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Background: Pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages, and early-stage diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is difficult because of nonspecific symptoms and lack of available biomarkers., Methods: We performed comprehensive serum miRNA sequencing of 212 pancreatic cancer patient samples from 14 hospitals and 213 non-cancerous healthy control samples. We randomly classified the pancreatic cancer and control samples into two cohorts: a training cohort (N = 185) and a validation cohort (N = 240). We created ensemble models that combined automated machine learning with 100 highly expressed miRNAs and their combination with CA19-9 and validated the performance of the models in the independent validation cohort., Results: The diagnostic model with the combination of the 100 highly expressed miRNAs and CA19-9 could discriminate pancreatic cancer from non-cancer healthy control with high accuracy (area under the curve (AUC), 0.99; sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 98%). We validated high diagnostic accuracy in an independent asymptomatic early-stage (stage 0-I) pancreatic cancer cohort (AUC:0.97; sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 98%)., Conclusions: We demonstrate that the 100 highly expressed miRNAs and their combination with CA19-9 could be biomarkers for the specific and early detection of pancreatic cancer., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are effective vectors for gene therapy. However, AAV drug products are inevitably contaminated with empty particles (EP), which lack a genome, owing to limitations of the purification steps. EP contamination can reduce the transduction efficiency and induce immunogenicity. Therefore, it is important to remove EPs and to determine the ratio of full genome-containing AAV particles to empty particles (F/E ratio). However, most of the existing methods fail to reliably evaluate F/E ratios that are greater than 90 %. In this study, we developed two approaches based on the image analysis of cryo-electron micrographs to determine the F/E ratios of various AAV products. Using our developed convolutional neural network (CNN) and morphological analysis, we successfully calculated the F/E ratios of various AAV products and determined the slight differences in the F/E ratios of highly purified AAV products (purity > 95 %). In addition, the F/E ratios calculated by analyzing more than 1000 AAV particles had good correlations with theoretical F/E ratios. Furthermore, the CNN reliably determined the F/E ratio with a smaller number of AAV particles than morphological analysis. Therefore, combining 100 keV cryo-EM with the developed image analysis methods enables the assessment of a wide range of AAV products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

The adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is one of the most advanced platforms for gene therapy because of its low immunogenicity and non-pathogenicity. The concentrations of both AAV vector empty particles, which do not contain DNA and do not show any efficacy, and AAV vector full particles (FPs), which contain DNA, are important quality attributes. In this study, a dual fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (dFLISA), which uses two fluorescent dyes to quantify capsid and genome titers in a single analysis, was established. In dFLISA, capture of AAV particles, detection of capsid proteins, and release and detection of the viral genome are performed in the same well. We demonstrated that the capsid and genomic titers determined by dFLISA were comparable with those of analytical ultracentrifugation. The FP ratios determined by dFLISA were in good agreement with the expected values. In addition, we showed that dFLISA can quantify the genomic and capsid titers of crude samples. dFLISA can be easily modified for measuring other AAV vector serotypes and AAV vectors with different genome lengths. These features make dFLISA a valuable tool for the future development of AAV-based gene therapies., Competing Interests: T.M. and M.F. are employees of U-medico Inc. S.U. is an employee and shareholder of U-medico Inc., and is a member of the scientific advisory board of Coriolis Pharma. S.S., M.T., T.T., and S.U. are applicants for a patent related to this work., (© 2024 The Authors.)

BACKGROUND Various resistance mechanisms of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) have been reported, and approximately half of the cases show a T790M point mutation as resistance to EGFR-TKI. In addition, 3-14% of cases of non-small cell lung cancer transform into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) during treatment. However, there are few reported cases in which 2 mechanisms of resistance have been observed simultaneously. This report describes a 66-year-old man with initial presentation of stage IIA right-sided lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR gene exon 21 L858R mutation and 3 years of stable disease. During treatment with erlotinib, the patient developed SCLC and adenocarcinoma with EGFR exon 21 L858R and exon 20 T790M mutation. CASE REPORT A 66-year-old man underwent right pneumonectomy plus nodal dissection 2a for right hilar lung cancer and was diagnosed with an EGFR exon21 L858R mutated lung adenocarcinoma. Three years later, pleural dissemination was observed in the right chest wall. Although erlotinib was continued for 52 months, new metastases to the right ribs were detected. Chest wall tumor resection was performed. Based on the World Health Organization classification, the patient was diagnosed with combined SCLC, with EGFR exon21 L858R and exon20 T790M mutation. The patient received 4 cycles of carboplatin plus etoposide, 14 cycles of amrubicin, and 2 cycles of irinotecan. Chemotherapy continued for 25 months. CONCLUSIONS Long-term survival was achieved by chemotherapy after transformation. Since EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer shows a variety of acquired resistances, it is important to consider the treatment strategy of performing re-biopsy.

Glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals can affect their safety and efficacy. Glycans can occur on recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) that are used for gene therapy; however, the types of glycans that attach to rAAVs are controversial. Here, we conducted lectin microarray analyses on six rAAV serotype 6 (rAAV6) preparations that were produced differently. We demonstrate that O- glycans considered to be attached to rAAV6 were recognized by Agaricus bisporus agglutinin (ABA) and that N- glycans were detected in rAAV6 purified without affinity chromatography. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed that the N- glycans detected in rAAV6 were derived from host cell proteins. A combination of ABA-based fractionation and LC-MS/MS revealed that rAAV6 was O- glycosylated with the mucin-type glycans, O- GalNAc (Tn antigen), and mono- and di-sialylated Galβ1-3GalNAc (T antigen) at S156, T162, T194, and T201 in viral protein (VP) 2 and with O- GlcNAc at T242 in VP3. The mucin-type O- glycosylated rAAV6 particles were 0.1%-1% of total particles. Further physicochemical and biological analyses revealed that mucin-type O- glycosylated rAAV6 had a lower ratio of VP1 to VP2/VP3, resulting in a lower transduction efficiency both in vitro and in vivo compared with rAAV6 without mucin-type O- glycans. This report details conclusive evidence of rAAV glycosylation and its impact on rAAV-based therapeutics., Competing Interests: S.K. and C.M.-K.’s have a relationship with GlycoTechnica Ltd. that includes employment; S.K. has a relationship with Precision System Science Co. Ltd.; T.M. and M.F. have relationships with U-Medico Inc. that include employment; S.U. has a relationship with U-Medico Inc. that includes founder and CSO., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Environmentally regulated gene expression is critical for bacterial survival under stress conditions, including extremes in temperature, osmolarity and nutrient availability. Here, we dissect the thermo- and osmo-responsory behavior of the transcriptional repressor H-NS, an archetypal nucleoid-condensing sensory protein, ubiquitous in enterobacteria that infect the mammalian gut. Through experiments and thermodynamic modeling, we show that H-NS exhibits osmolarity, temperature and concentration dependent self-association, with a highly polydisperse native ensemble dominated by monomers, dimers, tetramers and octamers. The relative population of these oligomeric states is determined by an interplay between dimerization and higher-order oligomerization, which in turn drives a competition between weak homo- versus hetero-oligomerization of protein-protein and protein-DNA complexes. A phosphomimetic mutation, Y61E, fully eliminates higher-order self-assembly and preserves only dimerization while weakening DNA binding, highlighting that oligomerization is a prerequisite for strong DNA binding. We further demonstrate the presence of long-distance thermodynamic connectivity between dimerization and oligomerization sites on H-NS which influences the binding of the co-repressor Cnu, and switches the DNA binding mode of the hetero-oligomeric H-NS:Cnu complex. Our work thus uncovers important organizational principles in H-NS including a multi-layered thermodynamic control, and provides a molecular framework broadly applicable to other thermo-osmo sensory proteins that employ similar mechanisms to regulate gene expression., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Wnt proteins are thought to be transported in several ways in the extracellular space. For instance, they are known to be carried by exosomes and by Wnt-carrier proteins, such as sFRP proteins. However, little is known about whether and/or how these two transport systems are related. Here, we show that adding sFRP1 or sFRP2, but not sFRP3 or sFRP4, to culture medium containing Wnt3a or Wnt5a increases re-secretion of exosome-loaded Wnt proteins from cells. This effect of sFRP2 is counteracted by heparinase, which removes sugar chains on heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), but is independent of LRP5/6, Wnt co-receptors essential for Wnt signaling. Wnt3a and Wnt5a specifically dimerize with sFRP2 in culture supernatant. Furthermore, a Wnt3a mutant defective in heterodimerization with sFRP2 impairs the ability to increase exosome-mediated Wnt3a re-secretion. Based on these results, we propose that Wnt heterodimerization with its carrier protein, sFRP2, enhances Wnt accumulation at sugar chains on HSPGs on the cell surface, leading to increased endocytosis and exosome-mediated Wnt re-secretion. Our results suggest that the range of action of Wnt ligands is controlled by coordination of different transport systems., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Video 1Pancreatic stent removal with a novel drill dilator., Competing Interests: The authors disclosed no financial relationships relevant to this publication., (© 2024 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are produced as a mixture of the desired particle (full particle, FP), which is filled with the designed DNA, product-related impurities such as particle without DNA (empty particle, EP), and aggregates. Cesium chloride or iodixanol equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGE-UC) has been used for the purification of AAV vectors. DGE-UC can separate FP from impurities based on the difference in their buoyant densities. Here, we report the applications and limitations of equilibrium density gradient analytical ultracentrifugation (DGE-AUC) using a modern AUC instrument that employs DGE-UC principles for the characterization and quantitation of AAV vectors. We evaluated the quantitative ability of DGE-AUC in comparison with sedimentation velocity AUC (SV-AUC) or band sedimentation AUC (BS-AUC) using AAVs with different DNA lengths and different serotypes. DGE-AUC enabled the accurate quantification of the ratio of FP to EP when the AAV vector primarily contains these particles. Furthermore, we developed a new workflow to identify the components of separated peaks in addition to FP and EP. Ultraviolet absorption spectra obtained by multiwavelength detection can also support peak assignment following component identification. DGE-AUC experiments for AAV vectors have limitations with regard to minor components with low absorption at the detected wavelength or those with a density similar to that of major components of AAV vectors. DGE-AUC is the only analytical method that can evaluate particle density heterogeneity; therefore, SV-AUC or BS-AUC and DGE-AUC are complementary methods for reliable assessment of the purity of AAV vectors.