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Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has many advantages compared to in-center hemodialysis, which include technical simplicity, and being a home therapy it allows patients significant autonomy for all their daily activities. Nephrologists require trustworthy information from patients for the appropriate management of PD, that is, a careful record of adherence to the prescribed schedule, effective time of dialysis, and a detailed volume of ultrafiltration (UF) is required. All these tasks demand time and commitment from patients, resulting frequently in incomplete or inconsistent information. Development and incorporation of remote monitoring devices to machines for automated PD makes data recovery easy and safe, and provides the medical team the opportunity to be more proactive, and prevent complications due to under dialysis, catheter dysfunction or chronic and acute changes in UF. Remote monitoring devices/machines may be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of peritoneal damage and even in the initial manifestation of peritonitis.

Resumen. En este articulo se presentan dos alternativas para el control de navegacion de una silla de ruedas electrica en condiciones de espacio reducido. Como primera opcion, se propone una estructura empleando logica difusa con universo de discurso ajustable. Dependiendo de la distancia promedio registrada por tres sensores ultrasonicos, se modifican los parametros de los conjuntos difusos para expandirlos o contraerlos. Posteriormente, con los datos del ajuste maximo y minimo de los conjuntos obtenidos, se definieron funciones difusas tipo 2 y se implemento un controlador de logica difusa tipo 2. Las trayectorias obtenidas en las pruebas realizadas para ambas versiones muestran ventajas en la adaptabilidad al espacio disponible en el escenario de navegacion.

In this article, we present an obstacle avoidance controller implemented in a field programmable gate array for an electric wheelchair. It is based on a traditional approach with ultrasonic sensors and fuzzy logic. Various tests were conducted to characterize the prototype and to evaluate the controller performance. The results showed that the system is able to acquire data from sensors and make decisions 46.16 times per second. The sensors’ coverage extends 3 m to the front, rear, left, and right sides of the wheelchair; moreover, the sensors detect 0.95-cm diameter objects at 40 cm. The power consumption was evaluated, and it was found that the hardware architecture reduces the battery life by only 0.87%. Furthermore, the controller helped to navigate in confined areas, avoiding obstacles with cautious movements and decreasing the likelihood of collision. The proposed methodology uses data from eight sonars distributed around the wheelchair to make navigation decisions, besides the hardware-based architecture guarantees real-time control and on-time response.

Plants exhibit several mechanisms to survive under high salinity conditions. The uptake and compartmentalization of Na+ ion by the NHX antiporter is a crucial mechanism in homeostasis maintenance. Therefore, we evaluated McNHX2 gene expression and several physiological responses induced in three natural genetic variants of ice plants under salt stress. Based on morphology and growth behavior of wild type populations from an arid region of northwestern Mexico, we identified three ice plant natural genetic variants and called P0, P9, and P11. Several physiological parameters, such as water potential, relative water content, chlorophyll, and Na+ and K+ ion contents from all natural genetic variants exhibited a differential response under high salinity conditions. Specifically, the P0 variant showed lower water potential changes and least perturbation of Na+/K+ ratio than those of the P9 and P11 variants under saline conditions, suggesting that the P0 variant is the most salt tolerant. Unexpectedly, McNHX2 expression was repressed in the P11 variant while it was upregulated in the P0 and P9 variants under saline treatments. The McNHX2 gene was sequenced showing 15 introns and 16 exons; polymorphisms were found among the cDNAs sequences from the three natural genetic variants. All these data suggest that differential responses to high salinity involve different mechanisms operating in each variant for counteracting saline stress effects.

This methodology links definition of the footprint of uncertainty to data features.Design parameters are conceptually-congruent with possibility theory.Outputs piece-wise linear MFs from a given density function.Data distribution can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical.Uncertainty can be incremented from a T1-MF to a FOU through a single parameter. Type-2 Fuzzy sets (T2FS) represent a large amount of uncertainty and complexity; however, these benefits are closely related to the definition of its footprint of uncertainty (FOU). The FOU can be so freely designed that difficulties are encountered when trying to compare any two of them, or conclude how a system is improved by varying FOU's characteristics. Consequently, a parametrization method is needed, which permits a systematic analysis and comparison in terms of design criteria. This paper presents a novel method which allows the description of the FOU based on the primary membership function (MF). The provided piecewise-linear output depends only on two design parameters and the underlying primary function. A complete review about the preference for linear functions is also given as well as continuity considerations. In addition, it can be applied to an arbitrary monotonic primary MF around its mean. Close-form equations are derived for normal and Laplace distributions, as well as a regression approach to deal with sampled data where no assumptions are made about symmetry. According to the literature, such an approximation has not been published.

Peruvian school needs take on new educational paradigms and the use of NTICs in the curriculum and teaching practices in the classroom, so that future citizens effective responses to the characteristics and demands of today's society is the knowledge, education and leave behind the nineteenth century that still prevails in Peruvian schools.This essay analyzes the most relevant of the XXI century characteristics, the relationship between the school and the characteristics of this society, the formation and the role of teachers in the XXI century and at the end type is characterized school is required to respond to this demand that today's society, and in which the education faculties of universities play a major role.

