, S., Thomas, B., Wiesen, S., Börner, P., Borodin, D., Jachmich, S., Reiter, D., Sergienko, G., Stancar, Z., Viola, B., Beaumont, P., Bernardo, J., Coffey, I., Conway, N. J., de la Luna, E., Douai, D., Giroud, C., Hillesheim, J., Horvath, L., Huber, A., Lomas, P., Maggi, C. F., Maslov, M., Perez von Thun, C., Scully, S., Vianello, N., Wischmeier, M., JET Contributors, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Culham Science Centre, University of Lisbon, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Opole, ITER, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, CIEMAT, CEA, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Padova, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
Detachment, JET, Hydrogen isotopes
Abstract

Funding Information: This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them. | openaire: EC/H2020/101052200/EU//EUROfusion Measurements of the ion currents to and plasma conditions at the low-field side (LFS) divertor target plate in low-confinement mode plasmas in the JET ITER-like wall materials configuration show that the core plasma density required to detach the LFS divertor plasma is independent of the hydrogenic species protium, deuterium and tritium, and a 40 %/60 % deuterium–tritium mixture. This observation applies to a divertor plasma configuration with the LFS strike line connected to the horizontal part of the LFS divertor chosen because of its superior diagnostic coverage. The finding is independent of the operational status of the JET cryogenic pump. The electron temperature (Te) at the LFS strike line was markedly reduced from 25 eV to 5 eV over a narrow range of increasing core plasma density, and observed to be between 2 eV and 3 eV at the onset of detachment. The electron density (ne) peaks across the LFS plasma when Te at the target plate is 1 eV, and spatially moves to the X-point for higher core densities. The density limit was found approximately 20 % higher in protium than in tritium and deuterium–tritium plasmas.

Published
2023

91. Fundamental ICRF heating of deuterium ions in JET-DTE2.

Author

Lerche, E., Maslov, M., Jacquet, Ph., Monakhov, I., King, D., Keeling, D., Challis, C. D., Eester, D. Van, Mantica, P., Maggi, C., Garcia, J., Auriemma, F., Coelho, R., Coffey, I., Chomiczewska, A., Delabie, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Eriksson, J., and Ferreira, J.

Subjects
*DEUTERIUM ions, *HEATING, *FAST ions, *ION energy, *ION temperature, *TRITIUM
Abstract

Beam-target reactions are responsible for a substantial fraction of the fusion power generated in D-T plasmas in JET-ILW (Be/W-wall), with ion temperatures of 10-12keV and large neutral-beam injection (NBI) power. It is known that injecting D beam ions with energies of ∼100-150keV in T-rich plasmas has a larger potential for beam-target fusion than in 50:50 D:T plasmas, but such a scenario was never developed in the past D-T experiments performed in JET-C (Carbon-wall) and in TFTR in the 90's. On top of the intrinsic advantages of using D beams in T-rich plasmas for D-T neutron production, simulations have shown that fundamental ion-cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) of the D ions can significantly boost the net fusion reactivity, since both the thermalized D ions and the fast D-NBI ions are accelerated to energy ranges that are optimal for the D-T reaction cross-section. The beneficial effect of fundamental D ICRH on thermal D minorities in tritium plasmas (without NBI) was identified in the JET-C D-T experiments, but was not tested in high performance H-mode discharges with D-NBI heating. In 2021, dedicated JET-ILW DTE2 [1] experiments confirmed - for the first time - the improved fusion performance of T-rich plasmas with high D-NBI power and highlighted the key impact of fundamental D ICRH on the fusion reactivity. This new scenario lead to the world-wide 5s averaged fusion power (and energy) record in D-T tokamak plasmas with dominant beam-target reactions. A brief experimental overview followed by detailed RF wave / Fokker-Planck simulations including NBI-ICRH synergy will be presented, to disentangle the different components contributing to the high neutron yield achieved in these experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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92. Impact of ICRH heating of fast D and T ions on fusion performance in JET DTE2 campaign.

Author

Kirov, K., Challis, C., Luna, E. de la, Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Gorelenkova, M., Hobirk, J., Jacquet, P., Kappatou, A., Kazakov, Y., Keeling, D., King, D., Lerche, E., Maggi, C., Mailloux, J., Mantica, M. I., Mantsinen, M., Maslov, M., Menmuir, S., and Stancar, Z.