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Studies of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) revealed the mixture of full particles with different densities in rAAV. There are no conclusive results because of the lack of quantitative stoichiometric viral proteins, encapsidated DNA, and particle level analyses. We report the first comprehensive characterization of low- and high-density rAAV serotype 2 particles. Capillary gel electrophoresis showed high-density particles possessing a designed DNA encapsidated in the capsid composed of (VP1 + VP2)/VP3 = 0.27, whereas low-density particles have the same DNA but with a different capsid composition of (VP1 + VP2)/VP3 = 0.31, supported by sedimentation velocity-analytical ultracentrifugation and charge detection-mass spectrometry. In vitro analysis demonstrated that the low-density particles had 8.9% higher transduction efficacy than that of the particles before fractionation. Further, based on our recent findings of VP3 clip, we created rAAV2 single amino acid variants of the transcription start methionine of VP3 (M203V) and VP3 clip (M211V). The rAAV2-M203V variant had homogeneous particles with higher (VP1+VP2)/VP3 values (0.35) and demonstrated 24.7% higher transduction efficacy compared with the wild type. This study successfully provided highly functional rAAV by the extensive fractionation from the mixture of rAAV2 full particles or by the single amino acid replacement., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships that may be considered as potential competing interests: T.M. and M.F. report a relationship with U-Medico Inc. that includes employment. M.M. reports a relationship with Osaka Consolidated Laboratory that includes employment. S.A., A.H., K.R., K.G., and S.P. report a relationship with Waters corporation that includes employment., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Mesenchymal activation, characterized by dense stromal infiltration of immune and mesenchymal cells, fuels the aggressiveness of colorectal cancers (CRC), driving progression and metastasis. Targetable molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) need to be identified to improve the outcome in CRC patients with this aggressive phenotype. This study reports a positive link between high thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) expression and mesenchymal characteristics, immunosuppression, and unfavorable CRC prognosis. Bone marrow-derived monocyte-like cells recruited by CXCL12 are the primary source of THBS1, which contributes to the development of metastasis by inducing cytotoxic T-cell exhaustion and impairing vascularization. Furthermore, in orthotopically generated CRC models in male mice, THBS1 loss in the TME renders tumors partially sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-cancer drugs. Our study establishes THBS1 as a potential biomarker for identifying mesenchymal CRC and as a critical suppressor of antitumor immunity that contributes to the progression of this malignancy with a poor prognosis., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

A 25-year-old female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) reared in an aquarium died following a history of anorexia, lethargy, abnormal protrusion of the skin, and oral respiration. At necropsy, multiple yellowish-white nodules with diameters of 0.1-0.5 cm were disseminated in the thoracic cavity and lungs. Histopathologically, the nodules were continuous with normal mesothelium and were characterized by the proliferation of spindle-shaped to polygonal neoplastic cells with prominent atypia. The neoplastic cells exhibited diffuse, strong staining for vimentin and partial, weak to moderate staining for cytokeratin AE1/AE3. Based on these findings, the lesions were diagnosed as pleural mesothelioma. This study reports the first case of pleural mesothelioma in California sea lion.

RECK is downregulated in various human cancers; however, how RECK inactivation affects carcinogenesis remains unclear. We addressed this issue in a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) mouse model and found that pancreatic Reck deletion dramatically augmented the spontaneous development of PDAC with a mesenchymal phenotype, which was accompanied by increased liver metastases and decreased survival. Lineage tracing revealed that pancreatic Reck deletion induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PDAC cells, giving rise to inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblast-like cells in mice. Splenic transplantation of Reck-null PDAC cells resulted in numerous liver metastases with a mesenchymal phenotype, whereas reexpression of RECK markedly reduced metastases and changed the PDAC tumor phenotype into an epithelial one. Consistently, low RECK expression correlated with low E-cadherin expression, poor differentiation, metastasis, and poor prognosis in human PDAC. RECK reexpression in the PDAC cells was found to downregulate MMP2 and MMP3, with a concomitant increase in E-cadherin and decrease in EMT-promoting transcription factors. An MMP inhibitor recapitulated the effects of RECK on the expression of E-cadherin and EMT-promoting transcription factors and invasive activity. These results establish the authenticity of RECK as a pancreatic tumor suppressor, provide insights into its underlying mechanisms, and support the idea that RECK could be an important therapeutic effector against human PDAC.

The prognosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) remains poor, and a better understanding of GBC molecular mechanisms is important. Genome sequencing of human GBC has demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations of E74-like ETS transcription factor 3 (ELF3) are frequently observed, with ELF3 considered to be a tumour suppressor in GBC. To clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ELF3 suppresses GBC development, we performed in vivo analysis using a combination of autochthonous and allograft mouse models. We first evaluated the clinical significance of ELF3 expression in human GBC tissues and found that low ELF3 expression was associated with advanced clinical stage and deep tumour invasion. For in vivo analysis, we generated Pdx1-Cre; Kras G12D ; Trp53 R172H ; Elf3 f/f (KPCE) mice and Pdx1-Cre; Kras G12D ; Trp53 R172H ; Elf3 wt/wt (KPC) mice as a control and analysed their gallbladders histologically. KPCE mice developed larger papillary lesions in the gallbladder than those developed by KPC mice. Organoids established from the gallbladders of KPCE and KPC mice were analysed in vitro. RNA sequencing showed upregulated expression of epiregulin (Ereg) in KPCE organoids, and western blotting revealed that EGFR/mechanical targets of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) were upregulated in KPCE organoids. In addition, ChIP assays on Elf3-overexpressing KPCE organoids showed that ELF3 directly regulated Ereg. Ereg deletion in KPCE organoids (using CRISPR/Cas9) induced EGFR/mTORC1 downregulation, indicating that ELF3 controlled EGFR/mTORC1 activity through regulation of Ereg expression. We also generated allograft mouse models using KPCE and KPC organoids and found that KPCE organoid allograft tumours exhibited poorly differentiated structures with mTORC1 upregulation and mesenchymal phenotype, which were suppressed by Ereg deletion. Furthermore, EGFR/mTORC1 inhibition suppressed cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in KPCE organoids. Our results suggest that ELF3 suppresses GBC development via downregulation of EREG/EGFR/mTORC1 signalling. EGFR/mTORC1 inhibition is a potential therapeutic option for GBC with ELF3 mutation. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland., (© 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.)

