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Copyright of Journal of Management & Agribusiness / Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Limited marketing information sometimes becomes an obstacle for farmers in marketing their products, so that farmers fail to get a fairer farmer share. This research was carried out by the survey method and aimed to determine the efficiency of the tuber marketing system by the community around the forest in Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta. Data was collected by interviewing 31 tuber farmers selected by the purposive method and five traders selected by the snowball method. There are two tubers commodities, namely cassava, and cocoyam, that have been marketed by the community around the forest in fresh cassava, dry cassava, and fresh cocoyam. The tuber trading system was carried out through two trading system channels involving three intermediate traders, including village collectors, regency collectors, and retailers. Cassava trading arrangements are carried out through two trading channels are channel 1: farmers sell cassava to village collectors, who sell it to district collectors, then finally distribute it to the consumer. Channel 2: farmers sell fresh cassava to village collector, who sells it to regency collector (tapioca flour industry) and finally to consumers. While in cocoyam trading, two trading channels are also formed, among others. Channel 1: farmers sell fresh cocoyam to village collectors, then sell again to retailers who distribute it to consumers. Channel 2: the farmer sells fresh cocoyam directly to food processing producers than consumers. Cassava and cocoyam trading via channel 1 are more efficient than trading system two because they have a lower trading margin, greater farmers' share value, and less technical efficiency.

Most of the fish caught in Ternate City are landed at the Dufa-dufa Fish Landing Base (PPI). The Fish Landing Base (PPI) is a special port which is the center for the economic development of the fishing industry, both in terms of production and sales. Skipjack is a type of fish that is landed at the Dufa-dufa Fish Landing Base (PPI). Skipjack is the main catch of fishermen at PPI Dufa-dufa besides tuna, tuna and mackerel. The aim of the study was to determine the pattern of distribution and marketing efficiency of skipjack tuna at PPI Dufa-dufa, Ternate City. This type of research is descriptive with data types namely primary and secondary data. This research uses the method purposive sampling. The results showed that there were 5 distribution channels for skipjack tuna, namely: line I consisted of: fishermen, implementers, traders (dibo-dibo). Distribution channel II consists of: fishermen, traders (dibo-dibo), Distribution channel III, namely: fishermen, traders (dibo- dibo), small trader. Distribution channel IV consists of fishermen, implementers, companies. And line V, which consists of: fishermen and consumers. Based on the efficiency criteria for skipjack tuna marketing at PPI Dufa-dufa Ternate City on each distribution channel it shows that marketing efficiency is still below <5% where the executor distribution agent is 0.00, traders (dibo-dibo) 1.58 and small traders 4.17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research dealt with the topic of interactive marketing in its dimensions (trust, commitment, interaction, two-way communication, quality of service, speed of response) and its impact on marketing efficiency in its dimensions (customer satisfaction, marketing costs, marketing research and development). The researchers sought to present a theoretical framework based on rooting Intellectual and making a modest contribution with regard to the variables and dimensions of the research, which was conducted in the Asia Cell Company for Mobile Communications, Holy Karbala Branch. And information, and a set of statistical methods were used in order to process data and information, namely: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Cronbach alpha test, coefficient of variation, Pearson correlation coefficient, interpretation coefficient, test (T), test (F), and in conclusion, the research reached A set of conclusions, the most important of which are: - The employees of Asia Cell Company realize the importance of building a long-term trust relationship with customers for the purpose of enhancing the company's marketing efficiency. As well as all the correlations were positive and moral, which means that the company can benefit from the dimensions of interactive marketing to enhance marketing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to assess the efficiency of beef cattle markets in the Republic of Benin. Primary data were collected from face-to-face surveys of a random sample of 600 respondents consisting of 300 beef cattle farmers and 300 beef cattle traders participating in self-managed beef cattle markets (MBA) and traditional beef cattle markets (MT). Different marketing channels were identified in the selected beef cattle markets: Channel I, FarmerSlaughterhouse/Butchery; Channel II, Farmer-Collector-Wholesaler-Slaughterhouse/Butchery; Channel III, Farmer-Collector-Slaughterhouse/Butchery; and Channel IV, Farmer-WholesalerSlaughterhouse/Butchery. Channel I appears to be the most efficient in both markets with a marketing efficiency of 2.57 in MBA markets and 1.23 in MT markets. The average marketing efficiencies are 1.25 and 0.97 in MBA and MT markets, respectively. The marketing efficiency analysis showed that MBA markets are more efficient than MT markets. To increase the marketing efficiency of farmers, MT markets should be converted into MBA markets. Facilitating transportation and access to market information are critical factors for increasing farmers' marketing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agribusiness Forum / Forum Agribisnis is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Being a geographical indication certified fruit, Tezpur litchi enjoys the consumer price difference of Indian Rupees 10 per litchi from the common varieties of litchi. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the different aspects of price spread which will make a way out to provide maximum benefit to the litchi growers. With this motive, this study aimed to analyse the price spread and identify the pattern of marketing channels that would be feasible and give profitable returns to the litchi growers. Research Method: The empirical data were collected from 218 samples that included four channel members i.e., litchi growers, pre-harvesting contractors, retailers and final consumers who are mainly involved in the marketing and consumption of Tezpur litchi. The data were analysed using specific formulas of price spread, the share of channel members in consumer's price and marketing efficiency. Findings: Four patterns of marketing channels were identified for Tezpur litchi. Channel III which included litchi growers, retailers and final consumers was found the most feasible in the study area where 79% of litchi growers directly sell to retailers instead of pre-harvesting contractors. It was observed that price spread, the share of channel members in consumer's price and marketing efficiency shared an inverse relationship with the number of mediators in the marketing channel. However, from the practical point of view, channel III is suggested to the litchi growers for a feasible and profitable return. Research Limitations: Exact information on the distribution of Tezpur Litchi to the other states and countries was not available. Therefore, the geographical scope of the study is limited to Assam. Originality/ Value: Understanding price spread is considered very important to cognise the efficiency of the marketing channels operating for a product. An effective marketing channel not only meets the demand of the consumers but also creates a favourable environment for the growers and intermediaries to increase production and add value to the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale pig farming is crucial for the economic and social structure of tribal households in North-east India. While pig production is the major source of their livelihood, the industry is still facing issues such as the reccurrence of diseases that affect the costs of the pig farmers and low-level efficiencies. With this background, the objectives of the study are to understand the socio-economic structures of the pig farmers, key factors influencing the cost structure of small pig farmers and identify the efficient marketing channel in Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland. The study also aims to identify the waste management practices followed by the farmers. For this purpose, a primary survey was conducted on three thousand households selected randomly. The methodologies used include descriptive analysis, multiple regression, and Acharya Modified Marketing index. The results indicate that though most farmers had knowledge of classical swine fever, less than twenty-five percent of the farmers had their pigs vaccinated. The primary cost contributing factors for backyard farmers are the stock purchase of pigs and feed cost. The marketing efficiency came out to be 1.5, 1.48 and 2.13 for Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland. The study suggests that awareness and training on sustainable pig production methods and digital marketing can lead to an improved productivity which can eventually achieve the target of doubling farmers' income. Further, given that the current waste management includes burning pigs leading to environmental pollution, the study suggests launching waste disposal training drives for farmers for enabling them to practice efficient waste management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of gender on marketing efficiency among maize producing households using data collected in the Dawuro zone, southern Ethiopia. Results indicate that the amount of maize assigned to the first ranked (most efficient) channel for male, female and joint decision-making households is significantly larger than that of the second, third, and fourth ranked channels, respectively. Significant results vary across gender categories at the same stage of marketing channel. Female decision-making households receive a lower producer price, as well as cover higher marketing costs and margins of middlemen, as compared to male and joint decision-makers at the same stage of the marketing channel. This study also found a limited financial ability for local institutions to establish maize storages in the study area. There is a need for an integrated agricultural marketing information system that would help female decision-making maize producers to better engage in available market opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the peculiarities of organization of monitoring the status and efficiency of the use of the marketing potential of enterprise in the conditions of changeable economic policy. It is identified that the main task of carrying out a set of procedures for monitoring the marketing potential of enterprise is to form a proper information provision for the process of strategic management of the enterprise’s marketing activity on the basis of modeling possible alternatives to development and timely identification of the need for changes in economic activity. The main elements of the system of monitoring the marketing potential of enterprise are a certain sum of approaches to determining the essence of this system, methods and methodology of its development, as well as the implementation of measures for its introduction. During the monitoring, the actual financial and economic status is analyzed, the value and trends of deviations from the forecasts that constitute the basis for the plans of economic activity of the enterprise in the formation of competitive advantages are defined. In the future, in accordance with the previously identified patterns and specific dependencies, the consequences of changes for the implementation of the process of monitoring the marketing potential of the enterprise are determined. The results of identifying flaws and shortcomings in the monitoring process are used to assess the level of its organization and determine the efficiency. Errors and shortcomings should be corrected during the next cycle of preparation and use of the monitoring system at the enterprise. To do this, at the end of the accounting period, the main directions of improvement of this system are established, a set of measures is developed to eliminate the identified shortcomings.