The beta-glucosidase (BGLU, EC 3.2.1.21) gene family in B73 maize contains 26 BGLU paralogs of unknown functional redundancy. Promoter sequences revealed that each paralog possesses a distinct set of cis elements and transcription factor binding sites that can modulate transcriptional activity in response to a variety of stimuli. Agrobacterium-mediated fast transient transformation is advantageous for studying large gene families in plants that have rapid recombinant protein expression. In this study, we applied an optimized method from tropical hybrids of maize seedlings in order to characterize some endogenous maize beta-glucosidase gene promoters to produce heterologous proteins. We evaluated germination kinetics and Agrobacterium susceptibility of NS9617, DK2038, and C/05 hybrids and one inbred (B-73) of which C/05 was the most susceptible hybrid to Agrobacterium infection. In order to investigate the promoter-driven gene expressions of BGLU2, BGLU5, BGLU7, and GLU12, 2 kb upstream nucleotides were cloned in pCAMBIA and pKGWFS7 vectors with β-glucoronidase (GUS) reporter (udiA) gene. GUS activity was quantified in root and leaf of C/05 maize seedlings, and two promoters (ZmBGlu2 and ZmBGlu5) were highly active in young maize seedlings comparable to the patented p35S CaMV viral promoter. We propose that the use of 9-day-old seedlings of C/05 for fast transformation assays is a rapid and cost-efficient alternative for protein characterization, functional evaluation of isogenes, and promoters. The maize cisgenic pZmBGlu2 and pZmBGlu5 promoters were expressed during germination (compatible with p35S CaMV), suggesting that they have potential heterologous protein expression and their use avoids intellectual property and biosafety conflicts.

espanolEl trabajo analiza dos ciclos de relajamiento monetario en Mexico, el primero en 2009 con la crisis mundial y el segundo en 2013−2014 cuando la economia mexicana perdio dinamismo; para evidenciar las acciones de Banco de Mexico por estabilizar en dos momentos el producto y el empleo, restandole importancia al combate a la inflacion y en los hechos adoptando un mandato jerarquizado. La abundante liquidez mundial que se genero en los paises desarrollados por la gran recesion facilito la flexibilizacion monetaria en Mexico. Mediante una revision de informacion oficial de Banco de Mexico en 2009 y 2013−2014, se presentan los recortes a la tasa de referencia, su periodicidad y su cuantia. Los dos ciclos de expansion monetaria disminuyeron el costo del dinero con el proposito de incentivar la inversion y el consumo y contrarrestar la debilidad de la economia mexicana. EnglishThis paper provides an analysis of two cycles of monetary easing in Mexico. The first took place in 2009, during the global financial crisis, and the second occurred in 2013−2014, when the Mexican economy lost dynamism. In both periods, the actions taken by the Bank of Mexico provide ample evidence of its efforts to stabilize output and employment, while ceding importance to the fight against inflation and, in doing so, adopting a hierarchical mandate. The abundant global liquidity generated in developed countries by the great recession facilitated the monetary flexibilization in Mexico. A revision of official information from the Bank of Mexico in 2009 and 2013−2014 provides data on the cuts made to the reference rate, their periodicity, as well as their quantity. The two cycles of monetary expansion diminished the cost of money with the goal of incentivizing investment and consumption while counteracting the weakness of the Mexican economy.

ResumenEl trabajo analiza la fundación del Sistema de la Reserva Federal en Estados Unidos en 1913 para resaltar que esta institución pretendía dotar de una moneda elástica y de movilidad de reservas que hiciera frente a las quiebras bancarias que se extendieron en todo el territorio durante el siglo xix y principios del xx, suscitando pánicos financieros que empujaban a la economía a una crisis. La creación del Sistema de la Reserva Federal representó el tercer intento por contar con un banco central. The First Bank en 1791 y The Second Bank en 1816 fueron sus antecedentes, los cuales evidentemente no lograron sobrevivir. Casi 100 años después, se presentó una nueva oportunidad, de la cual emergieron 12 bancos regionales que hoy día conforman la maquina monetaria de Estados Unidos.AbstractThis work analyzes the foundation of the United States Federal Reserve System in the year 1913 in order to highlight that this institution claimed to provide an elastic currency and the mobility of the reserves that would address bank failures throughout the country during the 19th and early 20th century, raising financial panic that pushed the economy into a crisis. The creation of the Federal Reserve System represents the third attempt to have a central bank. The First Bank, in 1791, and The Second Bank, in 1816, were its antecedents, neither of which, obviously, have survived. Almost 100 years later, a new opportunity presents itself: the emergence of 12 regional banks that today conform to the monetary model of the United States.