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) has poor prognosis. The Notch receptor is aberrantly expressed in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA). However, the role of Notch signaling in the initiation and progression of eCCA and gallbladder (GB) cancer remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the functional role of Notch signaling during tumorigenesis of the extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) and GB. Activation of Notch signaling and oncogenic Kras resulted in the development of biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilINs) in the EHBD and GB, which were premalignant lesions that progressed to adenocarcinoma in mice. The expression of genes involved in the mTORC1 pathway was increased in biliary spheroids from Hnf1b-CreERT2; Kras LSL-G12D ; Rosa26 LSL-NotchIC mice and inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway suppressed spheroid growth. Additionally, simultaneous activation of the PI3K-AKT and Notch pathways in EHBD and GB induced biliary cancer development in mice. Consistent with this, we observed a significant correlation between activated NOTCH1 and phosphorylated Ribosomal Protein S6 (p-S6) expression in human eCCA. Furthermore, inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway suppressed the growth of Notch-activated human biliary cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the Kras/Notch-Myc axis activated mTORC1 through TSC2 phosphorylation in mutant biliary spheroids. These data indicate that inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway could be an effective treatment strategy for Notch-activated human eCCA. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland., (© 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.)

Background and Aims: Pathologic evaluation of bile duct lesions is crucial for a definitive diagnosis and determination of an appropriate therapeutic strategy; however, current methods are limited by several challenges. This study evaluated the impact of a novel tapered-tip sheath system on biliary stricture diagnosis., Methods: This observational study evaluated 47 consecutive patients who underwent transpapillary biliary stricture biopsy using the novel tapered-tip sheath system from July 2020 to March 2022 compared with 51 historical control subjects undergoing conventional biopsies. Technical success rate, total biopsy time, number of biopsy specimens, adequate tissue sampling rate, adverse events, and diagnostic performance for biliary strictures were assessed., Results: The technical success rate was favorable in both groups, showing no significant difference (97.9% [46 of 47] vs 88.2% [45 of 51], P = .114). However, the total biopsy time was significantly shorter in the novel system group (3.7 vs 7.7 minutes, P < .001). The number of biopsy specimens did not differ between the groups; however, the novel system group had significantly more cases in which ≥3 tissue samples could be obtained (71.7% [33 of 46] vs 51.1% [23 of 45], P = .043), a higher adequate tissue sampling rate (88.2% vs 66.4%, P < .001), and fewer adverse events (6.4% vs 21.6%, P = .043). Although the diagnostic specificity of both groups was 100%, the novel system group had significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy (82.1% vs 50% [P = .004] and 84.8% vs 55.5% [P = .005], respectively)., Conclusions: The novel tapered-tip sheath system is a promising tool for biliary stricture diagnosis., (Copyright © 2023 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease. We previously reported that chromatin remodeler Brg1 is essential for acinar cell-derived PDAC formation in mice. However, the functional role of Brg1 in established PDAC and its metastasis remains unknown. Here, we investigated the importance of Brg1 for established PDAC by using a mouse model with a dual recombinase system. We discovered that Brg1 was a critical player for the cell survival and growth of spontaneously developed PDAC in mice. In addition, Brg1 was essential for metastasis of PDAC cells by inhibiting apoptosis in splenic injection and peritoneal dissemination models. Moreover, cancer stem-like property was compromised in PDAC cells by Brg1 ablation. Mechanistically, the hypoxia pathway was downregulated in Brg1-deleted mouse PDAC and BRG1-low human PDAC. Brg1 was essential for HIF-1α to bind to its target genes to augment the hypoxia pathway, which was important for PDAC cells to maintain their stem-like properties and to metastasize to the liver. Human PDAC cells with high BRG1 expression were more susceptible to BRG1 suppression. In conclusion, Brg1 plays a critical role for cell survival, stem-like property and metastasis of PDAC through the regulation of hypoxia pathway, and thus could be a novel therapeutic target for PDAC., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

LI-cadherin is a member of the cadherin superfamily. LI-cadherin mediates Ca 2+ -dependent cell-cell adhesion through homodimerization. A previous study reported two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LI-cadherin-coding gene (CDH17). These SNPs correspond to the amino acid changes of Lys115 to Glu and Glu739 to Ala. Patients with colorectal cancer carrying these SNPs are reported to have a higher risk of lymph node metastasis than patients without the SNPs. Although proteins associated with metastasis have been identified, the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of these proteins remain unclear, making it difficult to develop effective strategies to prevent metastasis. In this study, we employed biochemical assays and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which the amino acid changes caused by the SNPs in the LI-cadherin-coding gene increase the risk of metastasis. Cell aggregation assays showed that the amino acid changes weakened the LI-cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion. In