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Pestisida merupakan agensia beracun, sehingga berpotensi untuk menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan. Kasus keracunan pestisida di negara berkembang sangat tinggi tetapi tingkat penggunaan pestisida yang tinggi justru di negara maju. Tujuan kajian ini adalah menilai korelasi antara penggunaan petisida dan dampakrya terhadap kesehatan. Kajian ini dilakukan di dataran tinggi Sumatra Barat tempat para petani menggunakan pestisida dalam jumlah yang banyak. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode regresi berganda. Hasil kajianr ini menunjukkan bahwa daya racun pestisida, jumlah pestisida, dan tingkat pemajanan pestisida secara signifikan menimbulkan dampak kesehatan. Hal ini didukung oleh kenyataan bahwa petani masih menggunakan pestisida yang sangat berbahaya dan perilaku penyemprotan yang berisiko tinggi terhadap terjadinya keracunan. Kajian ini menjawab pertanyaan: mengapa kasus keracunan di negara-negara berkembang sangat tinggi sementara penggunaan pestisida yang tinggi terjadi di negara-negara maju. ABSTRACT Pesticide is a poisonous agent, so which has adverse impacts on human health. The number of cases of pesticide poisoning is highly occurred in developing countrieseven though the high level of pesticide use is in developed countries. The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between pesticide use and its adverse health impacts among farmers who used the pesticides, and to identify the major cause of health impact. The study was conducted in highlands of West Sumatra where the farmers used pesticides in high volume. Analyses were carried out by employing multiregression and descriptive methods. The study indicates that toxicity, volume and exposure level of pesticides have caused significant negative impacts on the health of the farmers. It is supported by evidence is that the farmers used highly poisonous chemicals with risky behavior of spraying practices. The pesticides furthermore, exposed substantially to farmers in high volume. This study, therefore, is able to address the question i.e. why the case of poisoning in developing countries is high mean while the high level of pesticides use is in developed countries.

Pesticide is one of the pest control agents. Before concept of economic threshold was introduced, pesticide was used under scheduled method based on life cycle of insect pests. Therefore, pests damage was influenced by pesticide application, and resulting one-way relationship between pest attack and pesticide application. After the economic threshold concept was introduced as pest control strategy, the relationship becomes two-directions, namely pest attack is affected by pesticide application, and vice versa. Therefore, the simple relationship does not reflect the real condition. The unbiased relationship can be overcame by econometric approach called two stage least square, including new relevant independent variables. The objective of this study is determining the reversible relationship between pest attack and pesticide application. For this purpose, the time series data-containing pest attack level and pesticide application on rice and soybean during 1990–1998 were required. The result of analysis in rice indicated that the irreplaceable phenomenon that is increasing pest attack caused by rising pesticide application, but in soybean indicated common condition that is pest attack reduced when pesticide application increase. On the other hand, both pesticides application on rice and soybean were influenced by pests attack condition. Higher pest attack causes increasing pesticides application. Key words: econometric, simultaneous equation, economic threshold

The objective of this study is to measure the impact of corruption on welfare, and to compare the magnitude of impact between high-income and low-income countries. Corruption perception index is used as a proxy of corruption level; human development index is used to represent welfare. Natural resource endowment and international trade are included in analysis to control robustness of corruption. The results show that corruption has negative impact on welfare. The impact in low-income countries is more destructive. Natural resource endowment and trade also have significant impacts, particularly for low-income countries. Since the corruption is destructive, government should eradicate corruption using preventive and repressive actions. Keywords:Economic development, corruption, low income countries, human development indexJEL classification numbers: D73, D31, I31AbstrakKajian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dampak korupsi pada kesejahteraan, dan untuk membandingkan besarnya dampak antara negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan berpenghasilan rendah. Indeks persepsi korupsi digunakan sebagai proksi tingkat korupsi; indeks pembangunan manusia digunakan sebagai pendekatan kesejahteraan. Sumber daya alam dan perdagangan internasional dimasukkan dalam analisis untuk mengontrol kekuatan variabel korupsi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa korupsi berdampak negatif pada kesejahteraan. Dampak korupsi di negara-negara miskin lebih buruk dari pada di negara-negara kaya. Sumber daya alam dan perdagangan juga memiliki dampak yang signifikan, terutama untuk negara-negara miskin. Karena korupsi bersifat merusak, pemerintah harus memberantas korupsi menggunakan tindakan preventif maupun represif.Kata kunci: Pembangunan ekonomi, korupsi, negara berpenghasilan rendah, IPMJEL classification numbers: D73, D31, I31