Este estudio está encaminado a entender la diversidad funcional existente en una familia de proteínas β-glucosidasas de Zea mays. La familia de genes que codifica para β-glucosidasa (BGLU EC 3.2.1.21) en Zea mays cv. B73 se compone de 26 genes parálogos de redundancia funcional desconocida. En otras especies de plantas se ha descrito que las BGLU cumplen diferentes funciones: activando reguladores de crecimiento como el jasmónico, salicílico y abscísico en respuesta a estrés biótico y abiótico; además de actuar en otras moléculas que participan directamente en la defensa contra patógenos, reciclaje de la pared celular, señalización y metabolismo secundario. En este trabajo se realizaron análisis bioinformáticos que permitieron: (1) asociar posibles funciones de los miembros ZmBGLU a partir de la homología con ortólogos de Arabidopsis y arroz; (2) revelar la redundancia y los patrones de expresión de estos genes así como los niveles máximos y mínimos de expresión en diferentes tejidos de la planta, al analizar la expresión durante el desarrollo vegetativo y reproductivo del Z. mays; (3) el análisis de regiones promotoras de 2000 pb rio arriba del codón de inicio en 4 genes ZmBGlu los cuales mostraron posibles sitios de unión a factores de transcripción (TFBS), con afinidad a los siguientes factores de transcripción (TF): DOF, O2, Interlower, DRE, MYB, entre otros; asociados a la respuesta al ataque por patógenos y algunos en respuesta a estrés abiótico. A continuación se evaluó la expresión de 10 miembros ZmBGlu en plántulas de maíz B73 bajo estrés biótico (condiciones biotróficas y necrotróficas) y abiótico (salinidad, sequía y radiación UV) (...) This study was directed to understand functional diversity in a protein family of the β-Glucosidases in Zea mays. The family of genes that codify for β-glucosidase (BGLU EC 3.2.1.21) in Zea mays cv. B73 is composed of 26 paralogs genes of unknown functional redundancy. In other plant species, it has been described that BGLU have different functions, such as activating growth regulators as jasmonic, salicilic, and abscisic acids in response to biotic and abiotic stress besides acting in other molecules that participate directly in defense against pathogens, recycling the cellular wall, signaling, and secondary metabolism. Bioinformatic analyses were performed in this work allowing: (1) associating possible functions of ZmBGLU members starting from homology with Arabidopsis and rice orthologs; (2) revealing redundancy and expression patterns of these genes as well as maximum and minimum expression levels in different plant tissues by analyzing expression during vegetative and reproductive development stages of Z. mays; (3) analyzing promoting regions of 2000 pb above the starting codon in 4 genes of ZmBGlu, which showed the following transcription factors (TF): DOF, O2, Interlower, DRE, MYB, among others, associated to pathogen attack response and some in response to abiotic stress. After that, the expression of 10 members of ZmBGlu was assessed in B73 maize seedlings under biotic stress (biotrophic and necrotrophic conditions) and abiotic (salinity, drought and UV radiation) (...)

Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) exhibit the ability to transfer lipids between membranes in vitro, and have been implicated in diverse physiological processes associated to plant growth, reproduction, development, biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, their mode of action is not yet fully understood. To explore the functions of the OpsLTP1 gene encoding a LTP from cactus pear Opuntia streptacantha Lem., we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants to overexpress OpsLTP1 and contrasted our results with the loss-of-function mutant ltp3 from A. thaliana under abiotic stress conditions. The ltp3 mutant seeds showed impaired germination under salt and osmotic treatments, in contrast to OpsLTP1 overexpressing lines that displayed significant increases in germination rate. Moreover, stress recovery assays showed that ltp3 mutant seedlings were more sensitive to salt and osmotic treatments than wild-type plants suggesting that AtLTP3 is required for stress-induced responses, while the OpsLTP1 overexpressing line showed no significant differences. In addition, OpsLTP1 overexpressing and ltp3 mutant seeds stored lower amount of total lipids compared with wild-type seeds, showing changes primarily on 16C and 18C fatty acids. However, ltp3 mutant also lead changes in lipid profile and no over concrete lipids which may suggest a compensatory activation of other LTPs. Interestingly, linoleic acid (18:2ω6) was consistently increased in neutral, galactoglycerolipids and phosphoglycerolipids of OpsLTP1 overexpressing line indicating a role of OpsLTP1 in the modulation of lipid composition in A. thaliana.

Resumen Este ensayo pretende analizar desde los enfoques sociológicos la incidencia de la situación socioeconómica de los maestros en la calidad educativa del país, las concepciones que tiene la sociedad hacia los profesionales de la educación, en especial a los del nivel preescolar, y la priorización que le dan las políticas educativas a este nivel educativo. El método que se aplicó para recoger evidencias que sustenten este ensayo fue el cualitativo mediante entrevistas realizadas a docentes de preescolar, trabajadores del MINED (Ministerio de educación) y madres de familia, la observación directa realizada en dos centros escolares y además se recurrió a la investigación documental. Lo que se recoge de la presente investigación es que hay una total invisibilización y subestimación del trabajo docente desde las políticas educativas. La sociedad nicaragüense no reconoce la labor del docente y en especial de la educación preescolar. En Nicaragua se puede ver que ser un profesional de la educación no da estatus económico ni académico. Y eso trae como consecuencia el enorme atraso social y económico en que está inmerso el país. Para contrarrestar todo esto, el ministerio de educación debe replantear su estructura de trabajo y en conjunto con las universidades buscar una reivindicación de la labor docente, principalmente en la etapa preescolar. El estado debe priorizar el rubro educación y asignarle más presupuesto para incidir en la mejora de la calidad educativa. Abstract This essay aims to analyze form sociological approaches the impact of socioeconomic status of teachers in the educational quality of the country, the conceptions that society has toward education professionals and especially those in preschool and prioritization the educational policies give to this level. The method was applied to collect evidence to support this trial was the qualitative interviews with preschool teachers, workers of the MINED (Ministry of education) and mothers, of direct observation conducted in two schools and also made an searching, locating and processing information on documentary research. That is obtained is that a total invisibility and underestimation of teaching from educational policies. Nicaraguan society does not recognize the work of the teachers especially of education in kindergarten. In Nicaragua one can see that being a professional education does not give economic status or academic. And that results in the enormous social and economic backwardness that is immersed the country. To counter this, the ministry of education must rethink its structure of work and together with universities to seek a vindication of the teaching, especially in preschool. The state must prioritize the sector and provide further education budget in this way have an impact improvement of educational quality.