vitro assays demonstrated a decrease in homodimerization tendency and MD simulations suggested an alteration in the intramolecular hydrogen bond network by the mutation of Lys115. Taken together, our results indicate that the increased risk of lymph node metastasis is due to weakened cell-cell adhesion caused by the decrease in homodimerization tendency., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is a promising platform for in vivo gene therapy. The accurate assessment of distribution state of particles contained in AAV vector samples is one of the most important and challenging matters and is necessary because the product-related impurities with the capsid structure (empty particles, intermediate particles, and aggregates) could be a possible cause of reducing the therapeutic efficacy and enhancing the unfavorable immune response. In this study, we report an effective approach for size distribution analysis with component identification. A small amount of AAV vectors were used by the analytical zone centrifugation c(s) analysis of band sedimentation analytical ultracentrifugation (BS-AUC) with multiwavelength detection. Using PBS/H 2 18 O, the concentration of each component could be determined in BS-AUC with high resolution. Compared with the sedimentation velocity AUC (SV-AUC), which generally requires 2 × 10 12 vg of AAV vectors, BS-AUC could be performed with about 1/25 of the AAV vector amount at 260 nm detection and ideally with about 1/50 of the AAV vector amount at 230 nm detection (4 × 10 10 vg), depending on the extinction coefficient of the AAV sample at each wavelength. According to the limit of quantification of this BS-AUC, 6.3 × 10 11 cp mL -1 of empty particle (EP) and 4.4 × 10 11 vg mL -1 of full particle (FP) could be quantified for 4 × 10 10 vg in 15 µL of AAV8-CMV-EGFP. These results demonstrated that proposed BS-AUC approach we established here can compensate for the drawback in terms of the sample amount of SV-AUC., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mass photometry (MP) is a label-free, single-molecule technique that can determine molecular mass distribution with very low sample consumption in a short time. Because of the established experimental instrument and analytical software, MP measurements may be readily obtained; thus, the application of MP is expanding, especially in the fields of bioscience and biotechnology. However, because the MP data quality is strongly focus-dependent, optical settings must be intrinsically strict. In this study, we report the importance of the critical calibration of the mass photometer, which is required for the accurate estimation of high-molecular mass samples, such as adeno-associated virus vectors. Additionally, a method for optimizing the instrument settings, including the calibration of the stage, is presented., (Copyright © 2022 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Colonization of the host intestine is the most important step in Vibrio cholerae infection. The toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), an operon-encoded type IVb pilus (T4bP), plays a crucial role in this process, which requires an additional secreted protein, TcpF, encoded on the same TCP operon; however, its mechanisms of secretion and function remain elusive. Here, we demonstrated that TcpF interacts with the minor pilin, TcpB, of TCP and elucidated the crystal structures of TcpB alone and in complex with TcpF. The structural analyses reveal how TCP recognizes TcpF and its secretory mechanism via TcpB-dependent pilus elongation and retraction. Upon binding to TCP, TcpF forms a flower-shaped homotrimer with its flexible N terminus hooked onto the trimeric interface of TcpB. Thus, the interaction between the minor pilin and the N terminus of the secreted protein, namely, the T4bP secretion signal, is key for V. cholerae colonization and is a new potential therapeutic target.

In this study, we conducted a collaborative study on the classification between silicone oil droplets and protein particles detected using the flow imaging (FI) method toward proposing a standardized classifier/model. We compared four approaches, including a classification filter composed of particle characteristic parameters, principal component analysis, decision tree, and convolutional neural network in the performance of the developed classifier/model. Finally, the points to be considered were summarized for measurement using the FI method, and for establishing the classifier/model using machine learning to differentiate silicone oil droplets and protein particles., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tumor stem cells (TSCs), capable of self-renewal and continuous production of progeny cells, could be potential therapeutic targets. We have recently reported that chromatin remodeling regulator Brg1 is required for maintenance of murine intestinal TSCs and stemness feature of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by inhibiting apoptosis. However, it is still unclear how BRG1 suppression changes the underlying intracellular mechanisms of human CRC cells. We found that Brg1 suppression resulted in upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway in human CRC cells and murine intestinal TSCs. Simultaneous suppression of BRG1 and the JNK pathway, either by pharmacological inhibition or silencing of c-JUN, resulted in even stronger inhibition of the expansion of human CRC cells compared to Brg1 suppression alone. Consistently, high c-JUN expression correlated with worse prognosis for survival in human CRC patients with low BRG1 expression. Therefore, the JNK pathway plays a critical role for expansion and stemness of human CRC cells in the context of BRG1 suppression, and thus a combined blockade of BRG1 and the JNK pathway could be a novel therapeutic approach against human CRC., (© 2022 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.)

