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This paper considers the phenomenon known as “garage capitalism”, accepted in literature as the transformation and adaptation of garages, residential space, basements and other space located on the ground floor of buildings into a space for retailing or other services, manifested at the beginning of the transition period in most Central East European countries. We analyzed this phenomenon as a spatial-functional form of two processes of post-socialist urban changes which significantly shaped the transformation of the urban fabric in post-socialist cities: 1) the increase in commercial functions, and 2) the restructuring of large housing estates from the socialist past. The research was conducted in the largest housing area built during socialism in the city of Nis, Serbia. The research focuses on: 1) the character of “garage capitalism”, and the pace and intensity with which its proceeds – whether itis only a temporary occurrence from the turbulent early years of the transition period in the 1990s, or a solidified process over the past twenty-five years, and 2) scrutinizing its socio-spatial impact on the urban transformation of large housing estates. The analytical framework draws on empirical analysis and a questionnaire-based survey. The investigation indicates that despite a decrease in its intensity, “garage capitalism” is established as a solidified process of urban change. It also suggests that entrepreneurial attitudes and a laissez-faire approach to the urban planning of local authorities, under conditions of continuous economic recession, are the major drivers in the vitality of this process.

The article deals with the problem of energy saving by optimizing heat loss and measures for energy recovery in the existing preschools. The paper presents a theoretical basis, simulation and computations - calculations of heating energy needs for established models, by using appropriate software packages. The program and development of models for improving energy qualities of the envelope, with the tendency of switching to renewable energy sources, are defined. The methods used in this paper include the method of modelling based on the digital simulation of the representative facility, as well as local visits and interviews with relevant researchers, policy makers and preschool educators. The survey is conducted through a case study on the territory of the City of Nis.

Background Regeneration of healthy lung tissue in patients with end-stage respiratory disease would cure disease. Therefore, a detailed understanding of lung development is needed. The most important epithelial stem-cell population in developing lungs is found in distal branching tips, and these Sox9+ lung epithelial stem cells (LESCs) generate all epithelial lineages. Our objective was to develop a self-renewing, genetically modifiable epithelial in-vitro culture system from human embryonic LESCs. Methods Human embryonic LESCs were characterised using genome-wide transcriptional analysis (RNA-seq, Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) and immunohistochemistry at 5–20 weeks postconception. LESCs were microdissected, and self-renewing expansion in three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture was established empirically. We assessed similarity between cultured and fresh LESCs via RNA-seq and immunohistochemistry. Organoids were differentiated in vitro, or in vivo by xenotransplantation into bleomycin-injured mouse lungs or kidney capsule. SOX9 was deleted with CRISPR–Cas9. Findings RNA-seq of LESCs identified broad-scale transcriptional differences between mouse and human embryonic lung stem cells. Human LESCs were successfully expanded for more than 10 months as karyotypically stable 3D organoids using a combination of seven signalling molecules. The LESC stem-cell markers, transcriptome, and organoid morphology were maintained throughout the culture period. Bronchiolar and alveolar differentiation was achieved in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, xenotransplantation of organoids into bleomycin-injured adult mouse lungs was extremely efficient. Knocking out SOX9 led to a loss-of-self-renewing phenotype. Interpretation Our novel genetically modifiable human embryonic lung culture system enables for the first time, to our knowledge, the in-vitro study of human lung development and disease. We anticipate that this system will transform lung regenerative medicine by guiding development of improved protocols for induced pluripotent stem-cell differentiation and adult stem-cell manipulation in vivo, benefiting patients with end-stage respiratory disease. Furthermore, our lung injury–xenotransplantation protocol provides the first method for efficient future cell therapy. Funding Wellcome Trust (PhD programme for clinicians), Medical Research Council, Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust.

$\textit{Purpose of Review}$ The lung research field has pioneered the use of organoids for the study of cell-cell interactions. $\textit{Recent Findings}$ The use of organoids for airway basal cells is routine. However, the development of organoids for the other regions of the lung is still in its infancy. Such cultures usually rely on cell-cell interactions between the stem cells and a putative niche cell for their growth and differentiation. $\textit{Summary}$ The use of co-culture organoid systems has facilitated the in vitro cultivation of previously inaccessible stem cell populations, providing a novel method for dissecting the molecular requirements of these cell-cell interactions. Future technology development will allow the growth of epithelial-only organoids in more defined media and also the introduction of specific non-epithelial cells for the study of cell interactions. These developments will require an improved understanding of the epithelial and non-epithelial cell types present in the lung and their lineage relationships.