Las nuevas tendencias educativas y la necesidad del uso de las nuevas tecnologías educativas en el currículo y en las prácticas pedagógicas, hace que la escuela peruana necesite adecuarse a estos cambios para que los futuros ciudadanos den respuestas efectivas a las características y demandas de la sociedad actual, y dejar atrás la educación del siglo XIX que todavía impera en las escuelas peruanas. Por lo que el presente artículo analiza las características más relevantes de la sociedad del siglo XXI, la relación de la escuela peruana con las características de esta sociedad, la formación y el rol que debe tener el docente y al final se caracteriza el tipo de escuela que se requiere para que se responda a lo que demanda la sociedad actual, y en la que las facultades de educación de las universidades desempeñarían un rol preponderante, The new educational trends and the needs of the use of new educational technologies in the curriculum and teaching practices, the Peruvian schools must adapt to these changes so that the future citizens give effective responses to the characteristics and demands of current society and leave behind the nineteenth century that still prevails in Peruvian schools. So this paper analyzes the most relevant characteristics of the knowledge society, the relation between the school and the characteristics of this society, the teacher education and the role of teachers and at the end it mentions what school is required to respond to this demand that today's society, and in which the education faculties of universities have a major role

The new educational trends and the needs of the use of new educational technologies in the curriculum and teaching practices, the Peruvian schools must adapt to these changes so that the future citizens give effective responses to the characteristics and demands of current society and leave behind the nineteenth century that still prevails in Peruvian schools. So this paper analyzes the most relevant characteristics of the knowledge society, the relation between the school and the characteristics of this society, the teacher education and the role of teachers and at the end it mentions what school is required to respond to this demand that today's society, and in which the education faculties of universities have a major role.

Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo. ¿Es posible llevar la interpretación de las regulaciones urbanas al ámbito del "hágalo Ud. mismo"? Este software acorta la distancia entre habitante, arquitecto y normativa, en un intento por acelerar y facilitar la renovación del tejido urbano del casco histórico de Colonia. Is it possible to interpret urban regulations under the "do it yourself" model? This software brings resident, architect and regulations closer together in an attempt to accelerate and facilitate the renewal of the urban fabric of Cologne's historic quarter. http://ref.scielo.org/kq8239

Para Hegel la autorreflexividad de la razón es principio de la filosofía; ella es determinación fundamental del pensar racional en general y constitutiva del pensar filosófico como tal. Se destaca así la necesidad de la autorreflexión de la razón o de la razón autorreflexiva como base fundamental de la sistematización filosófica de Hegel, y a su vez, como aquella sin la cual, acorde con la pretensión hegeliana, no sería posible ninguna reflexión filosófica que pretenda ser tal. Se aborda: 1. La realidad y necesidad de la razón autorreflexiva en relación con el concepto y la tarea del pensar humano en general y del pensar filosófico como tal en tanto pensar lógico; 2. En relación con el problema de la determinación filosófica del concepto de “ciencia filosófica”, del conocimiento filosófico en general y del método, lo cual lleva a la necesidad de la autofundamentación de la filosofía; 3. Por último se aportan algunos elementos sobre la importancia de la razón fundamentadora para el presente.

The analysis of shape is a key part of anatomical research and in the large majority of cases landmarks provide a standard starting point. However, while the technology of image capture has developed rapidly and in particular three‐dimensional imaging is widely available, the definitions of anatomical landmarks remain rooted in their two‐dimensional origins. In the important case of the human face, standard definitions often require careful orientation of the subject. This paper considers the definitions of facial landmarks from an interdisciplinary perspective, including biological and clinical motivations, issues associated with imaging and subsequent analysis, and the mathematical definition of surface shape using differential geometry. This last perspective provides a route to definitions of landmarks based on surface curvature, often making use of ridge and valley curves, which is genuinely three‐dimensional and is independent of orientation. Specific definitions based on curvature are proposed. These are evaluated, along with traditional definitions, in a study that uses a hierarchical (random effects) model to estimate the error variation that is present at several different levels within the image capture process. The estimates of variation at these different levels are of interest in their own right but, in addition, evidence is provided that variation is reduced at the observer level when the new landmark definitions are used.