Background & Aims: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) arises from several types of premalignant lesions, including intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN); however, the molecular pathogenesis of ITPN remains unknown., Methods: We performed studies with Hnf1b-Cre ERT2 ; Pten f/f ; Arid1a f/f mice to investigate the consequence of genetic deletion of Arid1a in adult pancreatic ductal cells in the context of oncogenic PI3K/Akt pathway activation., Results: Simultaneous deletion of Arid1a and Pten in pancreatic ductal cells resulted in the development of ITPN, which progressed to PDAC, in mice. Simultaneous loss of Arid1a and Pten induced dedifferentiation of pancreatic ductal cells and Yes-associated protein 1/Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) pathway activation. Consistent with the mouse data, TAZ expression was found elevated in human ITPNs and ITPN-derived PDACs but not in human intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, indicating that activation of the TAZ pathway is a distinctive feature of ITPN. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of the YAP/TAZ pathway suppressed the dedifferentiation of pancreatic ductal cells and development of ITPN in Arid1a and Pten double-knockout mice., Conclusion: Concurrent loss of Arid1a and Pten in adult pancreatic ductal cells induced ITPN and ITPN-derived PDAC in mice through aberrant activation of the YAP/TAZ pathway, and inhibition of the YAP/TAZ pathway prevented the development of ITPN. These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of ITPN-derived PDAC and highlight the YAP/TAZ pathway as a potential therapeutic target., (Copyright © 2022 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aim: Pathological evaluation is essential for the diagnosis of biliary tract diseases. However, existing evaluation methods have various challenges in terms of operability and diagnostic performance. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, utility, and safety of a novel device delivery system for bile duct biopsy., Methods: This study was conducted as a retrospective, descriptive analysis at a single center. Overall, 25 examinations in 14 consecutive patients who underwent transpapillary biopsies for biliary lesions using the novel device delivery system from July to November 2020 were reviewed. Number and time of biopsy, technical success rate, adequate tissue sampling rate, adverse events, and diagnostic performance of bile duct biopsies using the novel device were evaluated. Moreover, negative surgical margins were assessed in patients who underwent surgical resection after mapping biopsy., Results: The median number of biopsy samples was five (range: 2-13), with a median biopsy time of 11.6 min. The technical success rate was 100% (140/140), with an adequate sampling rate of 82.9% (116/140). These rates did not differ depending on the biopsy site or purpose. There were no serious adverse events related to the procedures. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of biliary stricture were 90%, 100%, and 92.3%, respectively. Negative surgical margins were confirmed in all patients undergoing surgical resection, including one patient with a surgical procedure changed based on the results of mapping biopsy., Conclusions: The novel device delivery system has potentials in diagnosing biliary tract diseases and determining appropriate treatment strategies., (© 2022 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Biliary cancer has long been known to carry a poor prognosis, yet the molecular pathogenesis of carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary system and its precursor lesions remains elusive. Here we investigated the role of Kras and canonical Wnt pathways in the tumorigenesis of the extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) and gall bladder (GB). In mice, concurrent activation of Kras and Wnt pathways induced biliary neoplasms that resembled human intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm (ICPN) and biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), putative precursors to invasive biliary cancer. At a low frequency, these lesions progressed to adenocarcinoma in a xenograft model, establishing them as precancerous lesions. Global gene expression analysis revealed increased expression of genes associated with c-Myc and TGFβ pathways in mutant biliary spheroids. Silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of c-Myc suppressed proliferation of mutant biliary spheroids, whereas silencing of Smad4/Tgfbr2 or pharmacologic inhibition of TGFβ signaling increased proliferation of mutant biliary spheroids and cancer formation in vivo. Human ICPNs displayed activated Kras and Wnt signals and c-Myc and TGFβ pathways. Thus, these data provide direct evidence that concurrent activation of the Kras and canonical Wnt pathways results in formation of ICPN and BilIN, which could develop into biliary cancer., Significance: This work shows how dysregulation of canonical cell growth pathways drives precursors to biliary cancers and identifies several molecular vulnerabilities as potential therapeutic targets in these precursors to prevent oncogenic progression., (©2022 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Cancer-specific cell surface antigens are ideal therapeutic targets for monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapy. Here, we report that multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable hematological malignancy, can be specifically targeted by an mAb that recognizes a ubiquitously present protein, CD98 heavy chain (hc) (also known as SLC3A2). We screened more than 10,000 mAb clones raised against MM cells and identified R8H283, an mAb that bound MM cells but not normal hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic cells. R8H283 specifically recognized CD98hc. R8H283 did not react with monomers of CD98hc; instead, it bound CD98hc in heterodimers with a CD98 light chain (CD98lc), a complex that functions as an amino acid transporter. CD98 heterodimers were abundant on MM cells and took up amino acids for constitutive production of immunoglobulin. Although CD98 heterodimers were also present on normal leukocytes, R8H283 did not react with them. The glycoforms of CD98hc present on normal leukocytes were distinct from those present on MM cells, which may explain the lack of R8H283 reactivity to normal leukocytes. R8H283 exerted anti-MM effects without damaging normal hematopoietic cells. These findings suggested that R8H283 is a candidate for mAb-based therapies for MM. In addition, our findings showed that a cancer-specific conformational epitope in a ubiquitous protein, which cannot be identified by transcriptome or proteome analyses, can be found by extensive screening of primary human tumor samples.