At the time of changing economic circumstances, adaptation and conversion of historic structures is an increasingly popular approach. Some historical buildings are very suitable for the revitalization into the modern hotels. The paper analyzes the relationship of the hotel, the city and its architectural heritage, as well as some of the factors that led to the eruption of alternative models of hotels, shown through a series of successful solutions. Many challenges of hotel design in historic buildings are listed and corresponding solutions are offered. Some methodological directions are indicated, and certain guidelines and principles for further activities in this field are formulated. In conclusion their applicability in practice is discussed, and certain disadvantages and limitations are listed. Key words : historic building, hotel, adaptation, revitalization, architecture, design

Modern economic development of the Boka Kotorska Bay, known for its outstanding natural values, in terms of dynamics and size, is often not in line with the principles of environmental protection. As a consequence, over the recent decades, the Bay has been exposed to anthropogenic pollution. Marine sediment acts at the same time as a depositor and also the secondary source of pollutants, thus the analysis of pollutants in sediment is of vital importance for the estimation of its quality. Based on the results obtained over the past two decades, this paper considers characterization of sediment of the Boka Kotorska Bay in terms of heavy metal content and an assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment and biota (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Posidonia oceanica), by applying environmental quality indexes: Enrichment Factor (EF), Metal Pollution Index (MPI), and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo).

Ulaganja u izgradnju novih vrtića su na nezavidnoj razini u Srbiji. S druge strane, postojeći objekti su zastarjeli, devastirani i ne ispunjavaju važeće propise, posebice u pogledu energetske učinkovitosti. Boravak djece u takvim objektima predstavlja značajan društveni problem te je stoga neophodna obnova ovih objekata. U radu su prikazane mjere energetske oporabe i metode za njihovu provedbu u okviru sveobuhvatne revitalizacije postojećih dječjih vrtića. Kroz studiju slučaja, provedena je analiza energetske i troškovne učinkovitosti za tri paketa mjera, a rezultati su prezentirani i diskutirani. Navedene su prednosti primijenjene metode, kao i potencijalna područja provedbi rezultata. Osim toga, dane su neke preporuke za buduća istraživanja, i naglašena su ograničenja u primjeni dobivenih rezultata., Investments in the construction of new kindergartens are at a low level in Serbia. On the other hand, the existing facilities are outdated, devastated and do not meet current regulations, especially in terms of energy efficiency. The attendance of children in such facilities represents a significant social issue and therefore, the refurbishment of these structures is necessary. This paper presents measures for energy recovery and methods of their implementation within the framework of a comprehensive revitalization of the existing kindergartens. Through a case study, an analysis of energy efficiency and cost effectiveness for three sets of measures has been conducted, the findings of which are presented and discussed. The advantages of the applied methods are listed, as well as the potential areas for the implementation of the results. In addition, some recommendations for the future research are given and the limitations in the application of the obtained results are emphasized.

The majority of art museums all over the world have found their accommodation in buildings whose primary function and service, at the time of construction, was completely different. Conversion was more a rule than an exception during (not so long) museum history, and it is unambiguous that typological structure of renaissance and baroque palaces have had dominant influence on museum organization and structure. The further important step forward, considering museum accommodation in historical buildings, happened after the Second World War, with reevaluation and representation of old artistic works by means of new architectonic tools. During the late seventies, reaction of artists to contemporary prevailing trends in museum architecture resulted in creation of numerous unconventional museums, placed in abandoned industrial facilities, warehouses, powerplants, on the margins of official culture, as a contrast to the overdesigned museums as sites of luxury and entertainment. Not long afterwards, the network of museum institutions has accepted the vital elements of this "parallel cultural system" concept and reaffirmed conversion as an equally worthy solution for collection accommodation and temporary exhibition space. In this paper, we have presented the history of conversion as a part of museum architectural typology evolution, advantages and disadvantages of conversion, as well as the contribution of conversion to the sustainable urban development.

The samples, Lu2O3:Eu3+ (3at.% Eu) and Lu2O3:Sm3+ (1at.% Sm), were prepared via polymer complex solution method using polyethlylene-glyocol as the fuel and as nucleation agent for crystallization process. Knowing that lutetium oxide has high chemical stability and temperature resistance, in this paper we investigated possibility for its application in high-temperature phosphor thermometry. It is a non-contact technique that uses the thermal dependence of phosphor fluorescence to measure temperature remotely. The structural and morphological properties were performed through X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations. The obtained results confirmed that this synthesis yields desired crystalline structure with particle size in the range from 30 to 50 nm. Photoluminescence emission measurements were recorded in the temperature range from room up to 873 K. The accomplished results demonstrate the performance of Eu3+ and Sm3+ doped Lu2O3 as high temperature thermographic phosphors of very good sensitivity. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 45020 i br. 171022]

The article deals with ecumenism and the most important examples of its ?institutionalisation?. It is stated that ecumenism implies the doctrine (idea), universal inter-church movement and the proclaimed goal of achieving Christian unity. It possesses at least theological, sociological and political determinants. The World Council of Churches is a universal inter-church forum for dialogue and cooperation that lacks clear ecclesiological identity. However, it is getting the characteristics of a typical international political movement. The Conference of European Churches is a similar European organization. The Parliament of World Religions tends to found and promote ?global ethics? in order to accomplish pacifistic goals in the world.