En su Ética de la liberación en la época de la globalización y la exclusión, Dussel formula y pretende justificar un “principio ético material universal”. Con ello resalta y asume la relevancia ética de la vida humana, de la corporalidad viviente de cada sujeto humano y efectúa una crítica a la racionalidad argumentativa. Este artículo pone en cuestión la adecuación y consistencia de su crítica a la razón. El objetivo principal es mostrar que la argumentación dusseliana conlleva problemas de conceptualización y de consistencia. Frente a Dussel, se defiende el concepto de razón argumentativa, y se intenta demostrar que éste es presupuesto lógicamente por él mismo, de modo que no puede consistentemente impugnarlo con base en su principio ético.

Osteoid osteoma represents approximately 10% to 11% of all the benign bone tumors. The localization at the articular and juxta-articular level of the knee is an atypical picture that causes both diagnostic and therapeutic problems. We present the case of an osteoid osteoma of the lateral tibial plateau just beneath the joint level. The lesion was removed by a rear-entry computed tomography (CT)-guided drill under arthroscopic control and the bony defect filled with bone graft harvested from the proximal tibial metaphysis. Postoperative CT scans at 3 months, and 1 and 2 years were performed. The result of the kneeling test to evaluate donor-site morbidity 1 year after the surgery was negative. There were no immediate or delayed complications. Currently (2 years postoperatively), the patient has no pain and has gone back to his normal active daily lifestyle and routines. The follow-up CT scan 2 years after surgery showed complete excision of the lesion and perfect positioning of the bone graft. This new approach/technique enabled us to avoid damaging the proximal structures, to examine the lesion, and to fill the bony defect. Moreover, as shown by CT scan at follow-up, iatrogenic lesions to the cartilage of the tibial plateau were not reported.

Es inevitable que en el desarrollo de la relación laboral el trabajador se encuentre expuesto a actos provenientes de sus compañeros de trabajo, superiores, inclusive del personal bajo su dirección, que afecten su estado emocional. Con el propósito de evitar la proliferación de esa práctica dentro de las relaciones de trabajo, el legislador ha empeñado sus esfuerzos en proteger al trabajador acosado; igualmente la Corte Constitucional, en defensa de los derechos fundamentales del trabajador, ha desarrollado una línea jurisprudencial al respecto. El objeto de este artículo es conocer los alcances de las disposiciones legales y de los pronunciamientos judiciales sobre la protección del trabajador acosado en el trabajo y las sanciones dirigidas al acosador.

Con la reforma al procedimiento laboral contenida en la Ley 712 de 2001 se introdujo el principio de la consonancia, que indica que el juez laboral de segunda instancia al resolver el recurso de apelación sólo debe limitarse a las materias objeto del recurso. Este principio restringe la aplicación del contenido del principio constitucional sobre la irrenunciabilidad de los mínimos de derechos y garantías consagrados a favor del trabajador. Esta situación plantea un conflicto normativo de una disposición de origen legal y una norma constitucional. En sentencia C- 968 de 2003 –en la que los autores fueron los demandantes– se declaró la constitucionalidad condicionada del mencionado principio en el entendido que las materias objeto del recurso de apelación incluyen siempre los derechos laborales mínimos irrenunciable del trabajador. Abstract With the reform to industrial procedure, the Law 712 from 2001 introduced the consonance principle, which indicates that the second instance industrial judge when solving an appeal against sentence must just limit himself to the matters subject of the appeal. This principle restricts the application of the content of the constitutional principle about the non-renounceability of minimal rights and guarantees consecrated in favor of workers. This situation poses a conflict of norms between a legal and a constitutional disposition. In sentence C- 968 of 2003 –where the authors were–, it was declared the conditioned constitutionality of the above mentioned principle understanding that the matters object of the appeal of sentence always include the worker’s minimal non-renounceable industrial rights

La intermediación laboral es el conjunto de acciones que tienen por objeto poner en contacto los oferentes de trabajo con los demandantes de empleo para su colocación. La legislación laboral colombiana confía la actividad de intermediación laboral en manos de las empresas de servicios temporales, en las agencias de empleo y en el simple intermediario. El objeto de este artículo es el estudio legal y jurisprudencial de cada una de estas formas de intermediación. Abstract Labor intermediation is the set of actions designed to facilitate labor placement. The Colombian labor legislation entrust the activity of labor intermediation to firms which provide temporary job services, to employment agencies, and to individuals. This article offers a legal and jurisprudential analysis of each of these forms of intermediation.