Fuelwood continues to be the leading energy source for rural and urban dwellers, creating competition between domestic and commercial fuelwood users in Ghana. This competition has carved a market niche for people to engage in the fuelwood trade as a source of livelihood. The study aimed to describe the marketing outlets of fuelwood, determine the most efficient fuelwood marketing channel outlets, and examine the factors influencing the choice of fuelwood marketing outlets in the Dormaa Municipality of Ghana. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 200 fuelwood harvesters drawn from eight communities that harvest fuelwood for sale using the multistage sampling method. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression were used in analysing the data. The study revealed that open forest is the main source of fuelwood for trade. Further, selling fuelwood directly to the end-users (outlet I) is the most efficient marketing outlet among the four marketing outlets identified in the study. The significant variables influencing the choice of fuelwood marketing outlets were level of education, processing of fuelwood before sales, cost of transporting fuelwood, the quantity of fuelwood harvested weekly, and the nature of the road. These findings provide immense guidance to fuelwood market actors in terms of market outlet selection decisions and the need for rural infrastructure improvement. It is recommended that fuelwood traders should endeavour to own the splitting and cutting tools to minimise processing costs and maximise profit since splitting and cutting costs constitute the highest marketing cost. The marketing of fuelwood should be formalised by the Forest Service Division (FSD) in collaboration with the Municipal Assembly and encouraged to establish woodlots for fuelwood. This will forestall any future invasion of the forest reserves for fuelwood for marketing.

Copyright of Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences (SJAS) is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transfer: Zeitschrift für Kommunikation & Markenmanagement is the property of Deutsche Werbewissenschaftliche Gesellschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the tropics, okra is an important vegetable crop and its production is a viable livelihood activity; however, several factors affect its marketing and margins derivable thereof. Therefore, this study analyzed the determinants of market margins among okra traders in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Primary data collected via multistage sampling were analyzed using descriptive statistics, market performance and regression analysis. The results revealed that the estimated market margin and market efficiency index were ₦1900/bag (100kg) and 0.35, respectively. Channel 4 (27%) had the highest percentage of commodity sales volume. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.826; hence, 83% variation in the market margin was accounted for by variables in the regression model. Moreover, coefficients of the variables including age (0.873), education (0.696), market experience (0.571), cost price (-0.598), quantity sold (0.576), marketing cost (-0.72) and income level (0.98) were significant determinants of okra market margins. They identified constraints affecting okra marketing in the study area. This study recommends the provision of incentives, policy adoption to mitigate income inequality and improve market performance; regulation of commodity prices, agent exploitation and marketing costs; adoption of modern communication tools and technologies, market channel diversification; provision of market infrastructures and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this research were to calculate marketing efficiency and to identify the information sources of cattle farmers who select direct or indirect channel of cattle selling. This study used a descriptive research design. Respondents in this research were determined by quota and judgmental sampling methods. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews. Data collected were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that 66.67% and 33.33% of farmers selected indirect channel and direct channel, respectively. Among the latter, all the farmers sold to butcher, inter-island traders, or end consumers on Muslim religious ceremony. Indirect channel farmers obtained 83.72% of producer’s share, while in the direct selling method farmers obtained the entire share. However, marketing efficiency of indirect marketing channel was better with 20.22 than the direct marketing channel with 29.70. Furthermore, in the direct marketing channel, most farmers received information from buyers (25.86%) and farmers in the indirect marketing channel received from family members (20.29%). All farmers obtained similar impersonal information from televised media. In conclusion, farmers in direct channel received more income but indirect marketing channel gave a better marketing efficiency. Lastly, majority of farmers in both channels received information from personal sources.