The issue of primacy divides Roman Catholic (RCC) and Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) in theological field. Painful historical heritage from Second World War is also the great obstacle. Yugoslav atheistic state supported development of inter-church relations in acceptable proportion that would increase national relations in Yugoslav federation. Its fear was related to possible 'common front' against ideological system. Regional inter-church relations were initiated by Vatican and Pope Paul II, while SOC accepted it particularly in the social field. Both agreed on common responsibility for the evangelization an atheistic society. The variety of institutional forms of cooperation was also agreed, Common Commission for dialogue of SOC Council and Yugoslav Bishop Conference, and Theological Faculties Conferences in Post World War II Vatican period. In post-conflict Balkan Societies, RCC and SOC agreed to continue common activities for post-conflict rehabilitation and evangelizational purposes.

Based on case history and clinical and electrophysiological examinations, the authors report on a case of an 8-year-old girl who was diagnosed with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. The disease was complicated by deafness and kidney fibrosis. During treatment with methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin, followed by mycophenolate mofetil, prompt improvement of neurological findings occurred. The improvement of hearing was poor. Because the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy has still not been clear, and on the grounds of several cases of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy conjoined with the kidney disease described in literature (glomerulopathy, interstitial nephritis), every patient with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy needs to undergo the urinalyses.

Background/Aim. Hemodynamic stress is the leading cause of acute renal failure (ARF) in premature neonates. Incidence of ARF in this population is between 8 and 24%. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of presence of ARF in premature neonates, as well as its impact on their survival. Methods. A retrospective study of 114 premature neonates [(gestational age, GA less than 37 gestation weeks (gw)] admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the Pediatric Clinic, Institute of Child and Youth Healthcare of Vojvodina in 2007 was conducted. Serum creatinine, urea and bilirubine were determined on the 3rd day of life in 65 newborns who met inclusion criteria. ARF was diagnosed in 16 newborns (n=16/65; 25%). Results. The premature neonates with ARF had significantly lower GA [

The paper is devoted to approbation in laboratory and field conditions of a new method of bio — indication of aquatic ecosystem state on the basis of assessment of functional state of freshwater bivalve mollusks by monitoring of their cardiac activity.

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) occurs in apparently healthy young people with an incidence of 12.5 cases per 100 000 per year [1]. Attempts to develop standardised care guidelines for this condition have been severely hampered by a lack of high-quality clinical research into this condition. The American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST) concluded in 2001 that “insufficient data exist…to develop an evidence-based document” and so produced a consensus statement based on expert opinion [2]. Similarly, the British Thoracic Society (BTS) 2010 guidelines are based predominantly on nonanalytical studies and expert opinion [3]. In both documents, the size of the presenting PSP is used to determine initial treatment. A “small” PSP without respiratory compromise is thought not to require intervention, while a “large” PSP has typically been treated either by aspiration or intrapleural drainage. Implicit in these definitions is the belief that large pneumothoraces will not respond well to conservative management. Remarkably, no consensus regarding the definition of PSP severity exists, with CHEST and the BTS each using different arbitrary measurements of the presentation chest radiograph. When these measurements were compared directly to one another, they showed poor correlation [4]. This lack of a clinically useful radiological biomarker for pneumothoraces requiring intervention hinders the development of evidence-based care of this condition. We wished to determine whether the BTS definition of large pneumothorax (>2 cm at the hilum) or CHEST definition (>3 cm from apex to cupola) better predicts the requirement for intercostal chest drain (ICD) insertion., Hilar rather than apical interpleural distance more accurately predicts need for intercostal chest drain insertion http://ow.ly/JvKFY

Dermoid cysts are the most common type of ovarian tumour and should be removed due to possible complications. We report a case of a woman who suffered severe granulomatous peritonitis following laparoscopic removal of a dermoid cyst. This required laparotomy, with subsequent enterocutaneous fistula formation. This case demonstrates the importance of adequate irrigation and the use of an endobag in removing dermoid cysts laparoscopically.