Our objective is to investigate which factors and patient characteristics are associated with success in Trabectome surgery. A total of 658 phakic cases with at least of 12 months follow-up were included in the analysis. Baseline demographics and medical data were collected. The main outcome measure was intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medication (Rx), and secondary glaucoma surgery if any. Success was defined as IOP reduction of 20% or more from preoperative IOP and IOP < 21 mm Hg with no secondary surgery throughout the follow-up period. Risk factors for failure were determined by using univariate and multivariate cox regression. At baseline, the average IOP was 23.6 ± 7.8 mm Hg and the average number of medications was 2.6 ± 1.3 for all cases. At 12 months, the average IOP was 16.0 ± 3.6 mm Hg (P

The fabella is a sesamoid bone that can very occasionally act as a source of atypical knee pain, often mistaken for a more common cause of clinical symptoms, such as an intra-articular loose body or an osteophyte. We report a case of symptomatic dislocation of an osteoarthritic, enlarged fabella, 4 years after total excision of the patella for a comminuted fracture, that was primarily overlooked and led to repeated diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee. A thorough history and physical examination of the joint as well as appropriate roentgenographic studies could have spared this patient an unnecessary arthroscopy and indicated the correct therapy.

"El propósito de esta investigación fue explorar la variación de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, a partir de las variables ansiedad y autocontrol. Participaron 270 usuarios de un centro de salud de primer nivel de atención de la Ciudad de México. Todos contestaron la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión, la Escala Breve de Autocontrol, y el Cuestionario de salud SF-12 que evalúa calidad de vida física y mental percibidas. Los resultados mostraron asociaciones significativas entre calidad de vida percibida, tanto física como mental, con la ansiedad, y el autocontrol. En un modelo multivariado paso a paso ajustado por índice de masa corporal, género y edad; tanto el autocontrol como la ansiedad predijeron la calidad de vida física y mental mostrando puntajes más elevados en las variables respuesta para quienes reportaron mayor autocontrol y menores niveles de ansiedad. Estos resultados señalan cómo estos factores psicológicos podrían conllevar a condiciones adversas en la salud y al bienestar físico y psicológico, a través de hábitos y elecciones relacionados con el estilo de vida, ya que están relacionados con la impulsividad y falta de habilidades de autorregulación."

Objective: To assess the role of specific risk factors that may predispose preterm infants with mild or no initial respiratory distress syndrome to the development of chronic lung disease (CLD). Study design: Clinical data were collected prospectively from 119 ventilator- supported preterm infants with birth weights between 500 and 1000 gm, who survived more than 28 days and required fewer than 3 days of treatment with fraction of inspired oxygen >25% during the first 5 days of life. Logistic regression analysis was used in a multivariate assessment of risk factors for CLD. Results: Chronic lung disease occurred in 44 of the patients (37%). The analysis showed that low birth weight, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and sepsis were significant risk factors for CLD. The corresponding odds ratios for CLD and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were as follows: 2.9 per 100 gm birth weight decrement (CI, 1.7 to 4.8); 6.2 (CI, 2.1 to 18.4) for PDA; and 4.4 (CI, 1.3 to 14.5) for sepsis. When sepsis and PDA occurred simultaneously, the odds ratio for CLD increased to 48.3 (CI, 6.3 to >100) in comparison with infants without these conditions. Episodes of PDA were categorized as either early (occurring during the first week of life) or late (after the first week), and the respective odds ratios for CLD were 2.8 (CI, 0.8 to 9.4) and 21.1 (CI, 5.6 to 80) in comparison with infants without PDA. For the duration of symptomatic PDA, the odds ratio for CLD was 3.5 per week that the PDA remained open (CI, 1.9 to 6.5). Conclusion: CLD is a frequent sequela in very low birth weight infants with mild or no respiratory distress syndrome. In this population, the development of late episodes of PDA, usually in association with a nosocomial infection, seems to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of CLD. (J P EDIATR 1995;126:605-10)

To investigate the role of genioglossus and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) activity in stabilizing the extrathoracic airway (ETA) of full-term infants during inspiratory flow-resistive loading (IRL), 10 unsedated full-term infants were evaluated in quiet sleep. IRLs were randomly imposed (L2, 125 cmH2O.l–1.s; L3, 250 cmH2O.l–1.s). Ventilation, total respiratory resistance (a correlate of ETA resistance), and moving time averages of PCA, submental activity of the genioglossus (SM), and diaphragm electromyogram were obtained. Results revealed no phasic activity in the SM during baseline breathing or with either IRL. Phasic PCA activity was always observed; burst duration increased with L2 and L3 (P < 0.01) and commenced earlier in relation to the onset of inspiratory airflow with both loads (P < 0.05). PCA activity always preceded that of the diaphragm and invariably outlasted it other than with L3. The upper airway negative pressure changes induced by IRL were insufficient to recruit SM activity; other potential stimuli such as transcutaneous PO2, transcutaneous PCO2, and pulmonary stretch receptor activation (increase in tidal volume) remained unchanged. Ventilation decreased with both loads (L3: P < 0.01), esophageal and mouth pressures increased (P < 0.01), and inspiratory time and inspiratory time divided by total time were both prolonged (P < 0.01). Total respiratory resistance remained unchanged with L2 but increased with L3 (P < 0.01). We concluded that ETA narrowing may be induced in full-term infants during quiet sleep with moderately large-sized IRL and that it is not entirely ameliorated by activation of the SM or PCA or by arousal.