This study aims to examine the marketing channel optionsavailable for corn producers in South Sulawesi, the production center in Indonesia, as well as impact of such a choice on their income level. The target group was corn producers and corn traders. The total sample comprised 150 people, consisting of 120 corn producers and 30 corn intermediary traders within South Sulawesi Province. The results showed that three marketing channels accessed by producers are zero-level, one-level, and two-level channels. The net profit margin obtained by intermediary traders per kg is different by types for each marketing channel due to different marketing activities leading to different costs spent. The most efficient marketing channel is the zero-level channel that conducts direct selling to breeders. It followed by the one-level channel (from farmers to collectors and consumers). Finally, the two-level channel (from producers to merchant traders) showed the lowest efficiency. It should be mentioned that the zero-level channel offers a slight price increase for producers compared to other channels. Its consumers only buy limited number of products so that it does not have a wide impact on producer’s welfare. The study also found high input costs spent to cultivate corn due to land rent, fertilizers, and pesticides. AcknowledgmentThe welfare of corn producers and marketing channel choice is part of an internal research grant project from Hasanuddin University. The research involves the regional government at village and sub-district level, and farmer groups in villages within the Province of South Sulawesi.

Copyright of Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness / Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Menoufia Journal of Agricultural Economic & Social Science is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examined the marketing and uses of two species of Giant African Land Snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina) in four (4) different market locations in Ibadan Oyo state, Nigeria. The data were collected using a structured and validated questionnaire administered interpersonally to 160 snail marketers in four randomly selected markets in selected Local Government Area (LGA) situated in Ibadan. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools; these include frequencies, mean, median, mode and multiple regression. Findings from the socioeconomic characteristics revealed that majority (98.1 %) of the respondents were female and only 1.9 % were male. Majority (91.9 %) of marketers were married with 27.5 % in the 31–40 years age group. Majority (89.4 %) raised their capital through personal savings and had over 16 years of marketing experience. All respondents (100 %) were involved in wholesale marketing of different species of snail whereas 65 % of them were into both wholesale and retail marketing. Also, 88.8 % were engaged in marketing of both species only. Most (70 %) of the respondents’ generated income per year was between ₦10,000–₦49,999 ($26–$130). All marketers ascertained that the major purpose of snail is for consumption. Also, the budgetary analysis (costs and returns) revealed that marketing of Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina is a profitable business among the marketers with a high rate of return on investment. The most efficient market for both snail species was Sango market with efficiency values 1.77 and 1.82 for A. achatina and A. marginata, respectively. The coefficient of multiple determination, R2 value of 0.689 indicated that 68.9 % of the variation in the marketing price of snail is explained by transportation cost, cost price of snail and market tariff. The marketing efficiency was greater than one in all markets which showed that the markets were efficient in the marketing of Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina. The study concluded that snail marketing is profitable given the market efficiencies and rate of returns on investment. Policy recommendation towards reduction in cost of transportation and market tariff is suggested as this would bring about improved market efficiencies and more returns.

The tomato crop is one of the most important daily consumer food crops that enters the consumer basket and its importance called for necessity Study it through a random sample consisting of (145) questionnaires, of which (75) are intended for farmers and (35) are designated for each of the wholesalers and (35) for retailers in the governorate Salah al-Din, and it is necessary to refer to the average number of dunams planted with the crop for the research sample (5.2) dunams, as the production of one dunam amounted to an average of (4.8) tons / dunam, and the average prices of the crop for the producer, wholesaler and retailer amounted to (382-504.4-701.7) dinars/ kg, respectively, the average absolute marketing margin between wholesaler - producer, retailer - wholesaler, retailer - producer amounted to (81.86 - 197.3 - 319) dina / kg, respectively, while the relative marketing margin between wholesaler - farms, wholesaler The retailer, the retailer-farmer (producer) amounted to (19.50%, 26.11%, 42.37%) respectively, and the profits of the retailer from the absolute marketing margin ranked first, while the profits of the wholesaler ranked second, and the marketing efficiency was measured, amounting to The average marketing efficiency according to the three laws of scale (1) amounted to (59.93%), For scale (2) it reached (65.41 %, 43.95%, 32.66%), and for scale (3) it reached (63.16%), it was concluded that it is low when compared with the marketing systems of the rest of the world. (319) dinars, while the profits of the wholesaler from the marketing margin averaged (197.3) dinars. The reason for this is attributed to the ability of the retailer to bargain without providing marketing services. There is scarcity and shortage in wholesale markets, and this in turn leads to many wholesalers monopolizing the crop and selling it at prices that suit them, as well as the necessity for the owners of wholesale offices to perform the necessary marketing functions (sorting, grading, classifying and packing) This study recommended opening new outlets for wholesale sales and expanding wholesale offices, as the study showed that there is a scarcity and shortage in wholesale markets, and this in turn leads to many wholesalers monopolizing the crop and selling it at prices that suit them