Introduction and objectives Regeneration of healthy lung tissue in patients with end-stage respiratory disease (ESRD) would cure disease, rather than treating symptoms. For this a detailed understanding of lung development is needed and the mouse has been used extensively as an in vivo genetically-modifiable model. Differentiation and validation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is entirely based on mouse literature. The most important epithelial stem cell population in developing lungs is found in distal branching tips, and these Sox9+ lung epithelial stem cells (LESCs) generate all epithelial lineages. Our objective was to develop a self-renewing, genetically-modifiable epithelial in vitro culture system from human embryonic LESCs and differentiate them into alveolar and bronchiolar cells. Methods Human embryonic LESCs were characterised using genome-wide transcriptional analysis (RNAseq) and immunohistochemistry (5–20 post-conceptional weeks). LESCs were microdissected and self-renewing expansion in 3D organoid culture was established empirically. Using RNAseq and immunohistochemistry, we assessed the similarities between cultured and fresh LESCs. Genetic stability was evaluated by karyotyping. Organoids were differentiated in vitro, or in vivo using xenotransplantation into bleomycin-injured adult mouse lungs or kidney capsule. Gene editing was done using CRISPR-Cas9 to delete SOX9 . Results RNAseq of LESCs identified broad-scale transcriptional differences between mouse and human embryonic lung stem cells. Human LESCs were successfully expanded for over 10 months as karyotypically-stable 3D organoids using a combination of 7 signalling molecules. The LESC stem cell markers, transcriptome and organoid morphology were maintained throughout the culture period. Bronchiolar and alveolar differentiation was achieved in vitro and in vivo . Moreover, xenotransplantation of organoids into bleomycin-injured adult mouse lungs was extremely efficient. Knocking out SOX9 led to a loss-of-self-renewing phenotype. Conclusions Our novel genetically-modifiable human embryonic lung culture system enables for the first time the in vitro study of human lung development and disease modelling. We anticipate that this work will transform lung regenerative medicine by guiding the development of improved protocols for hiPSC differentiation and manipulation of adult stem cells in vivo , with benefits for patients with ESRD. Additionally, our protocol for xenotransplantation following lung injury provides the first method for efficient future cell therapy.

We report the case of a 77 year-old Caucasian woman with a past medical history of breast cancer who presented to our institution with a five-week history of progressive shortness of breath associated with abdominal distension, anorexia, change in bowel habit and cough. She had an ejection systolic murmur and a pansystolic murmur radiating to the axilla, a raised jugular venous pressure, abdominal distension with shifting dullness and hepatomegaly 16 cm below the costal margin. Blood results revealed a normocytic anemia with deranged liver function tests, renal impairment and a raised C-reactive protein. Chest radiograph demonstrated a raised right hemidiaphragm (Fig. 1A). Transtho

65-year-old woman presented with slowly progressing dysphagia of two to three years’ duration. The patient’s dysphagia was intermittent and was associated with solid food during the initial phase, but progressed to difficulty with swallowing liquids. During the few months before presentation, she also experienced heartburn, nausea and vomiting. She denied significant weight loss or anorexia. Her medical history was notable for cholecystectomy 11 years previously, and she was taking ranitidine. Physical examination and routine laboratory investigations including complete blood count, renal and liver function tests were within the normal range. She underwent gastroscopy followed by a barium swallow, which demonstrated an epiphrenic diverticulum and a midesophageal diverticulum (Figure 1). Following barium swallow, she underwent esophageal manometry (Figure 2). This demonstrated simultaneous contraction in the esophageal body of normal amplitude and duration (Figure 2). The resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure was elevated (49 mmHg), but the relaxation was complete (Figure 2), confirming an atypical variant achalasia. Gastroscopy also demonstrated epiphrenic diverticulum and a ‘tight’ gastroesophageal junction without a mucosal abnormality. The endoscope was passed through the gastroesophageal junction with a slight resistance.