Unos de los principios rectores del sistema de seguridad social es el de la universalidad. En virtud de este principio, toda persona con capacidad de pago para cubrir los aportes al sistema de seguridad social, inclusive aquellos que no la tienen, tiene derecho al acceso de las prestaciones asistenciales reconocidas por el sistema de seguridad social. Dentro de las personas con capacidad de pago se encuentran los trabajadores independientes. El objeto de este artículo es estudiar algunas de las disposiciones del Sistema de Seguridad Social Integral, creado por la Ley 100 de 1993, que sean aplicables a los trabajadores independientes.

Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo Para la instalación transitoria de un instituto binacional en la planta libre de un edificio de oficinas, este proyecto de arquitectura despliega un repertorio material que incluye textiles, mosaicos, vidrio y carpinterías de madera: a través de la organización de estos elementos se consigue un espacio interior que, con ligereza, admite diversas reconfiguraciones, permanentemente atravesado por la luz natural que entra desde la fachada vidriada. A bi-national cultural institution move temporarily to a typical office floor plan; the project of architecture introduces a collection of textiles, mosaics, glass and woodwork to house it. The layout delivers a well-lit, flexible space that can be reconfigured at ease, ensuring the entrance of sunlight from the glazed façade.

Most applications dealing with problems involving the face require a robust estimation of the facial salient points. Nevertheless, this estimation is not usually an automated preprocessing step in applications dealing with facial expression recognition. In this paper we present a simple method to detect facial salient points in the face. It is based on a prior Point Distribution Model and a robust object descriptor. The model learns the distribution of the points from the training data, as well as the amount of variation in location each point exhibits. Using this model, we reduce the search areas to look for each point. In addition, we also exploit the global consistency of the points constellation, increasing the detection accuracy. The method was tested on two separate data sets and the results, in some cases, outperform the state of the art.

Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo El control climático y lumínico es tomado como generatriz de una vivienda ubicada en la zona central de Chile. A través de la creación de capas sucesivas desde el interior, se conforman los espacios privados y comunes, en un contexto velado por los mantos exteriores que controlan la luz y las vistas. This thesis project, built thanks to the participation of locals and the recycling of abandoned material, proposes a contemplation space of a landscape previously exploited. The generated volumes are placed and give gratuity to the space, allowing one to reflect over history. http://ref.scielo.org/w8xtwk

1. L’immagine T1-pesata sul piano assiale (Fig. 1) dimostra aumento di calibro della vena oftalmica superiore sinistra, tributaria del seno cavernoso. La sequenza T1-pesata, dopo infusione di Gadolinio (Fig. 2) dimostra strutture di elevato segnale, adiacenti alle pareti del seno, da riferire a rami arteriosi meningei. La sequenza MIP TOF 3D (Fig. 3) e la ricostruzione MIP parassiale della sequenza volumetrica T1- pesata dopo somministrazione di Gadolinio (Fig. 4) dimostrano marcato aumento di calibro della vena oftalmica superiore di sinistra ed arterializzazione del seno cavernoso. 2. Fistola durale carotido-cavernosa. 3. La sequenza indispensabile e la MIP TOF 3D perche produce il segnale solo dal sangue con velocita arteriosa, in quanto viene saturato totalmente il sangue venoso.

Oaxaca is one of the most recognized states of Mexico, due to its gastronomic, cultural and environmental wealth. Located in the south of Mexico. The economic activities of Oaxaca is characterized by its own dynamic, far forms of production wave of globalization that began in Mexico from the decade of the eighties in the last century. In this paper, the population dynamics, GDP and income distribution of the inhabitants of the state of Oaxaca, in the period between of 2004-2013 is analyzed. The document is divided into three parts: the first deals with regard to production and economic growth, the second concerns the dynamics of the population, finally the third part closes with the conclusions of this paper.

The fabella is a sesamoid bone that can very occasionally act as a source of atypical knee pain, often mistaken for a more common cause of clinical symptoms, such as an intra-articular loose body or an osteophyte. We report a case of symptomatic dislocation of an osteoarthritic, enlarged fabella, 4 years after total excision of the patella for a comminuted fracture, that was primarily overlooked and led to repeated diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee. A thorough history and physical examination of the joint as well as appropriate roentgenographic studies could have spared this patient an unnecessary arthroscopy and indicated the correct therapy.

Knee injuries in young athletes include not only the typical adult bone injuries, ligament and cartilage, but also the growth plate lesions. Osteochondroses are idiopathic, self-limited disturbance of enchondral ossification in which a rapid growth spurt is present. The patella could be affected by two different kinds of osteochondroses: Kohler syndrome and Sinding-Larsen-Johansson. Here we are reporting the first case of simultaneous location of osteochondroses of the two ossification centers of both patella. A 9-year-old boy, competitive skater, presented a history of anterior knee pain involving both knees. Standard X-rays, axial patellar view, MRI and arthro-MR were performed. In order to follow the natural history of the pathology and the evolution of the healing, examinations at 2 years were repeated. We proposed the young skater a medical and a physiotherapeutic treatment based on unloading, isometric exercises, NSAID. As the symptoms improve a gradual return to competitive sports activity was allowed. The case mentioned above can be considered an atypical case because the patient suffered for a bilateral knee osteochondroses, involving simultaneously the primary ossification centre (Kohler syndrome) and the secondary ossification centre (Larsen syndrome) of the patella.