Subjects
CYCLOTRON resonance, FAST ions, HEATING, ION sources, ION acoustic waves, PLASMA beam injection heating, PENETRATION mechanics
Abstract

This work studies the impact of the Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) of the fast Neutral Beam Injected (NBI) D and T ions on the fusion performance in recent JET DTE2 campaign. The effect of the Radio Frequency (RF) wave on fast NBI D and T ion dynamics was analyzed by means of TRANSP simulations. Moderate increase, 5-10%, in DT reaction rates was predicted by TRANSP for the case of ICRH heating of fast NBI D ions at n=2 harmonic of ion cyclotron resonance. The simulations have shown that synergistic interaction between fast NBI T ions and RF waves have little or no impact on the fusion performance in the experimental conditions discussed here. Contribution of various heating and fast ion sources have been assessed and discussed. The absence of strong interaction between fast NBI T ions and RF waves was attributed to the poorer penetration of the T beams leading to lower fast T ion densities in the core and the lower perpendicular velocity of the fast NBI T ions resulting in diminished intensity of fast particle – RF wave interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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93. ICRH operations and experiments during the JET-ILW tritium and DTE2 campaigns.

Author

Jacquet, P., Lerche, E., Mantsinen, M., Van Eester, D., Kirov, K., Mantica, P., Gallart, D., Taylor, D., Kazakov, Y., Monakhov, I., Noble, C., Dumortier, P., Sheikh, H., Challis, C., Hobirk, J., Kappatou, A., Maslov, M., King, D., Keeling, D., and Rimini, F.

Subjects
CYCLOTRON resonance, FUSION reactors, TRITIUM, HYDROGEN plasmas, FUSION reactor divertors, DEUTERIUM plasma, ION temperature, WATER leakage, INERTIAL confinement fusion
Abstract

2021 has culminated with the completion of the JET-ILW DTE2 experimental campaign. This contribution summarizes Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) operations from system and physics point of view. Improvements to the (ICRH) system, to operation procedures and to real time RF power control were implemented to address specific constraints from tritium and deuterium-tritium operations and increase the system reliability and power availability during D-T pulses. ICRH was operated without the ITER-Like Antenna (ILA) because water leaked from an in-vessel capacitor into the vessel on day-2 of the D-T campaign. Three weeks were required to identify and isolate the leak and resume plasma operations. Dedicated RF-Plasma Wall Interaction (PWI) experiments were conducted; tritium plasmas exhibit a higher level of Be sputtering on the outer wall and impurity content when compared to deuterium or hydrogen plasmas. The JET-DTE2 campaigns provided the opportunity to characterize ICRH schemes foreseen for the ITER operation, in the ITER like wall environment in ELMy H-mode scenarios aiming at maximizing fusion performance. The second harmonic tritium resonance heating and to a lesser extent minority 3He heating (ITER D-T ICRH reference schemes) lead to improved ion temperature and fusion performance when compared to hydrogen minority ICRH. However, these discharges suffered from a lack of stationarity and gradual impurity accumulation potentially because of a deficit of ICRH power when using JET antennas at lower frequencies. Fundamental deuterium ICRH was used in tritium-rich plasmas and with deuterium Neutral Beam Heating; this ICRH scheme proved to be very efficient boosting ion temperature and fusion performance in these plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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94. Tritium removal from JET-ILW after T and D–T experimental campaigns.

Author

Matveev, D., Douai, D., Wauters, T., Widdowson, A., Jepu, I., Maslov, M., Brezinsek, S., Dittmar, T., Monakhov, I., Jacquet, P., Dumortier, P., Sheikh, H., Felton, R., Lowry, C., Ciric, D., Banks, J., Buckingham, R., Weisen, H., Laguardia, L., and Gervasini, G.

Subjects
TRITIUM, FUSION reactors, CYCLOTRON resonance, DEUTERIUM plasma, GLOW discharges, NEUTRON measurement, PLASMA heating
Abstract

After the second Deuterium–Tritium Campaign (DTE2) in the JET tokamak with the ITER-Like Wall (ILW) and full tritium campaigns that preceded and followed after the DTE2, a sequence of fuel recovery methods was applied to promote tritium removal from wall components. The sequence started with several days of baking of the main chamber walls at 240 °C and at 320 °C. Subsequently, baking was superimposed with Ion-Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) and Glow Discharge Conditioning (GDC) cleaning cycles in deuterium. Diverted plasma operation in deuterium with different strike point configurations, including a Raised Inner Strike Point (RISP) configuration, and with different plasma heating—Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF) and Neutral Beam Injection (NBI)—concluded the cleaning sequence. Tritium content in plasma and in the pumped gas was monitored throughout the experiment. The applied fuel recovery methods allowed reducing the residual tritium content in deuterium NBI-heated plasmas to about 0.1% as deduced from neutron rate measurements. This value is well below the requirement of 1% set by the maximum 14 MeV fusion neutron budget allocated in the ensuing deuterium plasma campaign. The quantified tritium removal over the course of the experiment was 13.4 ± 0.7 × 10 22 atoms or 0.67 ± 0.03 g with ∼58% attributed to baking, ∼12.5% to ICWC, ∼26% to GDC, and ∼3.5% to first low power RISP plasmas. The experimentally estimated amount of removed tritium is in good agreement with long-term tritium accounting by the JET tritium reprocessing plant, in which the unaccounted amount was reduced by 0.71 g after the cleaning experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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95. Isotope physics of heat and particle transport with tritium in JET-ILW type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas.