Pestisida kimia merupakan salah satu masukan dalam produksi padi yang berfungsi untuk menekan kehilangan hasil oleh serangan hama dan penyakit. Penggunaan pestisida kimia harus bijaksana karena selain memberi manfaat juga menimbulkan bahaya terhadap kesehatan dan lingkungan. Banyak petani yang menggunakan pestisida kimia dengan dasar pencegahan, yaitu tanpa mempertimbangkan keadaan serangan hama dan penyakit sehingga penggunaannya cenderung berlebih. Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) diperkenalkan kepada petani melalui Sekolah Lapangan (SL) PHT, dengan tujuan untuk nrengurangi pestisida kimia, dan hanya digunakan jika memang diperlukan. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa SLPHT telah mengubah cara pengambilan keputusan dalam menggunakan pestisida kimia. Keadaan ini menyebabkan penggunaan pestisida kimia menjadi berkurang. ABSTRACT Chemical pesticide is one of the inputs in rice production used to protect yield loss caused by pest attack. Chemical pesticides should be used wisely as they pose threat to human health and pollute environment. Many farmers use chemical pesticide based on prophylactic concept, that is using chemical pesticides without taking into consideration the level of pest attack, which leads to an excessive use. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) concept is introduced to farmers through Farmer’s Field School (FFS) in order to reduce chemical pesticides use. According to the IPM principle, farmers can use chemical pesticides when necessary. Results of this study show that farmers have changed their decision-making in chemical pesticides use after adopting IPM concept through participation at FFS in IPM. This condition causes decline in chemical pesticide use.

Pestisida kimia merupakan bahan beracun yang menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Penggunaannya yang berlebihan telah menimbulkan biaya eksternal yang sangat tinggi. Sejak tahun 1989 Pemerintah Indonesia telah berusaha mengurangi penggunaan pestisida kimia melalui program Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) Untuk mengetahui dampak program PHT, digunakan fungsi permintaan pestisida kimia. Analisis ini menggunakan data sekunder selama sembilan tahun yang diambil dari empat kabupaten wilayah Yogyakarta. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dampak program PHT telah berhasil mengurangi penggunaan pestisida kimia pada padi dan kedelai. Penurunan penggunaan pestisida kimia disebabkan oleh kenaikan harga dan penyebaran teknologi PHT. Turunnya penggunaan pestisida kimia ini akan meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia karena tersedia bahan pangan yang residu pestisida kimianya rendah. ABSTRACT Chemical pesticide is a poisonous agent that causes deterioration on environment quality and thereatens to human health. It causes considerable high externat cost. Sice 1989 the Government of Indonesia had removed chemical pesticide subsidy and introduced a new program called Integrated {est

Productivity of Indonesian rice agriculture needs to grow substantially to ensure national food security. However, the environmental cost should be taken into account. This study aims to analyse productivity growth of rice by decomposing it into technological change, scale effects, allocative efficiency and technical efficiency. Environmental cost associated with the use of environmentally detrimental inputs is internalised to obtain environmentally adjusted productivity growth. The result indicates that total factor productivity growth is driven by technological change and social efficiency effects. Environmentally adjusted productivity growth is less than conventional productivity growth. Some policies to increase the environmentally adjusted productivity growth are proposed.

Agricultural development in Indonesia has been changing dynamically since the country’s independence. This paper reviews the rice sector as part of agricultural development in Indonesia. It is remarkable that the agricultural sector was ignored when the oil boom benefited Indonesian economy. As revenues from oil dropped significantly, the agricultural sector emerged as an engine of economic growth in the 1980s. As staple food, rice was posited as top priority. Various rice Intensification programs coinciding with the Green Revolution were launched, and several institutions were established to support these programs. The result was so significant that Indonesia was able to achieve rice self-sufficiency by 1983. But with the growing critical awareness about sustainable development, the intensification programs lost their relevance. The programs were replaced with an environmentally sound policy. However, as the industrial sector grew, again, the agricultural sector was neglected until an economic crisis hit Indonesia in 1997 and rice self-sufficiency could not be sustained. Realizing the importance of the agricultural sector, it is now being developed in equal measure as other sectors. Under the current administration, an agricultural revitalization program has been implemented, and in 2008, Indonesia has achieved rice self-sufficiency for the second time.

This study aims to estimate the demand for insecticides in soybean farms in Java, Indonesia, and to analyze the impact of the integrated pest management (IPM) technology on insecticide use. It uses aggregate cross-section time series data during the period 1990-1998, when the IPM technology was disseminated in Indonesia. By using recursive and simultaneous equation models, it estimates the impact of the IPM technology on the demand for insecticides. The study finds that the IPM technology has reduced significantly the use of insecticides in soybean farming.