To evaluate the role of emergency MRI in the diagnosis of acute spinal injuries, and to correlate the MRI pattern with the neurological outcome.Thirty-eight patients with MRI-proven spinal cord injury were classified according to the Frankel classification. MRI was always performed within 8 hours from trauma. Frankel classification divides spinal cord injuries into 5 classes of decreasing severity based on the presence of motor and/or sensory function loss. On the basis of the MRI findings the patients were classified in 3 groups: group 1 (intramedullary haematoma), group 2 (multi-metamer oedema), group 3 (single-metamer oedema). All patients underwent neurosurgery and were clinically evaluated until the stabilization of neurological recovery. Mean follow-up time was 12 months. The MR images were retrospectively evaluated and correlated to the neurological outcome.Twenty-eight patients showed complete motor loss (Frankel classes A and B); of these 28 patients 12 (42.8%) had MRI evidence of intramedullary haematoma, 12 (42.8%) had multi-metamer oedema and 4 (14.4%) had single-metamer oedema. Of the 10 patients with incomplete motor loss, none had MRI evidence of haemorrhage, 4 (40%) showed multi-metamer oedema and 6 (60%) showed single-metamer oedema. Follow-up clinical assessment revealed that 14/38 patients (36,8%) had clinical improvement and 2/38 cases (5%) had a complete motor recovery, as demonstrated by the move to a higher Frankel class.Our results, consistent with previous reports, confirm a strong correlation between the MRI appearance of traumatic spinal cord injuries in acute phase and long-term recovery of motor and sensory function: patients with initial haemorrhage had a poor prognosis, whereas those with spinal cord oedema had a good clinical outcome, as demonstrated by the passage to a higher Frankel class. MRI is particularly important in the initial evaluation of unconscious patients who cannot undergo a motor and sensory neurological evaluation, and to define the prognosis, which will influence the correct therapeutic choice.

Acetazolamide (ACTZ) reduces sleep apnea in adults exposed to high altitude and augments the ventilatory response to CO2. In order to determine the effect of ACTZ on the ventilatory response to CO2 and the incidence of apnea in preterm infants, 7 infants (BW, 1070 ± 191 g; postnatal age, 9 ± 7 days) were randomized to receive ACTZ (5 mg/kg/dose 06h for 36 hr) and 7 infants (BW, 1092 ± 292 g; post-natal age, 5 ± 2 days) received aminophylline (AMINO; 8 mg/kg bolus then 2.5 mg/kg Q12h for 36 hr). Minute ventilation (VE), end-tidal CO2, (P), ventilatory response to CO2 number of apneic episodes (≥15 sec duration), and arterial blood gases were measured before and 24–36 hr after starting therapy. In the AMINO group there was a significant decrease in apnea frequency from 6 ± 1 to 2 ± 2 episodes over an 8 hr epoch (P < 0.05), while no significant change was observed in the ACTZ group. The end-tidal CO2, decreased significantly from 44 ± 7 to 38 ± 6 mmHg in the AMINO group and from 47 ± 5 to 36 ± 5 mmHg in the ACTZ (P < 0.05), which lead to a shift to the left of the CO2,-response curve in both groups. The slope of the CO2, response curve did not change Significantly in the AMINO group and decreased in the ACTZ group. There was a significant decrease of pH from 7.43 to 7.26 in the ACTZ group, whereas in the AMINO group pH increased from 7.38 to 7.44. No significant changes in VE, tidal volume, respiratory rate, lung compliance, or resistance were observed with treatment in any of the two groups. These findings demonstrate that both AMINO and ACTZ decreased end-tidal CO2 and caused a shift of the CO2 response curve to the left. Despite these similar effects, ACTZ did not have an effect on apnea incidence. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:291–295. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

ResumenEl presente documento analiza brevemente 100 años de inflación y de presidentes de la Reserva Federal de Estados Unidos desde su creación en 1913. La primera sección aborda el desempeño anti–inflacionario y la segunda revisa los hitos de sus presidentes, mientras que una conclusión cierra el documento. El trabajo destaca episodios inflacionarios, deflacionarios y de estabilidad relativa en los precios que dieron lugar a los cuatro experimentos monetarios: la Gran Depresión, la Gran Inflación, la Gran Moderación y la Gran Recesión. Episodios que fueron protagonizados por destacadas figuras que han presidido la maquinaria monetaria más influyente del mundo.AbstractThis paper briefly analyses 100 years of inflation and presidency of the United States Federal Reserve since its creation in 1913. The first section addresses anti–inflationary performance and the second section revises the milestones of its presidents, while a final thought ends the paper. This work highlights inflationary, deflationary and stability price episodes, which created four monetary experiments: the Great Depression, the Great Inflation, the Great Moderation and the Great Recession. Episodes that occurred under the responsibility of leading figures which have lead the most influential monetary machinery in the word.