Author

Schneider, P.A., Angioni, C., Auriemma, F., Bonanomi, N., Görler, T., Henriques, R., Horvath, L., King, D., Lorenzini, R., Nyström, H., Maslov, M., Ruiz, J., Szepesi, G., Challis, C.D., Chomiczewska, A., Delabie, E., Fontdecaba, J.M., Frassinetti, L., Garcia, J., and Giroud, C.

Subjects
PARTICLE physics, ISOTOPES, PLASMA currents, HEAT flux, PEDESTALS, TRITIUM, PLASMA confinement
Abstract

As part the DTE2 campaign in the JET tokamak, we conducted a parameter scan in T and D-T complementing existing pulses in H and D. For the different main ion masses, type-I ELMy H-modes at fixed plasma current and magnetic field can have the pedestal pressure varying by a factor of 4 and the total pressure changing from β N = 1.0 to 3.0. We investigated the pedestal and core isotope mass dependencies using this extensive data set. The pedestal shows a strong mass dependence on the density, which influences the core due to the strong coupling between both plasma regions. To better understand the causes for the observed isotope mass dependence in the pedestal, we analysed the interplay between heat and particle transport and the edge localised mode (ELM) stability. For this purpose, we developed a dynamic ELM cycle model with basic transport assumptions and a realistic neutral penetration. The temporal evolution and resulting ELM frequency introduce an additional experimental constraint that conventional quasi-stationary transport analysis cannot provide. Our model shows that a mass dependence in the ELM stability or in the transport alone cannot explain the observations. One requires a mass dependence in the ELM stability as well as one in the particle sources. The core confinement time increases with pedestal pressure for all isotope masses due to profile stiffness and electromagnetic turbulence stabilisation. Interestingly, T and D-T plasmas show an improved core confinement time compared to H and D plasmas even for matched pedestal pressures. For T, this improvement is largely due to the unique pedestal composition of higher densities and lower temperatures than H and D. With a reduced gyroBohm factor at lower temperatures, more turbulent drive in the form of steeper gradients is required to transport the same amount of heat. This picture is supported by quasilinear flux-driven modelling using TGLF -SAT2 within Astra. With the experimental boundary condition TGLF -SAT2 predicts the core profiles well for gyroBohm heat fluxes > 15 , however, overestimates the heat and particle transport closer to the turbulent threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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96. Ecological assessment of pesticides

Author

Aptikaev, R., primary, Astaykina, A., additional, Gorbatov, V., additional, Karavanova, E., additional, Kokoreva, A., additional, Kolupaeva, V., additional, Lugansky, S., additional, Maslov, M., additional, Streletskii, R., additional, and Tikhonov, V., additional

Published
2023
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97. Parameter dependencies of the separatrix density in low triangularity L-mode and H-mode JET-ILW plasmas

Author

Lomanowski, B., primary, Rubino, G., additional, Uccello, A., additional, Dunne, M., additional, Vianello, N., additional, Aleiferis, S., additional, Canik, J., additional, Carvalho, I., additional, Corrigan, G., additional, Frassinetti, L., additional, Frigione, D., additional, Garzotti, L., additional, Groth, M., additional, Meigs, A., additional, Maslov, M., additional, von Thun, C. Perez, additional, Rimini, F., additional, Schneider, P.A., additional, Sergienko, G., additional, Simpson, J., additional, and Van Eester, D., additional

Published
2023
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99. The broadening of SOL profiles in JET tritium plasma and its impact on machine operation

Author

Sun, H.J., primary, Silburn, S.A., additional, Carvalho, I.S., additional, King, D.B., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Fishpool, G., additional, Matthews, G.F., additional, Henriques, R.B., additional, Keeling, D.L., additional, Rimini, F.G., additional, Garzotti, L., additional, Frigione, D., additional, Van Eester, D., additional, Groth, M., additional, Flanagan, J., additional, Kos, D., additional, Viola, B., additional, Boboc, A., additional, Shi, P., additional, Mayoral, M.-L., additional, Mailloux, J., additional, Maggi, C., additional, Huber, A., additional, Douai, D., additional, Vianello, N., additional, Lomas, P.J., additional, Lennholm, M., additional, Maslov, M., additional, Kirov, K., additional, Jacquet, P., additional, Lowry, C.G., additional, Baruzzo, M., additional, Stuart, C., additional, Mitchell, J., additional, Horvath, L., additional, and McDonald, D.C., additional

Published
2022
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