Recently, an international randomized controlled clinical trial showed that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection treated orally with the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL pro ) inhibitor PF-07321332 within three days of symptom onset showed an 89% lower risk of COVID-19-related hospital admission/ death from any cause as compared with the patients who received placebo. Lending support to this critically important result of the aforementioned trial, we demonstrated in our study that patients infected with a SARS-Cov-2 sub-lineage (B.1.1.284) carrying the Pro108Ser mutation in 3CL pro tended to have a comparatively milder clinical course (i.e., a smaller proportion of patients required oxygen supplementation during the clinical course) than patients infected with the same sub-lineage of virus not carrying the mutation. Characterization of the mutant 3CL pro revealed that the Kcat/Km of the 3CL pro enzyme containing Ser108 was 58% lower than that of Pro108 3CL pro . Hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) revealed that the reduced activity was associated with structural perturbation surrounding the substrate-binding region of the enzyme, which is positioned behind and distant from the 108th amino acid residue. Our findings of the attenuated clinical course of COVID-19 in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 strains with reduced 3CL pro enzymatic activity greatly endorses the promising result of the aforementioned clinical trial of the 3CL pro inhibitor., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The interaction between IgG and Fc gamma receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) is essential for mediating immune responses. Recent studies have shown that the antigen binding fragment (Fab) and Fc are involved in IgG-FcγRIII interactions. Here, we conducted bio-layer interferometry (BLI) and isothermal titration calorimetry to measure the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters that define the role of Fab in forming the IgG-FcγRIII complex using several marketed therapeutic antibodies. Moreover, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) were used to clarify the interaction sites and structural changes upon formation of these IgG-FcγRIII complexes. The results showed that Fab in IgG facilitates the interaction via slower dissociation and a larger enthalpy gain. However, a larger entropy loss led to only a marginal change in the equilibrium dissociation constant. Combined HDX-MS and XL-MS analysis revealed that the CL domain of Fab in IgG was in close proximity to FcγRIIIa, indicating that this domain specifically interacts with the extracellular membrane-distal domain (D1) and membrane-proximal domain (D2) of FcγRIIIa. Together with previous studies, these results demonstrate that IgG-FcγRIII interactions are predominantly mediated by the binding of Fc to D2, and the Fab-FcγRIII interaction stabilizes complex formation. These interaction schemes were essentially fucosylation-independent, with Fc-D2 interactions enhanced by afucosylation and the contribution of Fab slightly reduced. Furthermore, the influence of antigen binding on IgG-FcγRIII interactions was also investigated. Combined BLI and HDX-MS results indicate that structural alterations in Fab caused by antigen binding facilitate stabilization of IgG-FcγRIII interactions. This report provides a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between IgG and FcγRIII.

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), anastomotic biliary stricture is a serious and refractory complication. In this study, we reviewed the transition of post-LDLT anastomotic biliary strictures and evaluated long-term outcomes of stent placement inside the bile duct, which is referred to as an "inside-stent." Of 805 consecutive adult LDLT recipients in our institution (2000-2018), we reviewed 639 patients with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction and analyzed chronological changes of post-LDLT biliary strictures. Moreover, we focused on the year 2006 when various surgical modifications were introduced and compared the details of post-LDLT biliary strictures before and after 2006, especially focusing on the long-term outcome of inside-stent placement. The proportion of left lobe grafts had increased from 1.8% before 2005 to 39.3% after 2006 (P < 0.001) to maximize the living donor safety. Overall, post-LDLT anastomotic biliary strictures occurred in 21.3% of the patients with a median follow-up period of 106.1 months, which was decreased from 32.6% before 2005 to 12.8% after 2006 (P < 0.001). Anastomotic biliary strictures were less frequent in patients with left lobe grafts than with right lobe grafts (9.4% versus 25.4%; P < 0.001). The overall technical success rate of inside-stent placement was 82.4%, with an improvement from 75.3% before 2005 up to 95.7% after 2006 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the stricture resolution rate remained high at approximately 90% throughout the observation period. Increased use of left lobe grafts with several surgical modifications significantly reduced post-LDLT anastomotic biliary strictures, leading to favorable long-term outcomes of inside-stent placements for this condition., (Copyright © 2021 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Tumor cells capable of self-renewal and continuous production of progeny cells are called tumor stem cells (TSCs) and are considered to be potential therapeutic targets. However, the mechanisms underlying the survival and function of TSCs are not fully understood. We previously reported that chromatin remodeling regulator Brg1 is essential for intestinal stem cells in mice and Dclk1 is an intestinal TSC marker. In this study, we investigated the role of Brg1 in Dclk1 + intestinal tumor cells for the maintenance of intestinal tumors in mice. Specific ablation of Brg1 in Dclk1 + intestinal tumor cells reduced intestinal tumors in Apc Min mice, and continuous ablation of Brg1 maintained the reduction of intestinal tumors. Lineage tracing in the context of Brg1 ablation in Dclk1 + intestinal tumor cells revealed that Brg1-null Dclk1 + intestinal tumor cells did not give rise to their descendent tumor cells, indicating that Brg1 is essential for the self-renewal of Dclk1 + intestinal tumor cells. Five days after Brg1 ablation, we observed increased apoptosis in Dclk1 + tumor cells. Furthermore, Brg1 was crucial for the stemness of intestinal tumor cells in a spheroid culture system. BRG1 knockdown also impaired cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Microarray analysis revealed that apoptosis-related genes were upregulated and stem cell-related genes were downregulated in human CRC cells by BRG1 suppression. Consistently, high BRG1 expression correlated with poor disease-specific survival in human CRC patients. These data indicate that Brg1 plays a crucial role in intestinal TSCs in mice by inhibiting apoptosis and is critical for cell survival and stem cell features in human CRC cells. Thus, BRG1 represents a new therapeutic target for human CRC. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (© 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Protein aggregate formation in prefilled syringes (PFSs) can be influenced by protein adsorption and desorption at the solid-liquid interface. Although inhibition of protein adsorption on the PFS surface can lead to a decrease in the amount of aggregation, the mechanism underlying protein adsorption-mediated aggregation in PFSs is unclear. This study investigated protein aggregation caused by protein adsorption on silicone oil-free PFS surfaces [borosilicate glass (GLS) and cycloolefin polymer (COP)] and the factors affecting the protein adsorption on the PFS surfaces. The adsorbed proteins formed multilayered structures that consisted of two distinct types of layers: proteins adsorbed on the surface of the material and proteins adsorbed on top of the proteins on the surface. A pH-dependent electrostatic interaction was the dominant force for protein adsorption on the GLS surface, while hydrophobic effects were dominant for protein adsorption on the COP surface. When the repulsion force between proteins was weak, protein adsorption on the adsorbed protein layer was increased for both materials and as a result, protein aggregation increased. Therefore, a formulation with high colloidal stability can minimize protein adsorption on the COP surface, leading to reduced protein aggregation., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus is a leading platform in human gene therapy. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid is composed of three viral proteins (VPs): VP1, VP2, and VP3. To ensure the safety of AAV-based gene therapy products, the stoichiometry of VPs of AAV vector should be carefully monitored. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), and liquid chromatography-UV-mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS) were performed to evaluate the VP components of AAV1, AAV2, and AAV6. Two types of VP3-related components, VP3 variant and VP3 fragment, were identified. The VP3 variant was the N-terminal shorter VP3, of which the translation started at M211, not at the conventional initiation codon, M203. The VP3 variant could be generated by leaky scanning of the first initiation codon of VP3. We also showed that the VP3 variant was identified in a minor peak before VP3 in CGE measurement. Meanwhile, the VP3 fragment was the C-terminal cleaved VP3, of which the sequence of VP3 ended at D590 or D626, indicating that cleavage occurred between D590 and P591, or D626 and G627. The cause of the cleavage of the DP or DG sequence was hydrolysis due to low pH of the mobile phase and high temperature of the column oven in the LC system, which was necessary to clearly separate the peak of VPs. VP3 fragments, detected only in LC-UV-MS in small amount account with less than 3% of total peak area, should be included in the quantification of VP3. Finally, the relationship of VP stoichiometry determined by the above three methods was discussed. From this study, we proposed that the VP components of AAV should be complementarily evaluated by CGE and LC-UV-MS.

During the manufacturing of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors, it is generally difficult to purify out vectors that lack nucleic acids (empty particles, EPs), contain incomplete nucleic acids (intermediate particles, IPs) or aggregates. These impurities may cause side effects and therefore it is essential to both quantify and reduce them; however, comprehensive identification of the size distribution and components of virus vectors have been lagging. We developed multiwavelength sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation to characterize EPs, full particles, IPs, and aggregates in adeno-associated virus vector samples. The wavelength-dependent ultraviolet (UV) absorption of capsid protein and encapsulated single-stranded DNA could be deduced from the multiwavelength detection followed by size distribution analysis and peak area integration. Subsequently, a spectral deconvolution analysis using the wavelength-dependent UV absorption data enabled the identification of the protein-nucleic acid ratio of all species. A comprehensive approach for quantifying the viral vector particles and related impurities was established., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Visceral fat obesity can be defined quantitatively by abdominal computed tomography, however, the usefulness of measuring visceral fat area to assess the etiology of gastrointestinal reflux disease has not been fully elucidated., Methods: A total of 433 healthy subjects aged 40-69 years (234 men, 199 women) were included in the study. The relationship between obesity-related factors (total fat area, visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, waist circumference, and body mass index) and the incidence of reflux erosive esophagitis was investigated. Lifestyle factors and stomach conditions relevant to the onset of erosive esophagitis were also analyzed., Results: The prevalence of reflux erosive esophagitis was 27.2% (118/433; 106 men, 12 women). Visceral fat area was higher in subjects with erosive esophagitis than in those without (116.6 cm 2 vs. 64.9 cm 2 , respectively). The incidence of erosive esophagitis was higher in subjects with visceral fat obesity (visceral fat area ≥ 100 cm 2 ) than in those without (61.2% vs. 12.8%, respectively). Visceral fat obesity had the highest odds ratio (OR) among obesity-related factors. Multivariate analysis showed that visceral fat area was associated with the incidence of erosive esophagitis (OR = 2.18), indicating that it is an independent risk factor for erosive esophagitis. In addition, daily alcohol intake (OR = 1.54), gastric atrophy open type (OR = 0.29), and never-smoking history (OR = 0.49) were also independently associated with the development of erosive esophagitis., Conclusions: Visceral fat obesity is the key risk factor for the development of reflux erosive esophagitis in subjects aged 40-69 years., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2 ), an endogenous somnogen, is a unique PG that is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid. PGD 2 is a relatively fragile molecule and should be transported to receptors localized in the basal forebrain without degradation. However, it remains unclear how PGD 2 is stably carried to such remote receptors. Here, we demonstrate that the PGD 2 -synthesizing enzyme, Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), binds not only its substrate PGH 2 but also its product PGD 2 at two distinct binding sites for both ligands. This behaviour implys its PGD 2 carrier function. Nevertheless, since the high affinity (K d  = ∼0.6 μM) of PGD 2 in the catalytic binding site is comparable to that of PGH 2 , it may act as a competitive inhibitor, while our binding assay exhibits only weak inhibition (K i  = 189 μM) of the catalytic reaction. To clarify this enigmatic behavior, we determined the solution structure of L-PGDS bound to one substrate analog by NMR and compared it with the two structures: one in the apo form and the other in substrate analogue complex with 1:2 stoichiometry. The structural comparisons showed clearly that open or closed forms of loops at the entrance of ligand binding cavity are regulated by substrate binding to two sites, and that the binding to a second non-catalytic binding site, which apparently substrate concentration dependent, induces opening of the cavity that releases the product. From these results, we propose that L-PGDS is a unique enzyme having a carrier function and a substrate-induced product-release mechanism., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)