Common variable immunodeficiency is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by reduced serum immunoglobulins and heterogeneous clinical features. Recurrent pyogenic infections of upper and lower respiratory tracts are the main clinical manifestations of common variable immunodeficiency. Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a multisystemic disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and organ ischemia due to platelet aggregation in the arterial microvasculature. This is one of the rare cases of patients diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency, which was complicated by hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Low-complexity half-band IIR filters implemented as two-path polyphase structures use all-pass sub-filters as polyphase components. With a simple first-order frequency transformation applied in the half-band filter all-pass sections, the new filter is obtained with the cut-off frequency at the desired position. In this paper, the authors apply the frequency transformations to construct minimum phase filters and filter pairs of desired regularity order, and with the cut-off frequency at an arbitrary location. In this way, an IIR filter design problem simplifies to the half-band filter design problem. Several solutions based on half-band filters and frequency transformations are shown: (i) multilevel IIR filter bank composed of IIR filter pairs with desirable regularity order and with changeable crossover frequency in sub-bands, (ii) IIR implementation of 2/3, 1/3 two-channel resempler, (iii) simple and effective approach to designing band-pass/band-stop filter pairs

Introduction and Objectives Attempts to develop standardised guidelines in the management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) have been severely hampered by a lack of high quality clinical research. The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and BTS guidelines are based on non-analytical studies and expert opinion. Remarkably, no consensus regarding the definition of PSP severity exists, with the ACCP and BTS each using different arbitrary measurements: hilar size > 2cm (BTS) versus apical size >3cm (ACCP). The objective of this study is to define the critical size of PSP. Methods A multi-centre prospective comparison of 168 consecutive patients presenting with PSP was performed in 13 NHS hospitals in the East of England over a period of 15 months. We compared the ability of the BTS and ACCP definitions to predict the eventual need for intercostal chest drain (ICD) insertion. Since current BTS guidelines state that pleural aspiration should be attempted prior to drainage in non-compromised PSP patients, we reasoned that ICD insertion was a valid endpoint. Using a logistic regression model that included hospital, age, hilar size, apical size and the hilar-apical interaction, we generated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves reflecting the probability of either measure correctly predicting the eventual need for ICD. Results One hundred and sixteen of 168 patients for whom data were collected had been treated according to BTS guidelines. Of these, 39 eventually required ICD insertion. The correlation between hilar and apical distances was high (0.7). The logistic regression showed that hilar distance was statistically significant (p Conclusion Guidelines based on hilar distance, such as the BTS’s, are likely to be more informative in predicting the eventual need for ICD. However, the two distances are highly correlated. This study, for the first time, provides an evidence-based clinically relevant definition of PSP requiring ICD that will guide treatment and serve as the foundation for subsequent trials.

A great number of preschool buildings in Serbia, mainly in south-eastern part of Central Serbia, have been examined as a part of scientific project carried at Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Nis. Even though this is an on-going project with data still being collected, there has been sufficient material to make an overview of field situation and draft framework for proposed reconstruction strategy as a main goal of this study. This analysis presents the basis for examining and valorizing local preschool facilities. In addition to treating structural, environmental and aesthetic (internal and external) properties of the buildings, we carried out analysis of energy status of preschool buildings. Investigation of foreign experience with the process of revitalization of this group of buildings has served as the framework for the final part of the chapter, which offers suggestions for improving quality of preschool facilities in Serbia.

After World War II, multi-religious and multi-national socialist Yugoslavia faced the need to resolve the complex national issue or actually to bring it into accord and make closer to the internal, but also to the international goals and interests of the Yugoslav state. Its atheistic-secularist nature basically conditioned its relationship to the religious communities in the state, whose “potentials” should be controlled, directed and used in a desirable way. The state, actually, supported the secular (non-church) principle by which every nation should have its own Church, striving in time directly, consistently and firmly to exert influence on its application in practice as such. Taking such activities, it disregarded the church reasons and needs, what particularly made a negative impact on the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC). The Roman Catholic Church (RCC), as the second church (religious) community in the country by the number of its believers, recognised that its interests coincided with such endeavours and activities of the state. It discretely supported the political process of gaining of “autocephaly of the Macedonian Orthodox Church” (MOC).

Introduction Operations on the common bile duct may lead to potentially serious complications such as biliary peritonitis. T-tube insertion is performed to reduce the risk of this occurring postoperatively. Biliary leakage at the point of insertion into the common bile duct, or along the fistula, can sometimes occur after T-tube removal and this has been reported extensively in the literature. We report a case where the site at which the T-tube fistula leaked proved to be the point of contact between the fistula and the anterior abdominal wall, a previously unreported complication. Case presentation A 36-year-old sub-Saharan African woman presented with gallstone-induced pancreatitis and, once her symptoms settled, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed, common bile duct stones were removed and a T-tube was inserted. Three weeks later, T-tube removal led to biliary peritonitis due to the disconnection of the T-tube fistula which was recannulated laparoscopically using a Latex drain. Conclusion This case highlights a previously unreported mechanism for bile leak following T-tube removal caused by detachment of a fistula tract at its contact point with the anterior abdominal wall. Hepatobiliary surgeons should be aware of this mechanism of biliary leakage and the use of laparoscopy to recannulate the fistula.